@article{TaalStPourcainThieringetal.2012,
  author    = {Taal, H. Rob and St Pourcain, Beate and Thiering, Elisabeth and Das, Shikta and Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O. and Warrington, Nicole M. and Kaakinen, Marika and Kreiner-Moller, Eskil and Bradfield, Jonathan P. and Freathy, Rachel M. and Geller, Frank and Guxens, Monica and Cousminer, Diana L. and Kerkhof, Marjan and Timpson, Nicholas J. and Ikram, M. Arfan and Beilin, Lawrence J. and Bonnelykke, Klaus and Buxton, Jessica L. and Charoen, Pimphen and Chawes, Bo Lund Krogsgaard and Eriksson, Johan and Evans, David M. and Hofman, Albert and Kemp, John P. and Kim, Cecilia E. and Klopp, Norman and Lahti, Jari and Lye, Stephen J. and McMahon, George and Mentch, Frank D. and Mueller-Nurasyid, Martina and O'Reilly, Paul F. and Prokopenko, Inga and Rivadeneira, Fernando and Steegers, Eric A. P. and Sunyer, Jordi and Tiesler, Carla and Yaghootkar, Hanieh and Breteler, Monique M. B. and Debette, Stephanie and Fornage, Myriam and Gudnason, Vilmundur and Launer, Lenore J. and van der Lugt, Aad and Mosley, Thomas H. and Seshadri, Sudha and Smith, Albert V. and Vernooij, Meike W. and Blakemore, Alexandra I. F. and Chiavacci, Rosetta M. and Feenstra, Bjarke and Fernandez-Banet, Julio and Grant, Struan F. A. and Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa and van der Heijden, Albert J. and Iniguez, Carmen and Lathrop, Mark and McArdle, Wendy L. and Molgaard, Anne and Newnham, John P. and Palmer, Lyle J. and Palotie, Aarno and Pouta, Annneli and Ring, Susan M. and Sovio, Ulla and Standl, Marie and Uitterlinden, Andre G. and Wichmann, H-Erich and Vissing, Nadja Hawwa and DeCarli, Charles and van Duijn, Cornelia M. and McCarthy, Mark I. and Koppelman, Gerard H. and Estivill, Xavier and Hattersley, Andrew T. and Melbye, Mads and Bisgaard, Hans and Pennell, Craig E. and Widen, Elisabeth and Hakonarson, Hakon and Smith, George Davey and Heinrich, Joachim and Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta and Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. and Adair, Linda S. and Ang, Wei and Atalay, Mustafa and van Beijsterveldt, Toos and Bergen, Nienke and Benke, Kelly and Berry, Diane J. and Bradfield, Jonathan P. and Charoen, Pimphen and Coin, Lachlan and Cousminer, Diana L. and Das, Shikta and Davis, Oliver S. P. and Elliott, Paul and Evans, David M. and Feenstra, Bjarke and Flexeder, Claudia and Frayling, Tim and Freathy, Rachel M. and Gaillard, Romy and Geller, Frank and Groen-Blokhuis, Maria and Goh, Liang-Kee and Guxens, Monica and Haworth, Claire M. A. and Hadley, Dexter and Hebebrand, Johannes and Hinney, Anke and Hirschhorn, Joel N. and Holloway, John W. and Holst, Claus and Hottenga, Jouke Jan and Horikoshi, Momoko and Huikari, Ville and Hypponen, Elina and Iniguez, Carmen and Kaakinen, Marika and Kilpelainen, Tuomas O. and Kirin, Mirna and Kowgier, Matthew and Lakka, Hanna-Maaria and Lange, Leslie A. and Lawlor, Debbie A. and Lehtimaki, Terho and Lewin, Alex and Lindgren, Cecilia and Lindi, Virpi and Maggi, Reedik and Marsh, Julie and Middeldorp, Christel and Millwood, Iona and Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O. and Murray, Jeffrey C. and Nivard, Michel and Nohr, Ellen Aagaard and Ntalla, Ioanna and Oken, Emily and O'Reilly, Paul F. and Palmer, Lyle J. and Panoutsopoulou, Kalliope and Pararajasingham, Jennifer and Prokopenko, Inga and Rodriguez, Alina and Salem, Rany M. and Sebert, Sylvain and Siitonen, Niina and Sovio, Ulla and St Pourcain, Beate and Strachan, David P. and Sunyer, Jordi and Taal, H. Rob and Teo, Yik-Ying and Thiering, Elisabeth and Tiesler, Carla and Uitterlinden, Andre G. and Valcarcel, Beatriz and Warrington, Nicole M. and White, Scott and Willemsen, Gonneke and Yaghootkar, Hanieh and Zeggini, Eleftheria and Boomsma, Dorret I. and Cooper, Cyrus and Estivill, Xavier and Gillman, Matthew and Grant, Struan F. A. and Hakonarson, Hakon and Hattersley, Andrew T. and Heinrich, Joachim and Hocher, Berthold and Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. and Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta and Lakka, Timo A. and McCarthy, Mark I. and Melbye, Mads and Mohlke, Karen L. and Dedoussis, George V. and Ong, Ken K. and Pearson, Ewan R. and Pennell, Craig E. and Price, Thomas S. and Power, Chris and Raitakari, Olli T. and Saw, Seang-Mei and Scherag, Andre and Simell, Olli and Sorensen, Thorkild I. A. and Timpson, Nicholas J. and Widen, Elisabeth and Wilson, James F. and Ang, Wei and van Beijsterveldt, Toos and Bergen, Nienke and Benke, Kelly and Berry, Diane J. and Bradfield, Jonathan P. and Charoen, Pimphen and Coin, Lachlan and Cousminer, Diana L. and Das, Shikta and Elliott, Paul and Evans, David M. and Frayling, Tim and Freathy, Rachel M. and Gaillard, Romy and Groen-Blokhuis, Maria and Guxens, Monica and Hadley, Dexter and Hottenga, Jouke Jan and Huikari, Ville and Hypponen, Elina and Kaakinen, Marika and Kowgier, Matthew and Lawlor, Debbie A. and Lewin, Alex and Lindgren, Cecilia and Marsh, Julie and Middeldorp, Christel and Millwood, Iona and Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O. and Nivard, Michel and O'Reilly, Paul F. and Palmer, Lyle J. and Prokopenko, Inga and Rodriguez, Alina and Sebert, Sylvain and Sovio, Ulla and St Pourcain, Beate and Standl, Marie and Strachan, David P. and Sunyer, Jordi and Taal, H. Rob and Thiering, Elisabeth and Tiesler, Carla and Uitterlinden, Andre G. and Valcarcel, Beatriz and Warrington, Nicole M. and White, Scott and Willemsen, Gonneke and Yaghootkar, Hanieh and Boomsma, Dorret I. and Estivill, Xavier and Grant, Struan F. A. and Hakonarson, Hakon and Hattersley, Andrew T. and Heinrich, Joachim and Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. and Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta and McCarthy, Mark I. and Pennell, Craig E. and Power, Chris and Timpson, Nicholas J. and Widen, Elisabeth and Ikram, M. Arfan and Fornage, Myriam and Smith, Albert V. and Seshadri, Sudha and Schmidt, Reinhold and Debette, Stephanie and Vrooman, Henri A. and Sigurdsson, Sigurdur and Ropele, Stefan and Coker, Laura H. and Longstreth, W. T. and Niessen, Wiro J. and DeStefano, Anita L. and Beiser, Alexa and Zijdenbos, Alex P. and Struchalin, Maksim and Jack, Clifford R. and Nalls, Mike A. and Au, Rhoda and Hofman, Albert and Gudnason, Haukur and van der Lugt, Aad and Harris, Tamara B. and Meeks, William M. and Vernooij, Meike W. and van Buchem, Mark A. and Catellier, Diane and Gudnason, Vilmundur and Windham, B. Gwen and Wolf, Philip A. and van Duijn, Cornelia M. and Mosley, Thomas H. and Schmidt, Helena and Launer, Lenore J. and Breteler, Monique M. B. and DeCarli, Charles},
