@misc{MayerScharhagRosenbergerCarlsohnetal.2011,
  author    = {Mayer, Frank and Scharhag-Rosenberger, Friederike and Carlsohn, Anja and Cassel, Michael and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Scharhag, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {The intensity and effects of strength training in the elderly},
  series = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt international : a weekly online journal of clinical medicine and public health},
  volume    = {108},
  journal   = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt international : a weekly online journal of clinical medicine and public health},
  number    = {21},
  publisher = {Dt. {\"A}rzte-Verl.},
  address   = {Cologne},
  issn      = {1866-0452},
  doi       = {10.3238/arztebl.2011.0359},
  pages     = {359 -- U30},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Background: The elderly need strength training more and more as they grow older to stay mobile for their everyday activities. The goal of training is to reduce the loss of muscle mass and the resulting loss of motor function. The dose-response relationship of training intensity to training effect has not yet been fully elucidated. Methods: PubMed was selectively searched for articles that appeared in the past 5 years about the effects and dose-response relationship of strength training in the elderly. Results: Strength training in the elderly (> 60 years) increases muscle strength by increasing muscle mass, and by improving the recruitment of motor units, and increasing their firing rate. Muscle mass can be increased through training at an intensity corresponding to 60\% to 85\% of the individual maximum voluntary strength. Improving the rate of force development requires training at a higher intensity (above 85\%), in the elderly just as in younger persons. It is now recommended that healthy old people should train 3 or 4 times weekly for the best results; persons with poor performance at the outset can achieve improvement even with less frequent training. Side effects are rare. Conclusion: Progressive strength training in the elderly is efficient, even with higher intensities, to reduce sarcopenia, and to retain motor function.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ScharhagKnebelMayeretal.2011,
  author    = {Scharhag, J{\"u}rgen and Knebel, F. and Mayer, Frank and Kindermann, Wilfried},
  title     = {Does marathon running damage the heart? - an update},
  series = {Deutsche Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Sportmedizin : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sportmedizin und Pr{\"a}vention (Deutscher Sport{\"a}rztebund) e.V. (DGSP) und Weiterbildungsorgan der {\"O}sterreichischen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sportmedizin und Pr{\"a}vention},
  volume    = {62},
  journal   = {Deutsche Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Sportmedizin : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sportmedizin und Pr{\"a}vention (Deutscher Sport{\"a}rztebund) e.V. (DGSP) und Weiterbildungsorgan der {\"O}sterreichischen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sportmedizin und Pr{\"a}vention},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {WWF-Verl.-Ges.},
  address   = {Greven},
  issn      = {0344-5925},
  pages     = {293 -- 298},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Since the legend of the ancient Marathon run, the risk of endurance exercise-induced cardiovascular damage or sudden cardiac death is discussed. In recent studies, the exercise-induced increases in cardiac biomarkers in endurance athletes as well as acute alterations in cardiac function and cardiovascular abnormalities have been reported. As elevations of the cardiac biomarkers troponin and BM) have been observed frequently for the vast majority of athletes after Marathon runs or strenuous exercise bouts followed by a decrease within a short period, a physiological reaction rather than a pathologicial cause is presumed. Also a transient decrease of cardiac function demonstrated by newer echocardiographic techniques (tissue Doppler or speckle tracking imaging, 3D echocardiography) after strenuous exercise often termed "cardiac fatigue" should not be considered necessarily as pathologic, as cardiac function also depends on hemodynamic load and heart rate. Furthermore, exercise-induced changes in cardiac function did not correlate with exercise-induced increases in cardiac biomarkers in most studies. The functional cardiac alterations can also be detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after Marathon runs. However, no signs of acute or chronic myocardial damage have been demonstrated in MRI studies in cardiovascular healthy athletes after running a Marathon, although especially in older athletes undetected cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease or myocardial necrosis or fibrosis can be present. hi conclusion, according to recent studies. there seems to be a lack of evidence to support endurance exercise-induced cardiac damage in the healthy heart which is adapted tostrenous exercise by regular endurance training. Nevertheless, as running a Marathon results in a high cardiac load, a sufficient endurance training period as well as a preparticipation or regular medical screening to exclude relevant congenital or aquired cardiovascular diseases is recommended from a sports cardiology perspective to exclude relevant congenital or acquired cardiovascular diseases},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{ScharhagRosenbergerCarlsohnCasseletal.2011,
  author    = {Scharhag-Rosenberger, Friederike and Carlsohn, Anja and Cassel, Michael and Mayer, Frank and Scharhag, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {How to test maximal oxygen uptake a study on timing and testing procedure of a supramaximal verification test},
  series = {Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliqu{\´e}e, nutrition et m{\´e}tabolisme},
  volume    = {36},
  journal   = {Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliqu{\´e}e, nutrition et m{\´e}tabolisme},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {NRC Research Press},
  address   = {Ottawa},
  issn      = {1715-5312},
  doi       = {10.1139/H10-099},
  pages     = {153 -- 160},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {On utilise de plus en plus les tests de verification pour confirmer l'atteinte du consommation d'oxygene maximale (VO(2 max)). Toutefois, le moment et les methodes d'evaluation varient d'un groupe de travail a l'autre. Les objectifs de cette etude sont de constater si on peut administrer un test de verification apres un test d'effort progressif ou s'il est preferable de le faire une autre journee et si on peut determiner le VO(2 max) tout de meme lors de la premiere seance chez des sujets ne repondant pas au critere de verification. Quarante sujets (age, 24 +/- 4 ans; VO(2 max), 50 +/- 7 mL center dot min(-1)center dot kg(-1)) participent a un test d'effort progressif sur tapis roulant et, 10 min plus tard, a un test de verification (VerifDay1) a 110 \% de la velocite maximale (v(max)). Le critere de verification est un VO(2) de pointe au VerifDay1 < 5,5 \% a la valeur retenue au test d'effort progressif. Les sujets ne repondant pas au critere de verification passent un autre test de verification, mais a 115 \% du VerifDay1', et ce, 10 min plus tard pour confirmer le VO(2) de pointe du VerifDay1 en tant que VO(2 max). Tous les autres sujets repassent le VerifDay1 a un jour different (VerifDay2). Six sujets sur quarante ne repondent pas au critere de verification. Chez quatre d'entre eux, on confirme l'atteinte du VO(2 max) au VerifDay1'. Le VO(2) de pointe au VerifDay1 est equivalent a celui du VerifDay2 (3722 +/- 991 mL center dot min(-1) comparativement a 3752 +/- 995 mL center dot min(-1), p = 0,56), mais le temps jusqu'a l'epuisement est significativement plus long au VerifDay2 (2:06 +/- 0:22 min:s comparativement a 2:42 +/- 0:38 min:s, p < 0,001, n = 34). Le VO(2) de pointe obtenu au test de verification ne semble pas conditionne par un test d'effort progressif maximal prealable. On peut donc realiser le test d'effort progressif et le test de verification lors de la meme seance d'evaluation. Chez presque tous les individus ne repondant pas au critere de verification, on peut determiner le VO(2 max) au moyen d'un autre test de verification plus intense.},
  language  = {en}
}