@article{WrightWachs2022,
  author    = {Wright, Michelle F. and Wachs, Sebastian},
  title     = {Self-isolation practices and perceived social support from friends},
  series = {European journal of developmental psychology},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {European journal of developmental psychology},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1740-5629},
  doi       = {10.1080/17405629.2022.2146090},
  pages     = {635 -- 648},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The purpose of the present study was to investigate the moderating effect of perceived social support from friends in the associations between self-isolation practices during the COVID-19 pandemic and adolescents' mental health (i.e., depression, subjective health complaints, self-harm), measured six months later (Time 2). Participants were 1,567 7(th) and 8(th) graders (51\% female; 51\% white; M age = 13.67) from the United States. They completed questionnaires on perceived social support from friends, depression, subjective health complaints, and self-harm at Time 1, and self-isolation practices during COVID-19, depression, subjective health complaints, and self-harm at Time 2. The findings revealed that self-isolation practices during COVID-19 was related positively to Time 1 perceived social support from friends, and negatively to Time 2 depression, subjective health complaints, and self-harm, while accounting for Time 1 mental health outcomes. Higher perceived social support from friends at Time 1 buffered against the negative impacts on adolescents' mental health outcomes at Time 2 when they practiced greater self-isolation during COVID-19, while lower perceived social support at Time 1 had the opposite effects on Time 2 mental health outcomes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WrightWachsYanagidaetal.2022,
  author    = {Wright, Michelle F. and Wachs, Sebastian and Yanagida, Takuya and Sevcikova, Anna and Dedkova, Lenka and Bayraktar, Fatih and Aoyama, Ikuko and Kamble, Shanmukh and Mach{\´a}čkov{\´a}, Hana and Li, Zheng and Soudi, Shruti and Lei, Li and Shu, Chang},
  title     = {Coping with Public and Private Face-to-Face and Cyber Victimization among Adolescents in Six Countries},
  series = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
  number    = {21},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {1661-7827},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijerph192114405},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {This study investigated the role of medium (face-to-face, cyber) and publicity (public, private) in adolescents' perceptions of severity and coping strategies (i.e., avoidant, ignoring, helplessness, social support seeking, retaliation) for victimization, while accounting for gender and cultural values. There were 3432 adolescents (ages 11-15, 49\% girls) in this study; they were from China, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, India, Japan, and the United States. Adolescents completed questionnaires on individualism and collectivism, and ratings of coping strategies and severity for public face-to-face victimization, private face-to-face victimization, public cyber victimization, and private cyber victimization. Findings revealed similarities in adolescents' coping strategies based on perceptions of severity, publicity, and medium for some coping strategies (i.e., social support seeking, retaliation) but differential associations for other coping strategies (i.e., avoidance, helplessness, ignoring). The results of this study are important for prevention and intervention efforts because they underscore the importance of teaching effective coping strategies to adolescents, and to consider how perceptions of severity, publicity, and medium might influence the implementation of these coping strategies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WrightWachs2022,
  author    = {Wright, Michelle F. and Wachs, Sebastian},
  title     = {Adolescents' emotional reactions for not intervening in cyberbullying as moderators in the longitudinal association between witnessing cyberbullying and health issues},
  series = {Current psychology},
  journal   = {Current psychology},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1046-1310},
  doi       = {10.1007/s12144-022-03773-w},
  pages     = {19378 -- 19385},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Not much is known about how bystanders' emotional reactions after not intervening in cyberbullying might impact their health issues. Narrowing this gap in the literature, the present study focused on examining the moderating effects of emotional reactions (i.e., guilt, sadness, anger) after not intervening in cyberbullying on the longitudinal relationship between cyberbullying bystanding and health issues (i.e., subjective health complaints, suicidal ideation, non-suicidal self-harm). Participants were 1,067 adolescents between 12 and 15 years old included in this study (M-age = 13.67; 51\% girls). The findings showed a positive association between Time 1 cyberbullying bystanding and Time 2 health issues. Guilt moderated the positive relationships among Time 1 cyberbullying bystanding, Time 2 subjective health complaints, suicidal ideation, and non-suicidal self-harm. Time 1 sadness also moderated the relationship between Time 1 cyberbullying bystanding and Time 2 suicidal ideation and non-suicidal self-harm. However, anger did not moderate any of the associations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WachsWrightSittichai2021,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Wright, Michelle F. and Sittichai, Ruthaychonnee},
  title     = {Correction: Associations between witnessing and perpetrating online hate in eight countries: The Buffering Effects of Problem-Focused Coping.},
  series = {International Journal Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {International Journal Environmental Research and Public Health},
  number    = {3992},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {1661-7827},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijerph18052609},
  pages     = {1 -- 2},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Kein Abstract vorhanden},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KansokDuscheBallaschkKrauseetal.2022,
  author    = {Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Ballaschk, Cindy and Krause, Norman and Zeissig, Anke and Seemann-Herz, Lisanne and Wachs, Sebastian and Bilz, Ludwig},