  title     = {Common variants at 12q15 and 12q24 are associated with infant head circumference},
  series = {Nature genetics},
  volume    = {44},
  journal   = {Nature genetics},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Nature Publ. Group},
  address   = {New York},
  organization    = {Cohorts Heart Aging Res Genetic Ep, Early Genetics Lifecourse Epidemio, Early Growth Genetics EGG Consorti},
  issn      = {1061-4036},
  doi       = {10.1038/ng.2238},
  pages     = {532 -- +},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {To identify genetic variants associated with head circumference in infancy, we performed a meta-analysis of seven genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (N = 10,768 individuals of European ancestry enrolled in pregnancy and/or birth cohorts) and followed up three lead signals in six replication studies (combined N = 19,089). rs7980687 on chromosome 12q24 (P = 8.1 x 10(-9)) and rs1042725 on chromosome 12q15 (P = 2.8 x 10(-10)) were robustly associated with head circumference in infancy. Although these loci have previously been associated with adult height(1), their effects on infant head circumference were largely independent of height (P = 3.8 x 10(-7) for rs7980687 and P = 1.3 x 10(-7) for rs1042725 after adjustment for infant height). A third signal, rs11655470 on chromosome 17q21, showed suggestive evidence of association with head circumference (P = 3.9 x 10(-6)). SNPs correlated to the 17q21 signal have shown genome-wide association with adult intracranial volume(2), Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases(3-5), indicating that a common genetic variant in this region might link early brain growth with neurological disease in later life.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WarringtonBeaumontHorikoshietal.2019,
  author    = {Warrington, Nicole and Beaumont, Robin and Horikoshi, Momoko and Day, Felix R. and Helgeland, {\O}yvind and Laurin, Charles and Bacelis, Jonas and Peng, Shouneng and Hao, Ke and Feenstra, Bjarke and Wood, Andrew R. and Mahajan, Anubha and Tyrrell, Jessica and Robertson, Neil R. and Rayner, N. William and Qiao, Zhen and Moen, Gunn-Helen and Vaudel, Marc and Marsit, Carmen and Chen, Jia and Nodzenski, Michael and Schnurr, Theresia M. and Zafarmand, Mohammad Hadi and Bradfield, Jonathan P. and Grarup, Niels and Kooijman, Marjolein N. and Li-Gao, Ruifang and Geller, Frank and Ahluwalia, Tarunveer Singh and Paternoster, Lavinia and Rueedi, Rico and Huikari, Ville and Hottenga, Jouke-Jan and Lyytik{\"a}inen, Leo-Pekka and Cavadino, Alana and Metrustry, Sarah and Cousminer, Diana L. and Wu, Ying and Thiering, Elisabeth Paula and Wang, Carol A. and Have, Christian Theil and Vilor-Tejedor, Natalia and Joshi, Peter K. and Painter, Jodie N. and Ntalla, Ioanna and Myhre, Ronny and Pitk{\"a}nen, Niina and van Leeuwen, Elisabeth M. and Joro, Raimo and Lagou, Vasiliki and Richmond, Rebecca C. and Espinosa, Ana and Barton, Sheila J. and Inskip, Hazel M. and Holloway, John W. and Santa-Marina, Loreto and Estivill, Xavier and Ang, Wei and Marsh, Julie A. and Reichetzeder, Christoph and Marullo, Letizia and Hocher, Berthold and Lunetta, Kathryn L. and Murabito, Joanne M. and Relton, Caroline L. and Kogevinas, Manolis and Chatzi, Leda and Allard, Catherine and Bouchard, Luigi and Hivert, Marie-France and Zhang, Ge and Muglia, Louis J. and Heikkinen, Jani and Morgen, Camilla S. and van Kampen, Antoine H. C. and van Schaik, Barbera D. C. and Mentch, Frank D. and Langenberg, Claudia and Scott, Robert A. and Zhao, Jing Hua and Hemani, Gibran and Ring, Susan M. and Bennett, Amanda J. and Gaulton, Kyle J. and Fernandez-Tajes, Juan and van Zuydam, Natalie R. and Medina-Gomez, Carolina and de Haan, Hugoline G. and Rosendaal, Frits R. and Kutalik, Zolt{\´a}n and Marques-Vidal, Pedro and Das, Shikta and Willemsen, Gonneke and Mbarek, Hamdi and M{\"u}ller-Nurasyid, Martina and Standl, Marie and Appel, Emil V. R. and Fonvig, Cilius Esmann and Trier, Caecilie and van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M. and Murcia, Mario and Bustamante, Mariona and Bon{\`a}s-Guarch, S{\´i}lvia and Hougaard, David M. and Mercader, Josep M. and Linneberg, Allan and Schraut, Katharina E. and Lind, Penelope A. and Medland, Sarah Elizabeth and Shields, Beverley M. and Knight, Bridget A. and Chai, Jin-Fang and Panoutsopoulou, Kalliope and Bartels, Meike and S{\´a}nchez, Friman and Stokholm, Jakob and Torrents, David and Vinding, Rebecca K. and Willems, Sara M. and Atalay, Mustafa and Chawes, Bo L. and Kovacs, Peter and Prokopenko, Inga and Tuke, Marcus A. and Yaghootkar, Hanieh and Ruth, Katherine S. and Jones, Samuel E. and Loh, Po-Ru and Murray, Anna and Weedon, Michael N. and T{\"o}njes, Anke and Stumvoll, Michael and Michaelsen, Kim Fleischer and Eloranta, Aino-Maija and Lakka, Timo A. and van Duijn, Cornelia M. and Kiess, Wieland and Koerner, Antje and Niinikoski, Harri and Pahkala, Katja and Raitakari, Olli T. and Jacobsson, Bo and Zeggini, Eleftheria and Dedoussis, George V. and Teo, Yik-Ying and Saw, Seang-Mei and Montgomery, Grant W. and Campbell, Harry and Wilson, James F. and Vrijkotte, Tanja G. M. and Vrijheid, Martine and de Geus, Eco J. C. N. and Hayes, M. Geoffrey and Kadarmideen, Haja N. and Holm, Jens-Christian and Beilin, Lawrence J. and Pennell, Craig E. and Heinrich, Joachim and Adair, Linda S. and Borja, Judith B. and Mohlke, Karen L. and Eriksson, Johan G. and Widen, Elisabeth E. and Hattersley, Andrew T. and Spector, Tim D. and Kaehoenen, Mika and Viikari, Jorma S. and Lehtimaeki, Terho and Boomsma, Dorret I. and Sebert, Sylvain and Vollenweider, Peter and Sorensen, Thorkild I. A. and Bisgaard, Hans and Bonnelykke, Klaus and Murray, Jeffrey C. and Melbye, Mads and Nohr, Ellen A. and Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O. and Rivadeneira, Fernando and Hofman, Albert and Felix, Janine F. and Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. and Hansen, Torben and Pisinger, Charlotta and Vaag, Allan A. and Pedersen, Oluf and Uitterlinden, Andre G. and Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta and Power, Christine and Hypponen, Elina and Scholtens, Denise M. and Lowe, William L. and Smith, George Davey and Timpson, Nicholas J. and Morris, Andrew P. and Wareham, Nicholas J. and Hakonarson, Hakon and Grant, Struan F. A. and Frayling, Timothy M. and Lawlor, Debbie A. and Njolstad, Pal R. and Johansson, Stefan and Ong, Ken K. and McCarthy, Mark I. and Perry, John R. B. and Evans, David M. and Freathy, Rachel M.},
