@misc{KlieglSmithHeckhausenetal.1986,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Smith, Jacqui and Heckhausen, Jutta and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Ausbildung zum Ged{\"a}chtnisk{\"u}nstler : ein experimenteller Zugang zur {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung von Theorien kognitiven Lernens und Alterns},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40247},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Der hier berichtete Forschungsansatz kombiniert entwicklungs- und kognitionspsychologische Fragestellungen. Das entwicklungspsychologische Ziel war, Potential und Grenzen latenter kognitiver Leistungsreserven bei jungen und {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen sichtbar zu machen. Eine systematische Heranf{\"u}hrung an Leistungsgrenzen sollte außerdem die unterschiedliche Alterssensitivit{\"a}t kognitiver Prozesse verdeutlichen und zu einer Vergr{\"o}ßerung interindividueller Unterschiede f{\"u}hren. Das kognitionspsychologische Ziel war, die Genese kognitiver Expertise unter Laborbedingungen zu simulieren, wobei vor allem die Transformation von Laien- in Expertenwissen untersucht werden sollte. Diese {\"U}berlegungen wurden in einem Trainingsprogramm {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, in dessen Verlauf junge und {\"a}ltere Erwachsene in einer Ged{\"a}chtniskunst f{\"u}r das Behalten von Zufallszahlen und Wortlisten unterwiesen wurden. Die Brauchbarkeit dieses experimentellen Paradigmas f{\"u}r die {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der theoretischen Fragen wird durch Ergebnisse aus vier Einzelfallstudien belegt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{BaltesSowarkaKliegl1989,
  author    = {Baltes, Paul B. and Sowarka, Doris and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Cognitive training research on fluid intelligence in old age : what can older adults achieve by themselves?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40297},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Cognitive research on the plasticity of fluid intelligence has demonstrated that older adults benefit markedly from guided practice in cognitive skills and problem-solving strategies. We examined to what degree older adults are capable by themselves of achieving similar practice gains, focusing on the fluid ability of figural relations. A sample of 72 healthy older adults was assigned randomly to three conditions: control, tutor-guided training, self-guided training. Training time and training materials were held constant for the two training conditions. Posttraining performances were analyzed using a transfer of training paradigm in terms of three indicators: correct responses, accuracy, and level of item difficulty. The training programs were effective and produced a significant but narrow band of within-ability transfer. However, there was no difference between the two training groups. Older adults were shown to be capable of producing gains by themselves that were comparable to those obtained following tutor-guided training in the nature of test-relevant cognitive skills.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglBaltes1987,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Das Janusgesicht des Alters : {\"u}ber Wachstum und Abbau in Intelligenz und Ged{\"a}chtnis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41096},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {Vier Forschungsans{\"a}tze im Bereich der Altersintelligenz und des Altersged{\"a}chtnisses werden referiert: Untersuchungen (1) Uber unterschiedliche Altersverl{\"a}ufe intellektueller und kognitiver Prozesse, (2) {\"u}ber interindividuelle Variabilit{\"a}t und historischen Wandel, (3) {\"u}ber Plastizit{\"a}t und Reservekapazit{\"a}t und (4) {\"u}ber Leistungsgrenzen. Das Wesen der Altersintelligenz ersch{\"o}pft sich nicht in einem Prozeß des Leistungsabfalls. Vielmehr treten sowohl Wachstum als auch Abbau und komplexe Wechselwirkungen zwischen beidem auf. Altersbedingter Abbau zeigt sich am ehesten an den Leistungsgrenzen der Grundmechanismen der Intelligenz. Wachstum kann in jenen Bereichen stattfinden, in denen Menschen Wissenssysteme weiterentwickeln und {\"u}ben (Pragmatik der Intelligenz). Die Methode des Belastungstests (Testing-the-Limits oder Grenztesten) wird als eine Strategie vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe Mechanismen positiver und negativer Ver{\"a}nderungen beim kognitiven Altern bestimmt werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Anwendung des kognitiven Belastungstests wird f{\"u}r die neuropsychologische Forschung, beispielsweise f{\"u}r Untersuchungen {\"u}ber die Altersdemenz, empfohlen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{DittmannKohliLachmannKliegletal.1991,
  author    = {Dittmann-Kohli, Freya and Lachmann, Margie E. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40351},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {Elderly adults (N = 116; average age = 73 years) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups varying in the amount of training and testing on fluid intelligence tests. They were compared before and after treatment on self-efficacy and utility beliefs for intelligence tests and everyday competence. Although both ability training and extended retest practice resulted in significant gains in objective test performance (Baltes, Kliegl, \& Dittmann-Kohli, 1988), only ability training resulted in positive changes in self-efficacy. However, these changes were restricted to testrelated self-efficacy. Training had no impact on perceived utility or on everyday self-efficacy beliefs. Implications of the results are discussed with regard to interventions to increase intellectual self-efficacy in elderly persons.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BaltesKliegl1992,