  title     = {A systematic review on hate speech among children and adolescents},
  series = {Trauma, violence \& abuse : a review journal},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {Trauma, violence \& abuse : a review journal},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks},
  issn      = {1524-8380},
  doi       = {10.1177/15248380221108070},
  pages     = {2598 -- 2615},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Little is known about the current state of research on the involvement of young people in hate speech. Thus, this systematic review presents findings on a) the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents and on hate speech definitions that guide prevalence assessments for this population; and b) the theoretical and empirical overlap of hate speech with related concepts. This review was guided by the Cochrane approach. To be included, publications were required to deal with real-life experiences of hate speech, to provide empirical data on prevalence for samples aged 5 to 21 years and they had to be published in academic formats. Included publications were full-text coded using two raters (kappa = .80) and their quality was assessed. The string-guided electronic search (ERIC, SocInfo, Psycinfo, Psyndex) yielded 1,850 publications. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and their findings were systematized. Twelve publications were of medium quality due to minor deficiencies in their theoretical or methodological foundations. All studies used samples of adolescents and none of younger children. Nine out of 10 studies applied quantitative methodologies. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies were included. Results showed that frequencies for hate speech exposure were higher than those related to victimization and perpetration. Definitions of hate speech and assessment instruments were heterogeneous. Empirical evidence for an often theorized overlap between hate speech and bullying was found. The paper concludes by presenting a definition of hate speech, including implications for practice, policy, and research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MilosevicBhroinOlafssonetal.2022,
  author    = {Milosevic, Tijana and Bhroin, Niamh Ni and Olafsson, Kjartan and Staksrud, Elisabeth and Wachs, Sebastian},
  title     = {Time spent online and children's self-reported life satisfaction in Norway},
  series = {New media \& society},
  journal   = {New media \& society},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1461-4448},
  doi       = {10.1177/14614448221082651},
  pages     = {22},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Despite public discourses highlighting the negative consequences of time spent online (TSO) for children's well-being, Norwegian children (aged 9-16 years) use the Internet more than other European children and score higher on self-reported life satisfaction (SRLS). To explore the possibility that TSO might contribute to high life satisfaction or other underlying explanatory factors, we investigate the relationship between TSO and SRLS in Norway while also accounting for how individual, family, school, and broader social circumstances influence this relationship. Countering prevailing discourses, we find a positive relationship between TSO and SRLS, which remains positive and significant even after a wider range of variables are accounted for. By explaining the circumstances under which TSO has a positive effect on SRLS, this article provides evidence of the complex role that digital technology plays in the lives of children. It also provides a critique of the often simplistic arguments found in public discourses around children's digital media use.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WachsWrightSittichaietal.2019,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Wright, Michelle F. and Sittichai, Ruthaychonnee and Singh, Ritu and Biswal, Ramakrishna and Kim, Eun-mee and Yang, Soeun and G{\´a}mez-Guadix, Manuel and Almendros, Carmen and Flora, Katerina and Daskalou, Vassiliki and Maziridou, Evdoxia},
  title     = {Associations between Witnessing and Perpetrating Online Hate in Eight Countries},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {592},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44229},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-442294},
  pages     = {15},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Online hate is a topic that has received considerable interest lately, as online hate represents a risk to self-determination and peaceful coexistence in societies around the globe. However, not much is known about the explanations for adolescents posting or forwarding hateful online material or how adolescents cope with this newly emerging online risk. Thus, we sought to better understand the relationship between a bystander to and perpetrator of online hate, and the moderating effects of problem-focused coping strategies (e.g., assertive, technical coping) within this relationship. Self-report questionnaires on witnessing and committing online hate and assertive and technical coping were completed by 6829 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age from eight countries. The results showed that increases in witnessing online hate were positively related to being a perpetrator of online hate. Assertive and technical coping strategies were negatively related with perpetrating online hate. Bystanders of online hate reported fewer instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported higher levels of assertive and technical coping strategies, and more frequent instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported lower levels of assertive and technical coping strategies. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, if effective, prevention and intervention programs that target online hate should consider educating young people about problem-focused coping strategies, self-assertiveness, and media skills. Implications for future research are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WrightWachsGamezGuadix2021,
  author    = {Wright, Michelle F. and Wachs, Sebastian and G{\´a}mez-Guadix, Manuel},
  title     = {J{\´o}venes ante el ciberodio},
  series = {Comunicar : revista cient{\´i}fica de comunicaci{\´o}n y educaci{\´o}n},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Comunicar : revista cient{\´i}fica de comunicaci{\´o}n y educaci{\´o}n},
  number    = {67},
  publisher = {Grupo Comunicar},
  address   = {Huelva},
  issn      = {1134-3478},