  title     = {Maternal and fetal genetic effects on birth weight and their relevance to cardio-metabolic risk factors},
  series = {Nature genetics},
  volume    = {51},
  journal   = {Nature genetics},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Nature Publ. Group},
  address   = {New York},
  organization    = {EGG Consortium},
  issn      = {1061-4036},
  pages     = {804 -- +},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Birth weight variation is influenced by fetal and maternal genetic and non-genetic factors, and has been reproducibly associated with future cardio-metabolic health outcomes. In expanded genome-wide association analyses of own birth weight (n = 321,223) and offspring birth weight (n = 230,069 mothers), we identified 190 independent association signals (129 of which are novel). We used structural equation modeling to decompose the contributions of direct fetal and indirect maternal genetic effects, then applied Mendelian randomization to illuminate causal pathways. For example, both indirect maternal and direct fetal genetic effects drive the observational relationship between lower birth weight and higher later blood pressure: maternal blood pressure-raising alleles reduce offspring birth weight, but only direct fetal effects of these alleles, once inherited, increase later offspring blood pressure. Using maternal birth weight-lowering genotypes to proxy for an adverse intrauterine environment provided no evidence that it causally raises offspring blood pressure, indicating that the inverse birth weight-blood pressure association is attributable to genetic effects, and not to intrauterine programming.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LawrenceWilliamsNanzetal.2022,
  author    = {Lawrence, Mark and Williams, Stephen and Nanz, Patrizia and Renn, Ortwin},
  title     = {Perspective Characteristics, potentials, and challenges of transdisciplinary research},
  series = {One Earth},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {One Earth},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {2590-3322},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.oneear.2021.12.010},
  pages     = {44 -- 61},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Resolving the grand challenges and wicked problems of the Anthropocene will require skillfully combining a broad range of knowledge and understandings-both scientific and non-scientific-of Earth systems and human societies. One approach to this is transdisciplinary research, which has gained considerable interest over the last few decades, resulting in an extensive body of literature about transdisciplinarity. However, this has in turn led to the challenge that developing a good understanding of transdisciplinary research can require extensive effort. Here we provide a focused overview and perspective for disciplinary and interdisciplinary researchers who are interested in efficiently obtaining a solid understanding of transdisciplinarity. We describe definitions, characteristics, schools of thought, and an exemplary three-phase model of transdisciplinary research. We also discuss three key challenges that transdisciplinary research faces in the context of addressing the broader challenges of the Anthropocene, and we consider approaches to dealing with these specific challenges, based especially on our experiences with building up transdisciplinary research projects at the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchneidemesserSibiyaCaseiroetal.2021,
  author    = {Schneidemesser, Erika von and Sibiya, Bheki and Caseiro, Alexandre and Butler, Tim and Lawrence, Mark and Leitao, Joana and Lupa{\c{s}}cu, Aura and Salvador, Pedro},
  title     = {Learning from the COVID-19 lockdown in Berlin},
  series = {Atmospheric environment: X},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Atmospheric environment: X},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {2590-1621},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100122},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Urban air pollution is a substantial threat to human health. Traffic emissions remain a large contributor to air pollution in urban areas. The mobility restrictions put in place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic provided a large-scale real-world experiment that allows for the evaluation of changes in traffic emissions and the corresponding changes in air quality. Here we use observational data, as well as modelling, to analyse changes in nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter resulting from the COVID-19 restrictions at the height of the lockdown period in Spring of 2020. Accounting for the influence of meteorology on air quality, we found that reduction of ca. 30-50 \% in traffic counts, dominated by changes in passenger cars, corresponded to reductions in median observed nitrogen dioxide concentrations of ca. 40 \% (traffic and urban background locations) and a ca. 22 \% increase in ozone (urban background locations) during weekdays. Lesser reductions in nitrogen dioxide concentrations were observed at urban background stations at weekends, and no change in ozone was observed. The modelled reductions in median nitrogen dioxide at urban background locations were smaller than the observed reductions and the change was not significant. The model results showed no significant change in ozone on weekdays or weekends. The lack of a simulated weekday/weekend effect is consistent with previous work suggesting that NOx emissions from traffic could be significantly underestimated in European cities by models. These results indicate the potential for improvements in air quality due to policies for reducing traffic, along with the scale of reductions that would be needed to result in meaningful changes in air quality if a transition to sustainable mobility is to be seriously considered. They also confirm once more the highly relevant role of traffic for air quality in urban areas.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{MahataPandayRupakhetietal.2017,
