@book{BeckerBenedensDeppeetal.2006, author = {Becker, Ulrich and Benedens, Niels Peter and Deppe, Volker and D{\"u}wel, Martin and Hermann, Klaus and Kluge, Johannes and Liedtke, Frank and Schmidt, J{\"u}rgen and Schmidt, Thorsten Ingo and Baum, Christoph}, title = {Kommunalabgabengesetz f{\"u}r das Land Brandenburg}, series = {Gesetze, Verordnungen, Kommentare}, journal = {Gesetze, Verordnungen, Kommentare}, publisher = {Kommunal- und Schul-Verlag}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-8293-0764-2}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Das Kommunalabgabengesetz f{\"u}r das Land Brandenburg (KAG) ist eine f{\"u}r alle Kommunalverwaltungen, Zweckverb{\"a}nde und Anw{\"a}lte wichtige Rechtsmaterie. Den 20 Paragrafen steht eine F{\"u}lle von Fragen nach Auslegung und Anwendung des Gesetzes gegen{\"u}ber, die von der Rechtsprechung mit zahlreichen Entscheidungen beantwortet werden. Mit dem Werk "Kommunalabgabengesetz f{\"u}r das Land Brandenburg" liegt ein umfassender Kommentar vor, der sich mit der Auslegung des brandenburgischen Kommunalabgabengesetzes (KAG) und der dazu ergangenen Rechtsprechung befasst. Die zahlreichsten Gerichtsentscheidungen beinhaltet die Kommentierung zu \S 6 (Benutzungsgeb{\"u}hren) Einerseits darf der Titel f{\"u}r sich in Anspruch nehmen, auch nicht speziell juristisch ausgebildete Nutzer in die Rechtsvorschriften zum KAG Brandenburg einzuf{\"u}hren. Andererseits will es aber auch den mit dem Abgabenrecht befassten Fachleuten in Verwaltungen, Verb{\"a}nden, Gerichten und Kanzleien eine solide Grundlage f{\"u}r m{\"o}glichst rechtssichere Entscheidungen bieten. Der engen r{\"a}umlichen N{\"a}he wegen beinhaltet das Werk die Abgabenrechtlichen Vorschriften des Landes Berlin.}, language = {de} } @article{HeinkenSchmidtvonOheimbetal.2006, author = {Heinken, Thilo and Schmidt, Marcus and von Oheimb, Goddert and Kriebitzsch, Wolf-Ulrich and Ellenberg, Hermann}, title = {Soil seed banks near rubbing trees indicate dispersal of plant species into forests by wild boar}, issn = {1439-1791}, doi = {10.1016/j.baae.2005.04.006}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Current knowledge about processes that generate long-distance dispersal of plants is still limited despite its importance for persistence of populations and colonization of new potential habitats. Today wild Large mammals are presumed to be important vectors for long-distance transport of diaspores within and between European temperate forest patches, and in particular wild boars recently came into focus. Here we use a specific habit of wild boar, i.e. wallowing in mud and subsequent rubbing against trees, to evaluate epizoochorous dispersal of vascular plant diaspores. We present soil seed bank data from 27 rubbing trees versus 27 control trees from seven forest areas in Germany. The mean number of viable seeds and the plant species number were higher in soil samples near rubbing trees compared with control trees. Ten of the 20 most frequent species were more frequent, and many species exclusively appeared in the soil samples near rubbing trees. The large number of plant species and seeds - more than 1000 per tree - in the soils near rubbing trees is difficult to explain unless the majority were dispersed by wild boar. Hooked and bristly diaspores, i.e. those adapted to epizoochory, were more frequent; however, many species with unspecialized diaspores occurred exclusively near rubbing trees. As opposed to plant species closely tied to forests species which occur both in forest and open vegetation and non-forest species were more frequent near rubbing trees compared with controls. These findings are consistent with previous studies on diaspore loads in the coats and hooves of shot wild boars. However, our method allows to identify the transport of diaspores from the open landscape into forest stands, where they might especially emerge after disturbance, and a clustered distribution of epizoochorically dispersed seeds. Moreover, accumulation of seeds of wetness indicators near rubbing trees demonstrates directed dispersal of plant species inhabiting wet places among remote wallows.}, language = {en} } @article{HeinkenSchmidtvonOheimbetal.2005, author = {Heinken, Thilo and Schmidt, M. and von Oheimb, Goddert and Kriebitzsch, Wolf-Ulrich and Ellenberg, H.