@article{KothaCottonBindi2018,
  author    = {Kotha, Sreeram Reddy and Cotton, Fabrice and Bindi, Dino},
  title     = {A new approach to site classification},
  series = {Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering},
  volume    = {110},
  journal   = {Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0267-7261},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.01.051},
  pages     = {318 -- 329},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {With increasing amount of strong motion data, Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE) developers are able to quantify empirical site amplification functions (delta S2S(s)) from GMPE residuals, for use in site-specific Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment. In this study, we first derive a GMPE for 5\% damped Pseudo Spectral Acceleration (g) of Active Shallow Crustal earthquakes in Japan with 3.4 <= M-w <= 7.3 and 0 <= R-JB <= 600km. Using k-mean spectral clustering technique, we then classify our estimated delta S2S(s)(T = 0.01 - 2s) of 588 wellcharacterized sites, into 8 site clusters with distinct mean site amplification functions, and within-cluster site-tosite variability similar to 50\% smaller than the overall dataset variability (phi(S2S)). Following an evaluation of existing schemes, we propose a revised data-driven site classification characterized by kernel density distributions of V-s30, V-s10, H-800, and predominant period (T-G) of the site clusters.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KothaWeatherillBindietal.2022,
  author    = {Kotha, Sreeram Reddy and Weatherill, Graeme and Bindi, Dino and Cotton, Fabrice},
  title     = {Near-source magnitude scaling of spectral accelerations},
  series = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1570-761X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10518-021-01308-5},
  pages     = {1343 -- 1370},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Ground-motion models (GMMs) are often used to predict the random distribution of Spectral accelerations (SAs) at a site due to a nearby earthquake. In probabilistic seismic hazard and risk assessment, large earthquakes occurring close to a site are considered as critical scenarios. GMMs are expected to predict realistic SAs with low within-model uncertainty (sigma(mu)) for such rare scenarios. However, the datasets used to regress GMMs are usually deficient of data from critical scenarios. The (Kotha et al., A Regionally Adaptable Ground-Motion Model for Shallow Crustal Earthquakes in Europe Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18:4091-4125, 2020) GMM developed from the Engineering strong motion (ESM) dataset was found to predict decreasing short-period SAs with increasing M-W >= M-h = 6.2, and with large sigma(mu) at near-source distances <= 30km. In this study, we updated the parametrisation of the GMM based on analyses of ESM and the Near source strong motion (NESS) datasets. With M-h = 5.7, we could rectify the M-W scaling issue, while also reducing sigma(mu). at M-W >= M-h. We then evaluated the GMM against NESS data, and found that the SAs from a few large, thrust-faulting events in California, New Zealand, Japan, and Mexico are significantly higher than GMM median predictions. However, recordings from these events were mostly made on soft-soil geology, and contain anisotropic pulse-like effects. A more thorough non-ergodic treatment of NESS was not possible because most sites sampled unique events in very diverse tectonic environments. We provide an updated set of GMM coefficients,sigma(mu), and heteroscedastic variance models; while also cautioning against its application for M-W <= 4 in low-moderate seismicity regions without evaluating the homogeneity of M-W estimates between pan-European ESM and regional datasets.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DiGiacomoBindiParolaietal.2011,
  author    = {Di Giacomo, Domenico and Bindi, Dino and Parolai, Stefano and Oth, Adrien},
  title     = {Residual analysis of teleseismic P-wave energy magnitude estimates: inter- and intrastation variability},
  series = {Geophysical journal international},
  volume    = {185},
  journal   = {Geophysical journal international},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Malden},
  issn      = {0956-540X},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05019.x},
  pages     = {1444 -- 1454},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {P>Computing the magnitude of an earthquake requires correcting for the propagation effects from the source to the receivers. This is often accomplished by performing numerical simulations using a suitable Earth model. In this work, the energy magnitude M(e) is considered and its determination is performed using theoretical spectral amplitude decay functions over teleseismic distances based on the global Earth model AK135Q. Since the high frequency part (above the corner frequency) of the source spectrum has to be considered in computing M(e), the influence of propagation and site effects may not be negligible and they could bias the single station M(e) estimations. Therefore, in this study we assess the inter- and intrastation distributions of errors by considering the M(e) residuals computed for a large data set of earthquakes recorded at teleseismic distances by seismic stations deployed worldwide. To separate the inter- and intrastation contribution of errors, we apply a maximum likelihood approach to the M(e) residuals. We show that the interstation