  author    = {Mahata, Khadak Singh and Panday, Arnico Kumar and Rupakheti, Maheswar and Singh, Ashish and Naja, Manish and Lawrence, Mark},
  title     = {Seasonal and diurnal variations in methane and carbon dioxide in the Kathmandu Valley in the foothills of the central Himalayas},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {610},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-41664},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-416643},
  pages     = {12573 -- 12596},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The SusKat-ABC (Sustainable Atmosphere for the Kathmandu Valley-Atmospheric Brown Clouds) international air pollution measurement campaign was carried out from December 2012 to June 2013 in the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding regions in Nepal. The Kathmandu Valley is a bowl-shaped basin with a severe air pollution problem. This paper reports measurements of two major greenhouse gases (GHGs), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), along with the pollutant CO, that began during the campaign and were extended for 1 year at the SusKat-ABC supersite in Bode, a semi-urban location in the Kathmandu Valley. Simultaneous measurements were also made during 2015 in Bode and a nearby rural site (Chanban) similar to 25 km (aerial distance) to the southwest of Bode on the other side of a tall ridge. The ambient mixing ratios of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor, and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured with a cavity ring-down spectrometer (G2401; Picarro, USA) along with meteorological parameters for 1 year (March 2013-March 2014). These measurements are the first of their kind in the central Himalayan foothills. At Bode, the annual average mixing ratios of CO2 and CH4 were 419.3 (+/- 6.0) ppm and 2.192 (+/- 0.066) ppm, respectively. These values are higher than the levels observed at background sites such as Mauna Loa, USA (CO2: 396.8 +/- 2.0 ppm, CH4: 1.831 +/- 0.110 ppm) and Waliguan, China (CO2: 397.7 +/- 3.6 ppm, CH4: 1.879 +/- 0.009 ppm) during the same period and at other urban and semi-urban sites in the region, such as Ahmedabad and Shadnagar (India). They varied slightly across the seasons at Bode, with seasonal average CH4 mixing ratios of 2.157 (+/- 0.230) ppm in the pre-monsoon season, 2.199 (+/- 0.241) ppm in the monsoon, 2.210 (+/- 0.200) ppm in the post-monsoon, and 2.214 (+/- 0.209) ppm in the winter season. The average CO2 mixing ratios were 426.2 (+/- 25.5) ppm in the pre-monsoon, 413.5 (+/- 24.2) ppm in the monsoon, 417.3 (+/- 23.1) ppm in the postmonsoon, and 421.9 (+/- 20.3) ppm in the winter season. The maximum seasonal mean mixing ratio of CH4 in winter was only 0.057 ppm or 2.6\% higher than the seasonal minimum during the pre-monsoon period, while CO2 was 12.8 ppm or 3.1\% higher during the pre-monsoon period (seasonal maximum) than during the monsoon (seasonal minimum). On the other hand, the CO mixing ratio at Bode was 191\% higher during the winter than during the monsoon season. The enhancement in CO2 mixing ratios during the pre-monsoon season is associated with additional CO2 emissions from forest fires and agro-residue burning in northern South Asia in addition to local emissions in the Kathmandu Valley. Published CO = CO2 ratios of different emission sources in Nepal and India were compared with the observed CO = CO2 ratios in this study. This comparison suggested that the major sources in the Kathmandu Valley were residential cooking and vehicle exhaust in all seasons except winter. In winter, brick kiln emissions were a major source. Simultaneous measurements in Bode and Chanban (15 July-3 October 2015) revealed that the mixing ratios of CO2, CH4, and CO were 3.8, 12, and 64\% higher in Bode than Chanban. The Kathmandu Valley thus has significant emissions from local sources, which can also be attributed to its bowl-shaped geography that is conducive to pollution build-up. At Bode, all three gas species (CO2, CH4, and CO) showed strong diurnal patterns in their mixing ratios with a pronounced morning peak (ca. 08:00), a dip in the afternoon, and a gradual increase again through the night until the next morning. CH4 and CO at Chanban, however, did not show any noticeable diurnal variations. These measurements provide the first insights into the diurnal and seasonal variation in key greenhouse gases and air pollutants and their local and regional sources, which is important information for atmospheric research in the region.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{MahataRupakhetiPandayetal.2017,
  author    = {Mahata, Khadak Singh and Rupakheti, Maheswar and Panday, Arnico Kumar and Bhardwaj, Piyush and Naja, Manish and Singh, Ashish and Mues, Andrea and Cristofanelli, Paolo and Pudasainee, Deepak and Bonasoni, Paolo and Lawrence, Mark},
  title     = {Observation and analysis of spatio-temporal characteristics of surface ozone and carbon monoxide at multiple sites in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {848},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-41662},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-416626},
  pages     = {44},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Residents of the Kathmandu Valley experience severe particulate and gaseous air pollution throughout most of the year, even during much of the rainy season. The knowledge base for understanding the air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley was previously very limited, but is improving rapidly due to several field measurement studies conducted in the last few years. Thus far, most analyses of observations in the Kathmandu Valley have been limited to short periods of time at single locations. This study extends on the past studies by examining the spatial and temporal characteristics of two important gaseous air pollutant (CO and O3) based on simultaneous observations over a longer period at five locations within the valley and on its rim, including a supersite (at Bode in the valley center, 1345m above sea level) and four satellite sites (at Paknajol, 1380masl in the Kathmandu city center, at Bhimdhunga (1522masl), a mountain pass on the valley's western rim, at Nagarkot (1901masl), another mountain pass on the eastern rim, and Naikhandi, near the valley's only river outlet). CO and O3 mixing ratios were monitored from January to July 2013, along with other gases and aerosol particles by instruments deployed at