}, title = {Ausbreitung von Pflanzen durch Schalenwild}, issn = {0936-1294 -}, year = {2005}, language = {de} } @misc{HeinkenvonOheimbSchmidtetal.2005, author = {Heinken, Thilo and von Oheimb, Goddert and Schmidt, Marcus and Kriebitzsch, Wolf-Ulrich and Ellenberg, Hermann}, title = {Schalenwild breitet Gef{\"a}ßpflanzen in der mitteleurop{\"a}ischen Kulturlandschaft aus : ein erster {\"U}berblick}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46522}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Im Norddeutschen Tiefland wurde die Ausbreitung von Gef{\"a}ßpflanzen durch Rehe, Dam- und Rothirsche sowie Wildschweine untersucht. Diese Tiere transportieren zahlreiche Pflanzenarten in teilweise erheblichen Mengen {\"u}ber gr{\"o}ßere Distanzen, sowohl durch den Kot nach Darmpassage (Endozoochorie) als auch durch Anheftung an Fell und Schalen (Epizoochorie). Besondere Bedeutung kommt dabei Wildschweinen zu, die potenziell fast alle Pflanzenarten ausbreiten k{\"o}nnen. Bevorzugt werden im Wald wie im Offenland vorkommende Pflanzen und Arten des Offenlands ausgebreitet, w{\"a}hrend Arten mit enger Waldbindung nur in geringem Maße transportiert werden. Zoochorie durch Schalenwild bietet Erkl{\"a}rungsans{\"a}tze sowohl f{\"u}r Ausbreitungsph{\"a}nomene wie auch f{\"u}r das weitgehend fehlende Ausbreitungspotenzial vieler Pflanzenarten. Der Einfluss des Schalenwilds auf die Artenzusammensetzung und Gef{\"a}ßpflanzen-Diversit{\"a}t in der mitteleurop{\"a}ischen Kulturlandschaft sollte in seine naturschutzfachliche Neubewertung miteinbezogen werden. Die Einschr{\"a}nkung von Aktionsradien der Tiere durch die Zerschneidung von Lebensr{\"a}umen sowie die Wildf{\"u}tterung k{\"o}nnen f{\"u}r Ausbreitungsprozesse bisher kaum beachtete Konsequenzen haben.}, language = {de} } @article{KnebelNeebZahnetal.2018, author = {Knebel, Constanze and Neeb, Jannika and Zahn, Elisabeth and Schmidt, Flavia and Carazo, Alejandro and Holas, Ondej and Pavek, Petr and P{\"u}schel, Gerhard Paul and Zanger, Ulrich M. and S{\"u}ssmuth, Roderich and Lampen, Alfonso and Marx-Stoelting, Philip and Braeuning, Albert}, title = {Unexpected Effects of Propiconazole, Tebuconazole, and Their Mixture on the Receptors CAR and PXR in Human Liver Cells}, series = {Toxicological sciences}, volume = {163}, journal = {Toxicological sciences}, number = {1}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {1096-6080}, doi = {10.1093/toxsci/kfy026}, pages = {170 -- 181}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Analyzing mixture toxicity requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of action of its individual components. Substances with the same target organ, same toxic effect and same mode of action (MoA) are believed to cause additive effects, whereas substances with different MoAs are assumed to act independently. Here, we tested 2 triazole fungicides, propiconazole, and tebuconazole (Te), for individual and combined effects on liver toxicity-related endpoints. Both triazoles are proposed to belong to the same cumulative assessment group and are therefore thought to display similar and additive behavior. Our data show that Te is an antagonist of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in rats and humans, while propiconazole is an agonist of this receptor. Both substances activate the pregnane X-receptor (PXR) and further induce mRNA expression of CYP3A4. CYP3A4 enzyme activity, however, is inhibited by propiconazole. For common targets of PXR and CAR, the activation of PXR by Te overrides CAR inhibition. In summary, propiconazole and Te affect different hepatotoxicity-relevant cellular targets and, depending on the individual endpoint analyzed, act via similar or dissimilar mechanisms. The use of molecular data based on research in human cell systems extends the picture to refine cumulative assessment group grouping and substantially contributes to the understanding of mixture effects of chemicals in biological systems.