@article{LeQuangPhuongHosseiniKohetal.2019,
  author    = {Le Quang Phuong, and Hosseini, Seyed Mehrdad and Koh, Chang Woo and Woo, Han Young and Shoaee, Safa},
  title     = {Measuring Competing Recombination Losses in a Significantly Reduced Langevin System by Steady-State Photoinduced Absorption and Photocurrent Spectroscopy},
  series = {The journal of physical chemistry : C, Nanomaterials and interfaces},
  volume    = {123},
  journal   = {The journal of physical chemistry : C, Nanomaterials and interfaces},
  number    = {45},
  publisher = {American Chemical Society},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {1932-7447},
  doi       = {10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b08901},
  pages     = {27417 -- 27422},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Understanding and disentangling photophysical properties of long-lived photoexcitations in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells, which contribute mostly to photocurrent, provide essential guidelines to their improvement. However, to construct improved physical models, their rational design relies on reliable measurement techniques for charge recombination. Here, we combine photocurrent and photoinduced absorption spectroscopy (PCPIA) to directly probe the free carrier concentration and investigate loss mechanisms of long-lived excitations in nearly 10\% efficient PPDT2FBT/PC70BM BHJ solar cells under steady-state operational conditions. From the PCPIA data obtained under open- circuit and short-circuit conditions, the absorption cross section and the concentration of photoexcitations are obtained. This material system exhibits an exceptionally low bimolecular recombination rate, about 300 times smaller than the diffusion-controlled electron and hole encounter rate. Furthermore, we observe that the fill factor is limited by losses originating from long-lived photoexcitations undergoing dispersive bimolecular recombination.},
  language  = {en}
}