the Bode supersite during the international air pollution measurement campaign SusKat-ABC (Sustainable Atmosphere for the Kathmandu Valley - endorsed by the Atmospheric Brown Clouds program of UNEP). The O3 monitoring at Bode, Paknajol and Nagarkot as well as the CO monitoring at Bode were extended beyond July 2013 to investigate their variability over a complete annual cycle. Higher CO mixing ratios were found at Bode than at the outskirt sites (Bhimdhunga, Naikhandi and Nagarkot), and all sites except Nagarkot showed distinct diurnal cycles of CO mixing ratio with morning peaks and daytime lows. Seasonally, CO was higher during the pre-monsoon and winter seasons, especially due to the emissions from brick kiln industries, which only operate during this period, as well as increased domestic heating during winter, and regional forest fires and agro-residue burning. It was lower during the monsoon due to rainfall, which reduces open burning activities within the valley and in the surrounding regions, and thus reduces the sources of CO. The meteorology of the valley also played a key role in determining the CO mixing ratios. Furthermore, there was evidence of some influence of pollution from the greater region around the valley. A top-down estimate of the CO emission flux was made by using the CO mixing ratio and mixing layer height (MLH) measured at Bode. The estimated annual CO flux at Bode was 4.92μgm-2s-1, which is 2-14 times higher than that in widely used emission inventory databases (EDGAR HTAP, REAS and INTEX-B). This difference in CO flux between Bode and other emission databases likely arises from large uncertainties in both the top-down and bottom-up approaches to estimating the emission flux. The O3 mixing ratio was found to be highest during the pre-monsoon season at all sites, while the timing of the seasonal minimum varied across the sites. The daily maximum 8 hour average O3 exceeded the WHO recommended guideline of 50ppb on more days at the hilltop station of Nagarkot (159/357 days) than at the urban valley bottom sites of Paknajol (132/354 days) and Bode (102/353 days), presumably due to the influence of free-tropospheric air at the high-altitude site, as well as to titration of O3 by fresh NOx emissions near the urban sites. More than 78\% of the exceedance days were during the pre-monsoon period at all sites. This was due to both favorable meteorological conditions as well as contributions of precursors from regional sources such as forest fires and agro-residue burning. The high O3 mixing ratio observed during the pre-monsoon period is of a high concern for human health and ecosystems, including agroecosystems in the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding regions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LawrenceSchaefer2019,
  author    = {Lawrence, Mark and Sch{\"a}fer, Stefan},
  title     = {Promises and perils of the Paris Agreement},
  series = {Science},
  volume    = {364},
  journal   = {Science},
  number    = {6443},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0036-8075},
  doi       = {10.1126/science.aaw4602},
  pages     = {829 -- 830},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MahataPandayRupakhetietal.2017,
  author    = {Mahata, Khadak Singh and Panday, Arnico Kumar and Rupakheti, Maheswar and Singh, Ashish and Naja, Manish and Lawrence, Mark},
  title     = {Seasonal and diurnal variations in methane and carbon dioxide in the Kathmandu Valley in the foothills of the central Himalayas},
  series = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  number    = {20},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1680-7316},
  doi       = {10.5194/acp-17-12573-2017},
  pages     = {12573 -- 12596},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The SusKat-ABC (Sustainable Atmosphere for the Kathmandu Valley-Atmospheric Brown Clouds) international air pollution measurement campaign was carried out from December 2012 to June 2013 in the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding regions in Nepal. The Kathmandu Valley is a bowl-shaped basin with a severe air pollution problem. This paper reports measurements of two major greenhouse gases (GHGs), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), along with the pollutant CO, that began during the campaign and were extended for 1 year at the SusKat-ABC supersite in Bode, a semi-urban location in the Kathmandu Valley. Simultaneous measurements were also made during 2015 in Bode and a nearby rural site (Chanban) similar to 25 km (aerial distance) to the southwest of Bode on the other side of a tall ridge. The ambient mixing ratios of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor, and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured with a cavity ring-down spectrometer (G2401; Picarro, USA) along with meteorological parameters for 1 year (March 2013-March 2014). These measurements are the first of their kind in the central Himalayan foothills. At Bode, the annual average mixing ratios of CO2 and CH4 were 419.3 (+/- 6.0) ppm and 2.192 (+/- 0.066) ppm, respectively. These values are higher than the levels observed at background sites such as Mauna Loa, USA (CO2: 396.8 +/- 2.0 ppm, CH4: 1.831 +/- 0.110 ppm) and Waliguan, China (CO2: 397.7 +/- 3.6 ppm, CH4: 1.879 +/- 0.009 ppm) during the same period and at other urban and semi-urban sites in the region, such as Ahmedabad and Shadnagar (India). They varied slightly across the seasons at Bode, with seasonal average CH4 mixing ratios of 2.157 (+/- 0.230) ppm in the pre-monsoon season, 2.199 (+/- 0.241) ppm in the monsoon, 2.210 (+/- 0.200) ppm in the post-monsoon, and 2.214 (+/- 0.209) ppm in the winter season. The average CO2 mixing ratios were 426.2 (+/- 25.5) ppm in the pre-monsoon, 413.5 (+/- 24.2) ppm in the monsoon, 417.3 (+/- 23.1) ppm in the postmonsoon, and 421.9 (+/- 20.3) ppm in the winter season. The maximum seasonal mean mixing ratio of CH4 in winter was only 0.057 ppm or 2.6\% higher than the seasonal minimum during the pre-monsoon period, while CO2 was 12.8 ppm or 3.1\% higher during the pre-monsoon period (seasonal maximum) than during the monsoon (seasonal minimum). On the other hand, the CO mixing ratio at Bode was 191\% higher during the winter than during the monsoon season. The enhancement in CO2 mixing ratios during the pre-monsoon season is associated with additional CO2 emissions from forest fires and agro-residue