}, language = {en} } @misc{HeinkenSchmidtvonOheimbetal.2006, author = {Heinken, Thilo and Schmidt, Marcus and von Oheimb, Goddert and Kriebitzsch, Wolf-Ulrich and Ellenberg, Hermann}, title = {Soil seed banks near rubbing trees indicate dispersal of plant species into forests by wild boar}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46476}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Current knowledge about processes that generate long-distance dispersal of plants is still limited despite its importance for persistence of populations and colonization of new potential habitats. Today wild large mammals are presumed to be important vectors for long-distance transport of diaspores within and between European temperate forest patches, and in particular wild boars recently came into focus. Here we use a specific habit of wild boar, i.e. wallowing in mud and subsequent rubbing against trees, to evaluate epizoic dispersal of vascular plant diaspores. We present soil seed bank data from 27 rubbing trees versus 27 control trees from seven forest areas in Germany. The mean number of viable seeds and the plant species number were higher in soil samples near rubbing trees compared with control trees. Ten of the 20 most frequent species were more frequent, and many species exclusively appeared in the soil samples near rubbing trees. The large number of plant species and seeds - approximated > 1000 per tree - in the soils near rubbing trees is difficult to explain unless the majority were dispersed by wild boar. Hooked and bristly diaspores, i.e. those adapted to epizoochory, were more frequent, above that many species with unspecialised diaspores occurred exclusively near rubbing trees. Different to plant species closely tied to forest species which occur both in forest and open vegetation, and non-forest species were more frequent near rubbing trees compared with controls. These findings are consistent with previous studies on diaspore loads in the coats and hooves of shot wild boars. However, our method allows to identify the transport of diaspores from the open landscape into forest stands where they might especially emerge after disturbance, and a clustered distribution of epizoochorically dispersed seeds. Moreover, accumulation of seeds of wetness indicators near rubbing trees demonstrates directed dispersal of plant species inhabiting wet places between remote wallows.}, language = {en} } @article{WeimarKoehliBudachetal.2020, author = {Weimar, Jannis and K{\"o}hli, Markus and Budach, Christian and Schmidt, Ulrich}, title = {Large-scale boron-lined neutron detection systems as a 3He alternative for Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensing}, series = {Frontiers in water}, volume = {2}, journal = {Frontiers in water}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {2624-9375}, doi = {10.3389/frwa.2020.00016}, pages = {17}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Cosmic-Ray neutron sensors are widely used to determine soil moisture on the hectare scale. Precise measurements, especially in the case of mobile application, demand for neutron detectors with high counting rates and high signal-to-noise ratios. For a long time Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensing (CRNS) instruments have relied on He-3 as an efficient neutron converter. Its ongoing scarcity demands for technological solutions using alternative converters, which are Li-6 and B-10. Recent developments lead to a modular neutron detector consisting of several B-10-lined proportional counter tubes, which feature high counting rates via its large surface area. The modularity allows for individual shieldings of different segments within the detector featuring the capability of gaining spectral information about the detected neutrons. This opens the possibility for active signal correction, especially useful when applied to mobile measurements, where the influence of constantly changing near-field to the overall signal should be corrected. Furthermore, the signal-to-noise ratio could be increased by combining pulse height and pulse length spectra to discriminate between neutrons and other environmental radiation. This novel detector therefore combines high-selective counting electronics with large-scale instrumentation technology.