@article{BisiBalogunRector2017,
  author    = {Bisi-Balogun, Adebisi and Rector, Michael V.},
  title     = {Clinical Utility of Ultrasound Measurements of Plantar Fascia Width and Cross-Sectional Area},
  series = {Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association},
  volume    = {107},
  journal   = {Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Amer podiatric med assoc},
  address   = {Bethesda},
  issn      = {8750-7315},
  doi       = {10.7547/16-042},
  pages     = {375 -- 381},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background: We sought to develop a standardized protocol for ultrasound (US) measurements of plantar fascia (PF) width and cross-sectional area (CSA), which may serve as additional outcome variables during US examinations of both healthy asymptomatic PF and in plantar fasciopathy and determine its interrater and intrarater reliability. Methods: Ten healthy individuals (20 feet) were enrolled. Participants were assessed twice by two raters each to determine intrarater and interrater reliability. For each foot, three transverse scans of the central bundle of the PF were taken at its insertion at the medial calcaneal tubercle, identified in real time on the plantar surface of the foot, using a fine wire technique. Reliability was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), standard errors of measurement (SEM), and limits of agreement (LOA) expressed as percentages of the mean. Reliability of PF width and CSA measurements was determined using PF width and CSA measurements from one sonogram measured once and the mean of three measurements from three sonograms each measured once. Results: Ultrasound measurements of PF width and CSA showed a mean of 18.6 +/- 2.0 mm and 69.20 +/- 13.6 mm(2) respectively. Intra-reliability within both raters showed an ICC. 0.84 for width and ICC. 0.92 for CSA as well as a SEM\% and LOA\%, 10\% for both width and CSA. Inter-rater reliability showed an ICC of 0.82 for width and 0.87 for CSA as well as a SEM\% and LOA\%, 10\% for width and a SEM\%, 10\% and LOA\%, 20\% for CSA. Relative and absolute reliability within and between raters were higher when using the mean of three sonographs compared to one sonograph. Conclusions: Using this novel technique, PF CSA and width may be determined reliably using measurements from one sonogram or the mean of three sonograms. Measurement of PF CSA and width in addition to already established thickness and echogenicity measurements provides additional information on structural properties of the PF for clinicians and researchers in healthy and pathologic PF.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BisiBalogunCasselMayer2017,
  author    = {Bisi-Balogun, Adebisi and Cassel, Michael and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Reliability of various measurement stations for determining plantar fascia thickness and echogenicity},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-400615},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {This study aimed to determine the relative and absolute reliability of ultrasound (US) measurements of the thickness and echogenicity of the plantar fascia (PF) at different measurement stations along its length using a standardized protocol. Twelve healthy subjects (24 feet) were enrolled. The PF was imaged in the longitudinal plane. Subjects were assessed twice to evaluate the intra-rater reliability. A quantitative evaluation of the thickness and echogenicity of the plantar fascia was performed using Image J, a digital image analysis and viewer software. A sonography evaluation of the thickness and echogenicity of the PF showed a high relative reliability with an Intra class correlation coefficient of 0.88 at all measurement stations. However, the measurement stations for both the PF thickness and echogenicity which showed the highest intraclass correlation coefficient (ICCs) did not have the highest absolute reliability. Compared to other measurement stations, measuring the PF thickness at 3 cm distal and the echogenicity at a region of interest 1 cm to 2 cm distal from its insertion at the medial calcaneal tubercle showed the highest absolute reliability with the least systematic bias and random error. Also, the reliability was higher using a mean of three measurements compared to one measurement. To reduce discrepancies in the interpretation of the thickness and echogenicity measurements of the PF, the absolute reliability of the different measurement stations should be considered in clinical practice and research rather than the relative reliability with the ICC.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BisiBalogunCasselMayer2016,
  author    = {Bisi-Balogun, Adebisi and Cassel, Michael and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Reliability of Various Measurement Stations for Determining Plantar Fascia Thickness and Echogenicity},
  series = {Diagnostics : open access journal},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Diagnostics : open access journal},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2075-4418},
  doi       = {10.3390/diagnostics6020015},
  pages     = {506 -- 519},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {This study aimed to determine the relative and absolute reliability of ultrasound (US) measurements of the thickness and echogenicity of the plantar fascia (PF) at different measurement stations along its length using a standardized protocol. Twelve healthy subjects (24 feet) were enrolled. The PF was imaged in the longitudinal plane. Subjects were assessed twice to evaluate the intra-rater reliability. A quantitative evaluation of the thickness and echogenicity of the plantar fascia was performed using Image J, a digital image analysis and viewer software. A sonography evaluation of the thickness and echogenicity of the PF showed a high relative reliability with an Intra class correlation coefficient of 0.88 at all measurement stations. However, the measurement stations for both the PF thickness and echogenicity which showed the highest intraclass correlation coefficient (ICCs) did not have the highest absolute reliability. Compared to other measurement stations, measuring the PF thickness at 3 cm distal and the echogenicity at a region of interest 1 cm to 2 cm distal from its insertion at the medial calcaneal tubercle showed the highest absolute reliability with the least systematic bias and random error. Also, the reliability was higher using a mean of three measurements compared to one measurement. To reduce discrepancies in the interpretation of the thickness and echogenicity measurements of the PF, the absolute reliability of the different measurement stations should be considered in clinical practice and research rather than the relative reliability with the ICC.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BisiBalogunTorlak2017,
  author    = {Bisi-Balogun, Adebisi and Torlak, Firdevs},
  title     = {Outcomes following hip and quadriceps strengthening exercises for patellofemoral syndrome},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-400413},
  pages     = {21},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {There is growing evidence to support change in the rehabilitation strategy of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) from traditional quadriceps strengthening exercises to inclusion of hip musculature strengthening in individuals with PFPS. Several studies have evaluated effects of quadriceps and hip musculature strengthening on PFPS with varying outcomes on pain and function. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to synthesize outcomes of pain and function post-intervention and at follow-up to determine whether outcomes vary depending on the exercise strategy in both the short and long term. Electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, PubMed, Pedro database, Proquest, Science direct, and EBscoHost databases were searched for randomized control trials published between 1st of January 2005 and 31st of June 2015, comparing the outcomes of pain and function following quadriceps strengthening and hip musculature strengthening exercises in patients with PFPS. Two independent reviewers assessed each paper for inclusion and quality. Means and SDs were extracted from each included study to allow effect size calculations and comparison of results. Six randomized control trials met the inclusion criteria. Limited to moderate evidence indicates that hip abductor strengthening was associated with significantly lower pain post-intervention (SMD -0.88, -1.28 to -0.47 95\% CI), and at 12 months (SMD -3.10, -3.71 to -2.50 95\% CI) with large effect sizes (greater than 0.80) compared to quadriceps strengthening. Our findings suggest that incorporating hip musculature strengthening in management of PFPS tailored to individual ability will improve short-term and long-term outcomes of rehabilitation. Further research evaluating the effects of quadriceps and hip abductors strengthening focusing on reduction in anterior knee pain and improvement in function in management of PFPS is needed.},
  language  = {en}
}