@misc{GranacherGollhoferHortobagyietal.2013,
  author    = {Granacher, Urs and Gollhofer, Albert and Hortobagyi, Tibor and Kressig, Reto W. and M{\"u}hlbauer, Thomas},
  title     = {The importance of trunk muscle strength for balance, functional performance, and fall prevention in seniors a systematic review},
  series = {Sports medicine},
  volume    = {43},
  journal   = {Sports medicine},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Auckland},
  issn      = {0112-1642},
  doi       = {10.1007/s40279-013-0041-1},
  pages     = {627 -- 641},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Background The aging process results in a number of functional (e.g., deficits in balance and strength/power performance), neural (e.g., loss of sensory/motor neurons), muscular (e.g., atrophy of type-II muscle fibers in particular), and bone-related (e.g., osteoporosis) deteriorations. Traditionally, balance and/or lower extremity resistance training were used to mitigate these age-related deficits. However, the effects of resistance training are limited and poorly translate into improvements in balance, functional tasks, activities of daily living, and fall rates. Thus, it is necessary to develop and design new intervention programs that are specifically tailored to counteract age-related weaknesses. Recent studies indicate that measures of trunk muscle strength (TMS) are associated with variables of static/dynamic balance, functional performance, and falls (i.e., occurrence, fear, rate, and/or risk of falls). Further, there is preliminary evidence in the literature that core strength training (CST) and Pilates exercise training (PET) have a positive influence on measures of strength, balance, functional performance, and falls in older adults. Objective The objectives of this systematic literature review are: (a) to report potential associations between TMS/trunk muscle composition and balance, functional performance, and falls in old adults, and (b) to describe and discuss the effects of CST/PET on measures of TMS, balance, functional performance, and falls in seniors. Data Sources A systematic approach was employed to capture all articles related to TMS/trunk muscle composition, balance, functional performance, and falls in seniors that were identified using the electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science (1972 to February 2013). Study Selection A systematic approach was used to evaluate the 582 articles identified for initial review. Cross-sectional (i.e., relationship) or longitudinal (i.e., intervention) studies were included if they investigated TMS and an outcome-related measure of balance, functional performance, and/or falls. In total, 20 studies met the inclusionary criteria for review. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods Longitudinal studies were evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Effect sizes (ES) were calculated whenever possible. For ease of discussion, the 20 articles were separated into three groups [i.e., cross-sectional (n = 6), CST (n = 9), PET (n = 5)]. Results The cross-sectional studies reported small-to-medium correlations between TMS/trunk muscle composition and balance, functional performance, and falls in older adults. Further, CST and/or PET proved to be feasible exercise programs for seniors with high-adherence rates. Age-related deficits in measures of TMS, balance, functional performance, and falls can be mitigated by CST (mean strength gain = 30 \%, mean effect size = 0.99; mean balance/functional performance gain = 23 \%, mean ES = 0.88) and by PET (mean strength gain = 12 \%, mean ES = 0.52; mean balance/functional performance gain = 18 \%, mean ES = 0.71). Limitations Given that the mean PEDro quality score did not reach the predetermined cut-off of >= 6 for the intervention studies, there is a need for more high-quality studies to explicitly identify the relevance of CST and PET to the elderly population. Conclusions Core strength training and/or PET can be used as an adjunct or even alternative to traditional balance and/or resistance training programs for old adults. Further, CST and PET are easy to administer in a group setting or in individual fall preventive or rehabilitative intervention programs because little equipment and space is needed to perform such exercises.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BeijersbergenGranacherVandervoortetal.2013,
  author    = {Beijersbergen, Chantal M. I. and Granacher, Urs and Vandervoort, A. A. and DeVita, P. and Hortobagyi, Tibor},
  title     = {The biomechanical mechanism of how strength and power training improves walking speed in old adults remains unknown},
  series = {Ageing research reviews : ARR},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Ageing research reviews : ARR},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Clare},
  issn      = {1568-1637},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.arr.2013.03.001},