}, language = {en} } @article{LauchtTreutleinBlomeyeretal.2009, author = {Laucht, Manfred and Treutlein, Jens and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Schmid, Brigitte and Becker, Katja and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Rietschel, Marcella and Banaschewski, Tobias}, title = {Interaction between the 5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter polymorphism and environmental adversity for mood and anxiety psychopathology : evidence from a high-risk community sample of young adults}, issn = {1461-1457}, doi = {10.1017/S1461145708009875}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Previous research examining gene-environment interaction (G x E) with regard to vulnerability to depression and anxiety has yielded conflicting results. The present study was designed to further investigate G x F between 5-HTTLPR and exposure to environmental adversity, using different phenotypic and genotypic characterizations as well as different types of adversity within a prospective study design. Data were available from an ongoing epidemiological cohort Study following the outcome of early risk factors from birth to adulthood. At age 19 yr, 309 participants (142 males, 167 females) were characterized on measures of depression and anxiety through interview and questionnaire (DSM-IV diagnosis, Beck Depression Inventory, Harm Avoidance). Environmental adversity was assessed at birth (family adversity), and at age 19 yr (stressful life events). Bi- and tri-allelic 5-HTTLPR genotypes were obtained from genomic DNA. Results indicated that depression and anxiety in 19-yr-olds were strongly associated with both family adversity and stressful life events. Individuals with the LL genotype of 5-HTTLPR who were exposed to high family adversity displayed significantly higher rates of depressive or anxiety disorders and had more depressive symptoms than those without either condition. This G x E replicates recent findings from an epidemiological cohort study of adolescents but is in contrast to many previous reports suggesting an interaction with the S allele. No evidence for G x E was obtained with regard to current stressful life events and trait anxiety. One possible source for the conflicting findings might be attributed to heterogeneity in depression phenotypes and environmental adversity.}, language = {en} } @article{LauchtTreutleinSchmidetal.2009, author = {Laucht, Manfred and Treutlein, Jens and Schmid, Brigitte and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Becker, Katja and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Rietschel, Marcella and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Banaschewski, Tobias}, title = {Impact of psychosocial adversity on alcohol intake in young adults : moderation by the LL genotype of the serotonin transporter polymorphism}, issn = {0006-3223}, doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.010}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Background: Evidence from animal studies supports a role for serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) gene-environment interaction (G X E) in the development of excessive alcohol intake. Few studies in humans have been conducted on this topic, yielding inconsistent results. The present study aims to further explore G x E between 5-HTTLPR and exposure to psychosocial adversity on alcohol consumption in a high-risk community sample of young adults. Methods: Data were collected as part of the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing epidemiological cohort study following the outcome of early risk factors from birth into young adulthood. At age 19 years, 309 participants (142 male participants, 167 female participants) were genotyped for the biallelic and triallelic 5-HTTLPR and were administered a 45-day alcohol timeline follow-back interview, providing measures of the total number of drinks and the number of binge drinking days. Psychosocial adversity was assessed at birth (family adversity) and at age 19 (negative life events). Results: In contrast to various previous reports, a significant G x E emerged, indicating that, when exposed to high psychosocial adversity, individuals with the LL genotype of 5-HTTLPR exhibited more hazardous drinking than those carrying the S allele or those without exposure to adversity. This effect, which was confined to male participants, held both for different classifications of 5-HTTLPR and different types of adversity. Conclusions: One explanation for the discrepant results might be heterogeneity in alcohol phenotypes. While the L allele relates more strongly to early-onset alcoholism, the S allele may be linked more closely to alcohol use associated with anxiety and depression.}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidtBaierBleyeretal.1994, author = {Schmidt, Hans-J{\"u}rgen and Baier, Frank W. and Bleyer, Ulrich and Hubrig, Swetlana and Meister, Claudia-Veronika and Schilbach, Elena and Tiersch, Heinz}, title = {Zum Wissenschaftler-Integrationsprogramm}, year = {1994}, language = {de} }