burning in northern South Asia in addition to local emissions in the Kathmandu Valley. Published CO = CO2 ratios of different emission sources in Nepal and India were compared with the observed CO = CO2 ratios in this study. This comparison suggested that the major sources in the Kathmandu Valley were residential cooking and vehicle exhaust in all seasons except winter. In winter, brick kiln emissions were a major source. Simultaneous measurements in Bode and Chanban (15 July-3 October 2015) revealed that the mixing ratios of CO2, CH4, and CO were 3.8, 12, and 64\% higher in Bode than Chanban. The Kathmandu Valley thus has significant emissions from local sources, which can also be attributed to its bowl-shaped geography that is conducive to pollution build-up. At Bode, all three gas species (CO2, CH4, and CO) showed strong diurnal patterns in their mixing ratios with a pronounced morning peak (ca. 08:00), a dip in the afternoon, and a gradual increase again through the night until the next morning. CH4 and CO at Chanban, however, did not show any noticeable diurnal variations. These measurements provide the first insights into the diurnal and seasonal variation in key greenhouse gases and air pollutants and their local and regional sources, which is important information for atmospheric research in the region.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MahataRupakhetiPandayetal.2018,
  author    = {Mahata, Khadak Singh and Rupakheti, Maheswar and Panday, Arnico Kumar and Bhardwaj, Piyush and Naja, Manish and Singh, Ashish and Mues, Andrea and Cristofanelli, Paolo and Pudasainee, Deepak and Bonasoni, Paolo and Lawrence, Mark},
  title     = {Observation and analysis of spatiotemporal characteristics of surface ozone and carbon monoxide at multiple sites in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal},
  series = {Atmosheric chemistry and physics},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {Atmosheric chemistry and physics},
  number    = {19},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1680-7316},
  doi       = {10.5194/acp-18-14113-2018},
  pages     = {14113 -- 14132},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {It was lower during the monsoon due to rainfall, which reduces open burning activities within the valley and in the surrounding regions and thus reduces sources of CO. The meteorology of the valley also played a key role in determining the CO mixing ratios. The wind is calm and easterly in the shallow mixing layer, with a mixing layer height (MLH) of about 250 m, during the night and early morning. The MLH slowly increases after sunrise and decreases in the afternoon. As a result, the westerly wind becomes active and reduces the mixing ratio during the daytime. Furthermore, there was evidence of an increase in the O-3 mixing ratios in the Kathmandu Valley as a result of emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region, particularly from biomass burning including agroresidue burning. A top-down estimate of the CO emission flux was made by using the CO mixing ratio and mixing layer height measured at Bode. The estimated annual CO flux at Bode was 4.9 mu g M-2 s(-1), which is 2-14 times higher than that in widely used emission inventory databases (EDGAR HTAP, REAS and INTEX-B). This difference in CO flux between Bode and other emission databases likely arises from large uncertainties in both the top-down and bottom-up approaches to estimating the emission flux. The O-3 mixing ratio was found to be highest during the premonsoon season at all sites, while the timing of the seasonal minimum varied across the sites. The daily maximum 8 h average O-3 exceeded the WHO recommended guideline of 50 ppb on more days at the hilltop station of Nagarkot (159 out of 357 days) than at the urban valley bottom sites of Paknajol (132 out of 354 days) and Bode (102 out of 353 days), presumably due to the influence of free-tropospheric air at the high-altitude site (as also indicated by Putero et al., 2015, for the Paknajol site in the Kathmandu Valley) as well as to titration of O-3 by fresh NOx emissions near the urban sites. More than 78 \% of the exceedance days were during the premonsoon period at all sites. The high O-3 mixing ratio observed during the premonsoon period is of a concern for human health and ecosystems, including agroecosystems in the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding regions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{LawrenceSchaeferMurietal.2018,
  author    = {Lawrence, Mark and Sch{\"a}fer, Stefan and Muri, Helene and Scott, Vivian and Oschlies, Andreas and Vaughan, Naomi E. and Boucher, Olivier and Schmidt, Hauke and Haywood, Jim and Scheffran, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Evaluating climate geoengineering proposals in the context of the Paris Agreement temperature goals},
  series = {Nature Communications},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Nature Communications},
  publisher = {Nature Publ. Group},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2041-1723},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41467-018-05938-3},
  pages     = {19},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Current mitigation efforts and existing future commitments are inadequate to accomplish the Paris Agreement temperature goals. In light of this, research and debate are intensifying on the possibilities of additionally employing proposed climate geoengineering technologies, either through atmospheric carbon dioxide removal or farther-reaching interventions altering the Earth's radiative energy budget. Although research indicates that several techniques may eventually have the physical potential to contribute to limiting climate change, all are in early stages of development, involve substantial uncertainties and risks, and raise ethical and governance dilemmas. Based on present knowledge, climate geoengineering techniques cannot be relied on to significantly contribute to meeting the Paris Agreement temperature goals.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RamachandranRupakhetiCherianetal.2022,
  author    = {Ramachandran, Srikanthan and Rupakheti, Maheswar and Cherian, R. and Lawrence, Mark},
  title     = {Climate Benefits of Cleaner Energy Transitions in East and South Asia Through Black Carbon Reduction},
  series = {Frontiers in environmental science},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Frontiers in environmental science},