  pages     = {618 -- 627},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Maintaining and increasing walking speed in old age is clinically important because this activity of daily living predicts functional and clinical state. We reviewed evidence for the biomechanical mechanisms of how strength and power training increase gait speed in old adults. A systematic search yielded only four studies that reported changes in selected gait biomechanical variables after an intervention. A secondary analysis of 20 studies revealed an association of r(2) = 0.21 between the 22\% and 12\% increase, respectively, in quadriceps strength and gait velocity in 815 individuals age 72. In 6 studies, there was a correlation of r(2) = 0.16 between the 19\% and 9\% gains in plantarflexion strength and gait speed in 240 old volunteers age 75. In 8 studies, there was zero association between the 35\% and 13\% gains in leg mechanical power and gait speed in 150 old adults age 73. To increase the efficacy of intervention studies designed to improve gait speed and other critical mobility functions in old adults, there is a need for a paradigm shift from conventional (clinical) outcome assessments to more sophisticated biomechanical analyses that examine joint kinematics, kinetics, energetics, muscle-tendon function, and musculoskeletal modeling before and after interventions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HortobagyiLesinskiGaebleretal.2015,
  author    = {Hortob{\´a}gyi, Tibor and Lesinski, Melanie and G{\"a}bler, Martijn and VanSwearingen, Jessie M. and Malatesta, Davide and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Effects of three types of exercise interventions on healthy old adults' gait speed},
  series = {Sports medicine},
  volume    = {45},
  journal   = {Sports medicine},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {1179-2035},
  doi       = {10.1007/s40279-015-0371-2},
  pages     = {1627 -- 1643},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Background: Habitual walking speed predicts many clinical conditions later in life, but it declines with age. However, which particular exercise intervention can minimize the age-related gait speed loss is unclear. Purpose: Our objective was to determine the effects of strength, power, coordination, and multimodal exercise training on healthy old adults' habitual and fast gait speed. Methods: We performed a computerized systematic literature search in PubMed and Web of Knowledge from January 1984 up to December 2014. Search terms included 'Resistance training', 'power training', 'coordination training', 'multimodal training', and 'gait speed (outcome term). Inclusion criteria were articles available in full text, publication period over past 30 years, human species, journal articles, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, English as publication language, and subject age C65 years. The methodological quality of all eligible intervention studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. We computed weighted average standardized mean differences of the intervention-induced adaptations in gait speed using a random-effects model and tested for overall and individual intervention effects relative to no-exercise controls. Results: A total of 42 studies (mean PEDro score of 5.0 +/- 1.2) were included in the analyses (2495 healthy old adults; age 74.2 years [64.4-82.7]; body mass 69.9 +/- 4.9 kg, height 1.64 +/- 0.05 m, body mass index 26.4 +/- 1.9 kg/m(2), and gait speed 1.22 +/- 0.18 m/s). The search identified only one power training study, therefore the subsequent analyses focused only on the effects of resistance, coordination, and multimodal training on gait speed. The three types of intervention improved gait speed in the three experimental groups combined (n = 1297) by 0.10 m/s (+/- 0.12) or 8.4 \% (+/- 9.7), with a large effect size (ES) of 0.84. Resistance (24 studies; n = 613; 0.11 m/s; 9.3 \%; ES: 0.84), coordination (eight studies, n = 198; 0.09 m/s; 7.6 \%; ES: 0.76), and multimodal training (19 studies; n = 486; 0.09 m/s; 8.4 \%, ES: 0.86) increased gait speed statistically and similarly. Conclusions: Commonly used exercise interventions can functionally and clinically increase habitual and fast gait speed and help slow the loss of gait speed or delay its onset.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{LesinskiHortobagyiMuehlbaueretal.2015,
  author    = {Lesinski, Melanie and Hortobagyi, Tibor and M{\"u}hlbauer, Thomas and Gollhofer, Albert and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Dose-Response Relationships of Balance Training in Healthy Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis},
  series = {Sports medicine},
  volume    = {45},
  journal   = {Sports medicine},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Northcote},
  issn      = {0112-1642},
  doi       = {10.1007/s40279-014-0284-5},
  pages     = {557 -- 576},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Background Balance training (BT) has been used for the promotion of balance and sports-related skills as well as for prevention and rehabilitation of lower extremity sport injuries. However, evidence-based dose-response relationships in BT parameters have not yet been established. Objective The objective of this systematic literature review and meta-analysis was to determine dose-response relationships in BT parameters that lead to improvements in balance in young healthy adults with different training status. Data Sources A computerized systematic literature search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and SPORTDiscus from January 1984 up to May 2014 to capture all articles related to BT in young healthy adults. Study Eligibility Criteria A systematic approach was used to evaluate the 596 articles identified for initial review. Only randomized controlled studies were included if they investigated BT in young healthy adults (16-40 years) and tested at least one behavioral balance performance outcome. In total, 25 studies met the inclusion criteria for review. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods Studies were evaluated using the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale. Within-subject effect sizes (ESdw) and between-subject effect sizes (ESdb) were calculated. The included studies were coded for the following criteria: training status (elite athletes, sub-elite athletes, recreational athletes, untrained subjects), training modalities (training period, frequency, volume, etc.), and balance outcome (test for the assessment of steady-state, proactive, and reactive balance). Results Mean ESdb demonstrated that BT is an effective means to improve steady-state (ESdb = 0.73) and proactive balance (ESdb = 0.92) in healthy young adults. Studies including elite athletes showed the largest effects (ESdb = 1.29) on measures of steady-state balance as compared with studies analyzing sub-elite athletes (ESdb = 0.32), recreational athletes (ESdb = 0.69), and untrained subjects (ESdb = 0.82). Our analyses regarding dose-response relationships in BT revealed that a training period of 11-12 weeks (ESdb = 1.09), a training frequency of three (mean ESdb = 0.72) or six (single ESdb = 1.84) sessions per week, at least 16-19 training sessions in total (ESdb = 1.12), a duration of 11-15 min for a single training session (ESdb = 1.11), four exercises per training session (ESdb = 1.29), two sets per exercise (ESdb = 1.63), and a duration of 21-40 s for a single BT exercise (ESdb = 1.06) is most effective in improving measures of steady-state balance. Due to a small number of studies, dose-response relationships of BT for measures of proactive and reactive balance could not be qualified. Limitations The present findings must be interpreted with caution because it is difficult to separate the impact of a single training modality (e.g., training frequency) from that of the others. Moreover, the quality of the included studies was rather limited, with a mean PEDro score of 5. Conclusions Our detailed analyses revealed effective BT parameters for the improvement of steady-state balance. Thus, practitioners and coaches are advised to consult the identified dose-response relationships of this systematic literature review and meta-analysis to implement effective BT protocols in clinical and sports-related contexts. However, further research of high methodological quality is needed to (1) determine dose-response relationships of BT for measures of proactive and reactive balance, (2) define effective sequencing protocols in BT (e.g., BT before or after a regular training session), (3) discern the effects of detraining, and (4) develop a feasible and effective method to regulate training intensity in BT.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{HortobagyiLesinskiFernandezdelOlmoetal.2015,
  author    = {Hortobagyi, Tibor and Lesinski, Melanie and Fernandez-del-Olmo, Miguel and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Small and inconsistent effects of whole body vibration on athletic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis},
  series = {European journal of applied physiology},
  volume    = {115},
  journal   = {European journal of applied physiology},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1439-6319},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00421-015-3194-9},
  pages     = {1605 -- 1625},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {We quantified the acute and chronic effects of whole body vibration on athletic performance or its proxy measures in competitive and/or elite athletes. Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Whole body vibration combined with exercise had an overall 0.3 \% acute effect on maximal voluntary leg force (-6.4 \%, effect size = -0.43, 1 study), leg power (4.7 \%, weighted mean effect size = 0.30, 6 studies), flexibility (4.6 \%, effect size = -0.12 to 0.22, 2 studies), and athletic performance (-1.9 \%, weighted mean effect size = 0.26, 6 studies) in 191 (103 male, 88 female) athletes representing eight sports (overall effect size = 0.28). Whole body vibration combined with exercise had an overall 10.2 \% chronic effect on maximal voluntary leg force (14.6 \%, weighted mean effect size = 0.44, 5 studies), leg power (10.7 \%, weighted mean effect size = 0.42, 9 studies), flexibility (16.5 \%, effect size = 0.57 to 0.61, 2 studies), and athletic performance (-1.2 \%, weighted mean effect size = 0.45, 5 studies) in 437 (169 male, 268 female) athletes (overall effect size = 0.44). Whole body vibration has small and inconsistent acute and chronic effects on athletic performance in competitive and/or elite athletes. These findings lead to the hypothesis that neuromuscular adaptive processes following whole body vibration are not specific enough to enhance athletic performance. Thus, other types of exercise programs (e.g., resistance training) are recommended if the goal is to improve athletic performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{HortobagyiLesinskiFernandez‐del‐Olmoetal.2015,
  author    = {Hortob{\´a}gyi, Tibor and Lesinski, Melanie and Fernandez-del-Olmo, Miguel and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Small and inconsistent effects of whole body vibration on athletic performance},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {627},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43199},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-431993},