  doi       = {10.3916/C67-2021-02},
  pages     = {21 -- 33},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Adolescents around the world are increasingly exposed to cyberhate. More knowledge is needed to understand how adolescents cope with cyberhate and how they can be supported when exposed. To this end, the present study investigated the associations between parental mediation of Internet use and adolescents' problem-focused coping strategies for hypothetical cyberhate victimization while considering family support as a moderator of these relationships. The sample consisted of self-reports of 5,960 adolescents between 12-18 years old (M=14.94; SD=1.61; females: 50.7\%) from Cyprus, Germany, Greece, India, Spain, South Korea, and Thailand. A structural equation model was used to investigate the relationship among parental mediation, family support, and coping with cyberhate. Findings showed a positive relationship between instructive parental mediation and adolescents' problem-focused coping strategies, and a negative relationship between restrictive parental mediation and adolescents' capability to cope productively with cyberhate. In addition, family support strengthened the positive relationship between instructive parental mediation and adolescents' use of coping strategies and attenuated the negative relationship between restrictive parental mediation and adolescents' use of coping strategies. The findings highlight the need for parental education training and underscore the importance of family support for increasing adolescents' ability to cope productively with cyberhate.},
  language  = {es}
}
@article{WachsWrightSittichaietal.2019,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Wright, Michelle F. and Sittichai, Ruthaychonnee and Singh, Ritu and Biswal, Ramakrishna and Kim, Eun-mee and Yang, Soeun and G{\´a}mez-Guadix, Manuel and Almendros, Carmen and Flora, Katerina and Daskalou, Vassiliki and Maziridou, Evdoxia},
  title     = {Associations between Witnessing and Perpetrating Online Hate in Eight Countries},
  series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  number    = {20},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {1660-4601},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijerph16203992},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Online hate is a topic that has received considerable interest lately, as online hate represents a risk to self-determination and peaceful coexistence in societies around the globe. However, not much is known about the explanations for adolescents posting or forwarding hateful online material or how adolescents cope with this newly emerging online risk. Thus, we sought to better understand the relationship between a bystander to and perpetrator of online hate, and the moderating effects of problem-focused coping strategies (e.g., assertive, technical coping) within this relationship. Self-report questionnaires on witnessing and committing online hate and assertive and technical coping were completed by 6829 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age from eight countries. The results showed that increases in witnessing online hate were positively related to being a perpetrator of online hate. Assertive and technical coping strategies were negatively related with perpetrating online hate. Bystanders of online hate reported fewer instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported higher levels of assertive and technical coping strategies, and more frequent instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported lower levels of assertive and technical coping strategies. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, if effective, prevention and intervention programs that target online hate should consider educating young people about problem-focused coping strategies, self-assertiveness, and media skills. Implications for future research are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WachsMachimbarrenaWrightetal.2022,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Machimbarrena, Juan Manuel and Wright, Michelle F. and G{\´a}mez-Guadix, Manuel and Yang, Soeun and Sittichai, Ruthaychonnee and Singh, Ritu and Biswal, Ramakrishna and Flora, Katerina and Daskalou, Vassiliki and Maziridou, Evdoxia and Sung Hong, Jun and Krause, Norman},
  title     = {Associations between Coping Strategies and Cyberhate Involvement: Evidence from Adolescents across Three World Regions},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56192},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-561927},
  pages     = {1 -- 14},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Cyberhate represents a risk to adolescents' development and peaceful coexistence in democratic societies. Yet, not much is known about the relationship between adolescents' ability to cope with cyberhate and their cyberhate involvement. To fill current gaps in the literature and inform the development of media education programs, the present study investigated various coping strategies in a hypothetical cyberhate scenario as correlates for being cyberhate victims, perpetrators, and both victim-perpetrators. The sample consisted of 6829 adolescents aged 12-18 years old (Mage = 14.93, SD = 1.64; girls: 50.4\%, boys: 48.9\%, and 0.7\% did not indicate their gender) from Asia, Europe, and North America. Results showed that adolescents who endorsed distal advice or endorsed technical coping showed a lower likelihood to be victims, perpetrators, or victim-perpetrators. In contrast, if adolescents felt helpless or endorsed retaliation to cope with cyberhate, they showed higher odds of being involved in cyberhate as victims, perpetrators, or victim-perpetrators. Finally, adolescents who endorsed close support as a coping strategy showed a lower likelihood to be victim-perpetrators, and adolescents who endorsed assertive coping showed higher odds of being victims. In conclusion, the results confirm the importance of addressing adolescents' ability to deal with cyberhate to develop more tailored prevention approaches. More specifically, such initiatives should focus on adolescents who feel helpless or feel inclined to retaliate. In addition, adolescents should be educated to practice distal advice and technical coping when experiencing cyberhate. Implications for the design and instruction of evidence-based cyberhate prevention (e.g., online educational games, virtual learning environments) will be discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}