  publisher = {Frontiers Media},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {2296-665X},
  doi       = {10.3389/fenvs.2022.842319},
  pages     = {16},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The state of air pollution has historically been tightly linked to how we produce and use energy. Air pollutant emissions over Asia are now changing rapidly due to cleaner energy transitions; however, magnitudes of benefits for climate and air quality remain poorly quantified. The associated risks involve adverse health impacts, reduced agricultural yields, reduced freshwater availability, contributions to climate change, and economic costs. We focus particularly on climate benefits of energy transitions by making first-time use of two decades of high quality observations of atmospheric loading of light-absorbing black carbon (BC) over Kanpur (South Asia) and Beijing (East Asia) and relating these observations to changing energy, emissions, and economic trends in India and China. Our analysis reveals that absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD) due to BC has decreased substantially, by 40\% over Kanpur and 60\% over Beijing between 2001 and 2017, and thus became decoupled from regional economic growth. Furthermore, the resultant decrease in BC emissions and BC AAOD over Asia is regionally coherent and occurs primarily due to transitions into cleaner energies (both renewables and fossil fuels) and not due to the decrease in primary energy supply or decrease in use of fossil use and biofuels and waste. Model simulations show that BC aerosols alone contribute about half of the surface temperature change (warming) of the total forcing due to greenhouse gases, natural and internal variability, and aerosols, thus clearly revealing the climate benefits due to a reduction in BC emissions, which would significantly reduce global warming. However, this modeling study excludes responses from natural variability, circulation, and sea ice responses, which cause relatively strong temperature fluctuations that may mask signals from BC aerosols. Our findings show additional benefits for climate (beyond benefits of CO2 reduction) and for several other issues of sustainability over South and East Asia, provide motivation for ongoing cleaner energy production, and consumption transitions, especially when they are associated with reduced emissions of air pollutants. Such an analysis connecting the trends in energy transitions and aerosol absorption loading, unavailable so far, is crucial for simulating the aerosol climate impacts over Asia which is quite uncertain.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RamachandranRupakhetiLawrence2020,
  author    = {Ramachandran, Srikanthan and Rupakheti, Maheswar and Lawrence, Mark},
  title     = {Black carbon dominates the aerosol absorption over the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayan foothills},
  series = {Environment international : a journal of science, technology, health, monitoring and policy},
  volume    = {142},
  journal   = {Environment international : a journal of science, technology, health, monitoring and policy},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0160-4120},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.envint.2020.105814},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {This study, based on new and high quality in situ observations, quantifies for the first time, the individual contributions of light-absorbing aerosols (black carbon (BC), brown carbon (BrC) and dust) to aerosol absorption over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and the Himalayan foothill region, a relatively poorly studied region with several sensitive ecosystems of global importance, as well as highly vulnerable populations. The annual and seasonal average single scattering albedo (SSA) over Kathmandu is the lowest of all the locations. The SSA over Kathmandu is < 0.89 during all seasons, which confirms the dominance of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols from local and regional sources over Kathmandu. It is observed here that the SSA decreases with increasing elevation, confirming the dominance of light absorbing carbonaceous aerosols at higher elevations. In contrast, the SSA over the IGP does not exhibit a pronounced spatial variation. BC dominates (>= 75\%) the aerosol absorption over the IGP and the Himalayan foothills throughout the year. Higher BC concentration at elevated locations in the Himalayas leads to lower SSA at elevated locations in the Himalayas. The contribution of dust to aerosol absorption is higher throughout the year over the IGP than over the Himalayan foothills. The aerosol absorption over South Asia is very high, exceeding available observations over East Asia, and also exceeds previous model estimates. This quantification will be valuable as observational constraints to help improve regional simulations of climate change, impacts on the glaciers and the hydrological cycle, and will help to direct the focus towards BC as the main contributor to aerosol-induced warming in the region.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RamachandranRupakhetiLawrence2020,
  author    = {Ramachandran, Srikanthan and Rupakheti, Maheswar and Lawrence, Mark},
  title     = {Aerosol-induced atmospheric heating rate decreases over South and East Asia as a result of changing content and composition},
  series = {Scientific reports},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Scientific reports},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature},
  address   = {[London]},
  issn      = {2045-2322},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-020-76936-z},