  pages     = {23},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Purpose We quantified the acute and chronic effects of whole body vibration on athletic performance or its proxy measures in competitive and/or elite athletes. Methods Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Results Whole body vibration combined with exercise had an overall 0.3 \% acute effect on maximal voluntary leg force (-6.4 \%, effect size = -0.43, 1 study), leg power (4.7 \%, weighted mean effect size = 0.30, 6 studies), flexibility (4.6 \%, effect size = -0.12 to 0.22, 2 studies), and athletic performance (-1.9 \%, weighted mean effect size = 0.26, 6 studies) in 191 (103 male, 88 female) athletes representing eight sports (overall effect size = 0.28). Whole body vibration combined with exercise had an overall 10.2 \% chronic effect on maximal voluntary leg force (14.6 \%, weighted mean effect size = 0.44, 5 studies), leg power (10.7 \%, weighted mean effect size = 0.42, 9 studies), flexibility (16.5 \%, effect size = 0.57 to 0.61, 2 studies), and athletic performance (-1.2 \%, weighted mean effect size = 0.45, 5 studies) in 437 (169 male, 268 female) athletes (overall effect size = 0.44). Conclusions Whole body vibration has small and inconsistent acute and chronic effects on athletic performance in competitive and/or elite athletes. These findings lead to the hypothesis that neuromuscular adaptive processes following whole body vibration are not specific enough to enhance athletic performance. Thus, other types of exercise programs (e.g., resistance training) are recommended if the goal is to improve athletic performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{GranacherHortobagyi2015,
  author    = {Granacher, Urs and Hortob{\´a}gyi, Tibor},
  title     = {Exercise to improve mobility in healthy aging},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {897},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43241},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432419},
  pages     = {4},
  year      = {2015},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{HortobagyiLesinskiGaebleretal.2015,
  author    = {Hortob{\´a}gyi, Tibor and Lesinski, Melanie and G{\"a}bler, Martijn and VanSwearingen, Jessie M. and Malatesta, Davide and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Effects of three types of exercise interventions on healthy old adults' gait speed},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43115},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-431150},
  pages     = {17},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Background: Habitual walking speed predicts many clinical conditions later in life, but it declines with age. However, which particular exercise intervention can minimize the age-related gait speed loss is unclear. Purpose: Our objective was to determine the effects of strength, power, coordination, and multimodal exercise training on healthy old adults' habitual and fast gait speed. Methods: We performed a computerized systematic literature search in PubMed and Web of Knowledge from January 1984 up to December 2014. Search terms included 'Resistance training', 'power training', 'coordination training', 'multimodal training', and 'gait speed (outcome term). Inclusion criteria were articles available in full text, publication period over past 30 years, human species, journal articles, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, English as publication language, and subject age C65 years. The methodological quality of all eligible intervention studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. We computed weighted average standardized mean differences of the intervention-induced adaptations in gait speed using a random-effects model and tested for overall and individual intervention effects relative to no-exercise controls. Results: A total of 42 studies (mean PEDro score of 5.0 +/- 1.2) were included in the analyses (2495 healthy old adults; age 74.2 years [64.4-82.7]; body mass 69.9 +/- 4.9 kg, height 1.64 +/- 0.05 m, body mass index 26.4 +/- 1.9 kg/m(2), and gait speed 1.22 +/- 0.18 m/s). The search identified only one power training study, therefore the subsequent analyses focused only on the effects of resistance, coordination, and multimodal training on gait speed. The three types of intervention improved gait speed in the three experimental groups combined (n = 1297) by 0.10 m/s (+/- 0.12) or 8.4 \% (+/- 9.7), with a large effect size (ES) of 0.84. Resistance (24 studies; n = 613; 0.11 m/s; 9.3 \%; ES: 0.84), coordination (eight studies, n = 198; 0.09 m/s; 7.6 \%; ES: 0.76), and multimodal training (19 studies; n = 486; 0.09 m/s; 8.4 \%, ES: 0.86) increased gait speed statistically and similarly. Conclusions: Commonly used exercise interventions can functionally and clinically increase habitual and fast gait speed and help slow the loss of gait speed or delay its onset.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{LesinskiHortobagyiMuehlbaueretal.2016,
  author    = {Lesinski, Melanie and Hortobagyi, Tibor and M{\"u}hlbauer, Thomas and Gollhofer, Albert and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Effects of Balance Training on Balance Performance in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (vol 45, pg 1721, 2015)},
  series = {Sports medicine},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {Sports medicine},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Northcote},
  issn      = {0112-1642},
  doi       = {10.1007/s40279-016-0500-6},
  pages     = {457 -- 457},
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{HortobagyiLesinskiGableretal.2016,
  author    = {Hortobagyi, Tibor and Lesinski, Melanie and Gabler, Martijn and VanSwearingen, Jessie M. and Malatesta, Davide and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Gait Speed: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (vol 45, pg 1627, 2015)},
  series = {Sports medicine},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {Sports medicine},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Northcote},
  issn      = {0112-1642},
  doi       = {10.1007/s40279-016-0498-9},
  pages     = {453 -- 453},
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {en}
}