errors (describing a sort of site effect for a station) are within +/- 0.2 magnitude units for most stations and their spatial distribution reflects the expected lateral variation affecting the velocity and attenuation of the Earth's structure in the uppermost layers, not accounted for by the 1-D AK135Q model. The variance of the intrastation error distribution (describing the record-to-record component of variability) is larger than the interstation one (0.240 against 0.159), and the spatial distribution of the errors is not random but shows specific patterns depending on the source-to-station paths. The set of coefficients empirically determined may be used in the future to account for the heterogeneities of the real Earth not considered in the theoretical calculations of the spectral amplitude decay functions used to correct the recorded data for propagation effects.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DouglasAkkarAmerietal.2014,
  author    = {Douglas, John and Akkar, Sinan and Ameri, Gabriele and Bard, Pierre-Yves and Bindi, Dino and Bommer, Julian J. and Bora, Sanjay Singh and Cotton, Fabrice and Derras, Boumediene and Hermkes, Marcel and Kuehn, Nicolas Martin and Luzi, Lucia and Massa, Marco and Pacor, Francesca and Riggelsen, Carsten and Sandikkaya, M. Abdullah and Scherbaum, Frank and Stafford, Peter J. and Traversa, Paola},
  title     = {Comparisons among the five ground-motion models developed using RESORCE for the prediction of response spectral accelerations due to earthquakes in Europe and the Middle East},
  series = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1570-761X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10518-013-9522-8},
  pages     = {341 -- 358},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {This article presents comparisons among the five ground-motion models described in other articles within this special issue, in terms of data selection criteria, characteristics of the models and predicted peak ground and response spectral accelerations. Comparisons are also made with predictions from the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) models to which the models presented here have similarities (e.g. a common master database has been used) but also differences (e.g. some models in this issue are nonparametric). As a result of the differing data selection criteria and derivation techniques the predicted median ground motions show considerable differences (up to a factor of two for certain scenarios), particularly for magnitudes and distances close to or beyond the range of the available observations. The predicted influence of style-of-faulting shows much variation among models whereas site amplification factors are more similar, with peak amplification at around 1s. These differences are greater than those among predictions from the NGA models. The models for aleatory variability (sigma), however, are similar and suggest that ground-motion variability from this region is slightly higher than that predicted by the NGA models, based primarily on data from California and Taiwan.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZaccarelliBindiStrolloetal.2019,
  author    = {Zaccarelli, Riccardo and Bindi, Dino and Strollo, Angelo and Quinteros, Javier and Cotton, Fabrice},
  title     = {Stream2segment: An Open-Source Tool for Downloading, Processing, and Visualizing Massive Event-Based Seismic Waveform Datasets},
  series = {Seismological research letters},
  volume    = {90},
  journal   = {Seismological research letters},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Seismological Society of America},
  address   = {Albany},
  issn      = {0895-0695},
  doi       = {10.1785/0220180314},
  pages     = {2028 -- 2038},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The task of downloading comprehensive datasets of event-based seismic waveforms has been made easier through the development of standardized webservices but is still highly nontrivial because the likelihood of temporary network failures or subtle data errors naturally increases when the amount of requested data is in the order of millions of relatively short segments. This is even more challenging because the typical workflow is not restricted to a single massive download but consists of fetching all possible available input data (e.g., with several repeated download executions) for a processing stage producing any desired user-defined output. Here, we present stream2segment, a highly customizable Python 2+3 package helping the user in the entire workflow of downloading, inspecting, and processing event-based seismic data by means of a relational database management system as archiving storage, which has clear performance and usability advantages, and an integrated processing subroutine requiring a configuration file and a single Python function to produce user-defined output. Stream2segment can also produce diagnostic maps or user-defined plots, which, unlike existing tools, do not require external software dependencies and are not static images but instead are interactive browser-based applications ideally suited for data inspection or annotation tasks and subsequent training of classifiers in foreseen supervised machine-learning applications. Stream2segment has already been used as a data quality tool for datasets within the European Integrated Data Archive and to create a weak-motion database (in the form of a so-called flat file) for the stable continental region of Europe in the context of the European Ground Shaking Intensity Model service, in turn an important building block for seismic hazard studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BindiSpallarossaPicozzietal.2018,