  pages     = {17},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Aerosol emissions from human activities are extensive and changing rapidly over Asia. Model simulations and satellite observations indicate a dipole pattern in aerosol emissions and loading between South Asia and East Asia, two of the most heavily polluted regions of the world. We examine the previously unexplored diverging trends in the existing dipole pattern of aerosols between East and South Asia using the high quality, two-decade long ground-based time series of observations of aerosol properties from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), from satellites (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)), and from model simulations (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). The data cover the period since 2001 for Kanpur (South Asia) and Beijing (East Asia), two locations taken as being broadly representative of the respective regions. Since 2010 a dipole in aerosol optical depth (AOD) is maintained, but the trend is reversed-the decrease in AOD over Beijing (East Asia) is rapid since 2010, being 17\% less in current decade compared to first decade of twenty-first century, while the AOD over South Asia increased by 12\% during the same period. Furthermore, we find that the aerosol composition is also changing over time. The single scattering albedo (SSA), a measure of aerosol's absorption capacity and related to aerosol composition, is slightly higher over Beijing than Kanpur, and has increased from 0.91 in 2002 to 0.93 in 2017 over Beijing and from 0.89 to 0.92 during the same period over Kanpur, confirming that aerosols in this region have on an average become more scattering in nature. These changes have led to a notable decrease in aerosol-induced atmospheric heating rate (HR) over both regions between the two decades, decreasing considerably more over East Asia (- 31\%) than over South Asia (- 9\%). The annual mean HR is lower now, it is still large (>= 0.6 K per day), which has significant climate implications. The seasonal trends in AOD, SSA and HR are more pronounced than their respective annual trends over both regions. The seasonal trends are caused mainly by the increase/decrease in anthropogenic aerosol emissions (sulfate, black carbon and organic carbon) while the natural aerosols (dust and sea salt) did not change significantly over South and East Asia during the last two decades. The MERRA-2 model is able to simulate the observed trends in AODs well but not the magnitude, while it also did not simulate the SSA values or trends well. These robust findings based on observations of key aerosol parameters and previously unrecognized diverging trends over South and East Asia need to be accounted for in current state-of-the-art climate models to ensure accurate quantification of the complex and evolving impact of aerosols on the regional climate over Asia.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WegerCoenenLeitaoLawrence2021,
  author    = {Weger Coenen, Lindsey and Leit{\~a}o, Joana and Lawrence, Mark},
  title     = {Expected impacts on greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions due to a possible transition towards a hydrogen economy in German road transport},
  series = {International journal of hydrogen energy : official journal of the International Association for Hydrogen Energy},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {International journal of hydrogen energy : official journal of the International Association for Hydrogen Energy},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0360-3199},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.014},
  pages     = {5875 -- 5890},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Transitioning German road transport partially to hydrogen energy is among the possibilities being discussed to help meet national climate targets. This study investigates impacts of a hypothetical, complete transition from conventionally-fueled to hydrogen-powered German transport through representative scenarios. Our results show that German emissions change between -179 and +95 MtCO(2)eq annually, depending on the scenario, with renewable-powered electrolysis leading to the greatest emissions reduction, while electrolysis using the fossilintense current electricity mix leads to the greatest increase. German energy emissions of regulated pollutants decrease significantly, indicating the potential for simultaneous air quality improvements. Vehicular hydrogen demand is 1000 PJ annually, requiring 446-525 TWh for electrolysis, hydrogen transport and storage, which could be supplied by future German renewable generation, supporting the potential for CO2-free hydrogen traffic and increased energy security. Thus hydrogen-powered transport could contribute significantly to climate and air quality goals, warranting further research and political discussion about this possibility.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{vonSchneidemesserMarLawrence2021,
  author    = {von Schneidemesser, Erika and Mar, Kathleen A. and Lawrence, Mark},
  title     = {Klimawandel und Luftverschmutzung},
  series = {Klimaschutz: Wissen und Handeln},
  journal   = {Klimaschutz: Wissen und Handeln},
  publisher = {bpb, Bundeszentrale f{\"u}r politische Bildung},
  address   = {Berlin},
  isbn      = {978-3-7425-0672-6},
  pages     = {119 -- 133},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{ZhangSunFettkeetal.2014,
  author    = {Zhang, Youjun and Sun, Feng and Fettke, J{\"o}rg and Schoettler, Mark Aurel and Ramsden, Lawrence and Fernie, Alisdair R. and Lim, Boon Leong},
  title     = {Heterologous expression of AtPAP2 in transgenic potato influences carbon metabolism and tuber development},
  series = {FEBS letters : the journal for rapid publication of short reports in molecular biosciences},
  volume    = {588},
  journal   = {FEBS letters : the journal for rapid publication of short reports in molecular biosciences},
  number    = {20},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0014-5793},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.febslet.2014.08.019},
  pages     = {3726 -- 3731},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Changes in carbon flow and sink/source activities can affect floral, architectural, and reproductive traits of plants. In potato, overexpression (OE) of the purple acid phosphatase 2 of Arabidopsis (AtPAP2) resulted in earlier flowering, faster growth rate, increased tubers and tuber starch content, and higher photosynthesis rate. There was a significant change in sucrose, glucose and fructose levels in leaves, phloem and sink biomass of the OE lines, consistent with an increased expression of sucrose transporter 1 (StSUT1). Furthermore, the expression levels and enzyme activity of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) were also significantly increased in the OE lines. These findings strongly suggest that higher carbon supply from the source and improved sink strength can improve potato tuber yield. (C) 2014 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}