  author    = {Baltes, Paul B. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Further testing of limits of cognitive plasticity : negative age differences in a mnemonic skill are robust},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40373},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Earlier testing-the-limits research on age differences in cognitive plasticity of a memory skill was extended by 18 additional assessment and training sessions to explore whether older adults were able to catch up with additional practice and improved training conditions. The focus was on the method of loci, which requires mental imagination to encode and retrieve lists of words from memory in serial order. Of the original 37 subjects, 35 (16 young, ranging from 20 to 30 years of age, and 19 older adults, ranging from 66 to 80 years of age) participated in the follow-up study. Older adults showed sizable performance deficits when compared with young adults and tested for limits of reserve capacity. The negative age difference was substantial, resistant to extensive practice, and applied to all subjects studied. The primary origin for this negative age difference may be a loss in the production and use of mental imagination for operations of the mind.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BaltesKliegl1988,
  author    = {Baltes, Paul B. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Lernen und Ged{\"a}chtnis im Alter : {\"u}ber Plastizit{\"a}t und deren Grenzen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40277},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Ged{\"a}chtnish{\"o}chstleistungen sind auch im Alter m{\"o}glich. Dies konnte am Beispiel der »Methode der Orte« experimentell best{\"a}tigt werden. Hierbei hat sich gezeigt, daß das Gehirn {\"u}ber große kognitive Kapazit{\"a}tsreserven verf{\"u}gt. In einer speziellen Testmethode (»testing the limits«) zeigt sich aber im Hochleistungsbereich, trotz der grunds{\"a}tzlichen Plastizit{\"a}t, ein altersbezogenes Nachlassen der Ged{\"a}chtnismechanik. Offenbar gibt es biologische Grenzen in der Schnelligkeit der menschlichen Vorstellungskraft. Vielleicht gelingt es auf der Grundlage dieser Erkentnnis, einen zuverl{\"a}ssigen Markierungsindikator f{\"u}r das hirnphysiologische Altern zu finden. Daraus k{\"o}nnten sich auch neue Methoden zur Fr{\"u}herkennung von Demenzen ableiten lassen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{KlieglSmithLindenbergeretal.1993,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Smith, Jacqui and Lindenberger, Ulman and Mayr, Ulrich and Krampe, Ralf and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Bildungsforschung Berlin},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41124},
  year      = {1993},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{BaltesKliegl1986,
  author    = {Baltes, Paul B. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {On the dynamics between growth and decline in the aging of intelligence and memory},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41116},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Content: - Different Intellectual Abilities Age Differently - Cultural Change and Interindividual Variability in Aging - Cognitive Intervention Research on Plasticity in Old Age * Psychological Evidence * Brain-Physiological Evidence - Age Differences and Testing-the-Limits - Conclusions - Summary},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglSmithBaltes1990,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Smith, Jacqui and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {On the locus and process of magnification of age differences during mnemonic training},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40336},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {The focus of this study was on developmental reserve capacity in old age as revealed by testing-thelimits. We examined (a) the time course of training-related magnification of age differences in serial word recall and (b) predictability of training gains by pretest individual differences in cognitive abilities. In 20 sessions, young (n = 18) and old (n = 19) adults were taught to recall lists of 30 words using the Method of Loci. Age differences were magnified early in practice at long presentation times (20 s and 15 s per word) and later at 5 s per word. Regression of posttraining scores on various pretraining abilities revealed significant effects of digit symbol substitution. Also, consistent with the assumption of age-related decline in developmental reserve capacity, the unique variance in serial word recall associated with age group became more salient as the training unfolded.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BaltesKlieglDittmannKohli1988,
  author    = {Baltes, Paul B. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Dittmann-Kohli, Freya},
  title     = {On the locus of training gains in research on the plasticity of fluid intelligence in old age},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40288},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Cognitive training research has shown that many older adults have a substantial reserve capacity in fluid intelligence. Little is known, however, about the locus of plasticity. Two studies were conducted to examine whether training gains in fluid abilities are critically dependent on experimenter-guided training and/or whether older adults can achieve similar improvements by themselves on the basis of cognitive skills already available in their repertoire. Several comparisons were made: (a) between test performances after trainer-guided training in ability-specific cognitive skills and after self-guided retest practice (without feedback), (b) between performances under speeded and power conditions of assessment, (c) between performances on easy and difficult items, and (d) between the relative numbers of correct and wrong answers. Results suggest that a large share of the training improvement shown by the elderly can plausibly be explained as the result of the activation and practice of cognitive skills already available in their repertoire. The results also have implications for educational practice, pointing to the appropriateness of strategies of self-directed learning for many elderly adults.},
  language  = {en}
}