  author    = {Bindi, Dino and Spallarossa, D. and Picozzi, M. and Scafidi, D. and Cotton, Fabrice},
  title     = {Impact of magnitude selection on aleatory variability associated with ground-motion prediction equations},
  series = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
  volume    = {108},
  journal   = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
  number    = {3A},
  publisher = {Seismological Society of America},
  address   = {Albany},
  issn      = {0037-1106},
  doi       = {10.1785/0120170356},
  pages     = {1427 -- 1442},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {In this study, we analyzed 10 yrs of seismicity in central Italy from 2008 to 2017, a period witnessing more than 1400 earthquakes in the magnitude range 2.5≤Mw≤6.5⁠. The data set includes the main sequences that have occurred in the area, including those associated with the 2009 Mw 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake and the 2016-2017 sequence (⁠Mw 6.2 Amatrice, Mw 6.1 Visso, and Mw 6.5 Norcia earthquakes). We calibrated a local magnitude scale, investigating the impact of changing the reference distance at which the nonparametric attenuation is tied to the zero-magnitude attenuation function for southern California. We also developed an attenuation model to compute the radiated seismic energy (⁠Es⁠) from the time integral of the squared ground-motion velocity. Seismic moment (⁠M0⁠) and stress drop (⁠Δσ⁠) were estimated for each earthquake by fitting a ω-square model to the source spectra obtained by applying a nonparametric spectral inversion. The Δσ-values vary over three orders of magnitude from about 0.1 to 10 MPa, the larger values associated with the mainshocks. The Δσ-values describe a lognormal distribution with mean and standard deviation equal to log(Δσ)=(-0.25±0.45) (i.e., the mean Δσ is 0.57 MPa, with a 95\% confidence interval from 0.08 to 4.79 MPa). The Δσ variability introduces a spread in the distribution of seismic energy versus moment, with differences in energy up two orders of magnitudes for earthquakes with the same moment. The variability in the high-frequency spectral levels is captured by the local magnitude (⁠ML⁠), which scales with radiated energy as ML=(-1.59+0.52logEs) for logEs≤10.26 and ML=(-1.38+0.50logEs) otherwise. As the peak ground velocity increases with increasing Δσ⁠, local and energy magnitudes perform better than moment magnitude as predictors for the shaking potential. The availability of different magnitude scales and source parameters for a large earthquake population will help characterize the between-event ground-motion variability in central Italy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BindiKothaWeatherilletal.2018,
  author    = {Bindi, Dino and Kotha, Sreeram Reddy and Weatherill, Graeme and Lanzano, Giovanni and Luzi, Lucia and Cotton, Fabrice},
  title     = {The pan-European engineering strong motion (ESM) flatfile},
  series = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1570-761X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10518-018-0466-x},
  pages     = {583 -- 602},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {We present the results of a consistency check performed over the flatfile extracted from the engineering strong motion (ESM) database. The flatfile includes 23,014 recordings from 2179 earthquakes in the magnitude range from 3.5 to 7.8 that occurred since the 1970s in Europe and Middle East, as presented in the companion article by Lanzano et al. (Bull Earthq Eng, 2018a). The consistency check is developed by analyzing different residual distributions obtained from ad-hoc ground motion prediction equations for the absolute spectral acceleration (SA), displacement and Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS). Only recordings from earthquakes shallower than 40 km are considered in the analysis. The between-event, between-station and event-and-station corrected residuals are computed by applying a mixed-effect regression. We identified those earthquakes, stations, and recordings showing the largest deviations from the GMPE median predictions, and also evaluated the statistical uncertainty on the median model to get insights on the applicable magnitude-distance ranges and the usable period (or frequency) range. We observed that robust median predictions are obtained up to 8 s for SA and up to 20 Hz for FAS, although median predictions for Mw ≥ 7 show significantly larger uncertainties with 'bumps' starting above 5 s for SA and below 0.3 Hz for FAS. The between-station variance dominates over the other residual variances, and the dependence of the between-station residuals on logarithm of Vs30 is well-described by a piece-wise linear function with period-dependent slopes and hinge velocity around 580 m/s. Finally, we compared the between-event residuals obtained by considering two different sources of moment magnitude. The results show that, at long periods, the between-event terms from the two regressions have a weak correlation and the overall between-event variability is dissimilar, highlighting the importance of magnitude source in the regression results.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZoellerUllahBindietal.2017,
  author    = {Z{\"o}ller, Gert and Ullah, Shahid and Bindi, Dino and Parolai, Stefano and Mikhailova, Natalya},
  title     = {The largest expected earthquake magnitudes in Central Asia},
  series = {Seismicity, fault rupture and earthquake hazards in slowly deforming regions},
  volume    = {432},
  journal   = {Seismicity, fault rupture and earthquake hazards in slowly deforming regions},
  publisher = {The Geological Society},
  address   = {London},
  isbn      = {978-1-86239-745-3},
  issn      = {0305-8719},
  doi       = {10.1144/SP432.3},
  pages     = {29 -- 40},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The knowledge of the largest expected earthquake magnitude in a region is one of the key issues in probabilistic seismic hazard calculations and the estimation of worst-case scenarios. Earthquake catalogues are the most informative source of information for the inference of earthquake magnitudes. We analysed the earthquake catalogue for Central Asia with respect to the largest expected magnitudes m(T) in a pre-defined time horizon T-f using a recently developed statistical methodology, extended by the explicit probabilistic consideration of magnitude errors. For this aim, we assumed broad error distributions for historical events, whereas the magnitudes of recently recorded instrumental earthquakes had smaller errors. The results indicate high probabilities for the occurrence of large events (M >= 8), even in short time intervals of a few decades. The expected magnitudes relative to the assumed maximum possible magnitude are generally higher for intermediate-depth earthquakes (51-300 km) than for shallow events (0-50 km). For long future time horizons, for example, a few hundred years, earthquakes with M >= 8.5 have to be taken into account, although, apart from the 1889 Chilik earthquake, it is probable that no such event occurred during the observation period of the catalogue.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GruenthalStromeyerBosseetal.2018,
  author    = {Gr{\"u}nthal, Gottfried and Stromeyer, Dietrich and Bosse, Christian and Cotton, Fabrice and Bindi, Dino},
  title     = {The probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of Germany-version 2016, considering the range of epistemic uncertainties and aleatory variability},
  series = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1570-761X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10518-018-0315-y},
  pages     = {4339 -- 4395},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The basic seismic load parameters for the upcoming national design regulation for DIN EN 1998-1/NA result from the reassessment of the seismic hazard supported by the German Institution for Civil Engineering (DIBt). This 2016 version of the national seismic hazard assessment for Germany is based on a comprehensive involvement of all accessible uncertainties in models and parameters and includes the provision of a rational framework for integrating ranges of epistemic uncertainties and aleatory variabilities in a comprehensive and transparent way. The developed seismic hazard model incorporates significant improvements over previous versions. It is based on updated and extended databases, it includes robust methods to evolve sets of models representing epistemic uncertainties, and a selection of the latest generation of ground motion prediction equations. The new earthquake model is presented here, which consists of a logic tree with 4040 end branches and essential innovations employed for a realistic approach. The output specifications were designed according to the user oriented needs as suggested by two review teams supervising the entire project. Seismic load parameters, for rock conditions of nu(S30) = 800 m/s, are calculated for three hazard levels (10, 5 and 2\% probability of occurrence or exceedance within 50 years) and delivered in the form of uniform hazard spectra, within the spectral period range 0.02-3 s, and seismic hazard maps for peak ground acceleration, spectral response accelerations and for macroseismic intensities. Results are supplied as the mean, the median and the 84th percentile. A broad analysis of resulting uncertainties of calculated seismic load parameters is included. The stability of the hazard maps with respect to previous versions and the cross-border comparison is emphasized.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{GruenthalStromeyerBosseetal.2018,
  author    = {Gr{\"u}nthal, Gottfried and Stromeyer, Dietrich and Bosse, Christian and Cotton, Fabrice and Bindi, Dino},
  title     = {Correction to: The probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of Germanyversion 2016, considering the range of epistemic uncertainties and aleatory variability (vol 16, pg 4339, 2018)},
  series = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1570-761X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10518-018-0398-5},
  pages     = {4397 -- 4398},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {One paragraph of the manuscript of the paper has been inadvertently omitted in the very final stage of its compilation due to a technical mistake. Since this paragraph discusses the declustering of the used earthquake catalogue and is therefore necessary for the understanding of the seismicity data preprocessing, the authors decided to provide this paragraph in form of a correction. The respective paragraph belongs to chapter 2 of the paper, where it was placed originally, and should be inserted into the published paper before the second to the last paragraph. The omitted text reads as follows:},
  language  = {en}
}