@article{AwadWeidlichWeske2011, author = {Awad, Ahmed Mahmoud Hany Aly and Weidlich, Matthias and Weske, Mathias}, title = {Visually specifying compliance rules and explaining their violations for business processes}, series = {Journal of visual languages and computing}, volume = {22}, journal = {Journal of visual languages and computing}, number = {1}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {London}, issn = {1045-926X}, doi = {10.1016/j.jvlc.2010.11.002}, pages = {30 -- 55}, year = {2011}, abstract = {A business process is a set of steps designed to be executed in a certain order to achieve a business value. Such processes are often driven by and documented using process models. Nowadays, process models are also applied to drive process execution. Thus, correctness of business process models is a must. Much of the work has been devoted to check general, domain-independent correctness criteria, such as soundness. However, business processes must also adhere to and show compliance with various regulations and constraints, the so-called compliance requirements. These are domain-dependent requirements. In many situations, verifying compliance on a model level is of great value, since violations can be resolved in an early stage prior to execution. However, this calls for using formal verification techniques, e.g., model checking, that are too complex for business experts to apply. In this paper, we utilize a visual language. BPMN-Q to express compliance requirements visually in a way similar to that used by business experts to build process models. Still, using a pattern based approach, each BPMN-Qgraph has a formal temporal logic expression in computational tree logic (CTL). Moreover, the user is able to express constraints, i.e., compliance rules, regarding control flow and data flow aspects. In order to provide valuable feedback to a user in case of violations, we depend on temporal logic querying approaches as well as BPMN-Q to visually highlight paths in a process model whose execution causes violations.}, language = {en} } @article{MeyerPufahlBatoulisetal.2015, author = {Meyer, Andreas and Pufahl, Luise and Batoulis, Kimon and Fahland, Dirk and Weske, Mathias}, title = {Automating data exchange in process choreographies}, series = {Information systems}, volume = {53}, journal = {Information systems}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0306-4379}, doi = {10.1016/j.is.2015.03.008}, pages = {296 -- 329}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Communication between organizations is formalized as process choreographies in daily business. While the correct ordering of exchanged messages can be modeled and enacted with current choreography techniques, no approach exists to describe and automate the exchange of data between processes in a choreography using messages. This paper describes an entirely model-driven approach for BPMN introducing a few concepts that suffice to model data retrieval, data transformation, message exchange, and correlation four aspects of data exchange. For automation, this work utilizes a recent concept to enact data dependencies in internal processes. We present a modeling guideline to derive local process models from a given choreography; their operational semantics allows to correctly enact the entire choreography from the derived models only including the exchange of data. Targeting on successful interactions, we discuss means to ensure correct process choreography modeling. Finally, we implemented our approach by extending the camunda BPM platform with our approach and show its feasibility by realizing all service interaction patterns using only model-based concepts. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @article{WeidlichPolyvyanyyMendlingetal.2011, author = {Weidlich, Matthias and Polyvyanyy, Artem and Mendling, Jan and Weske, Mathias}, title = {Causal behavioural profiles - efficient computation, applications, and evaluation}, series = {Fundamenta informaticae}, volume = {113}, journal = {Fundamenta informaticae}, number = {3-4}, publisher = {IOS Press}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0169-2968}, doi = {10.3233/FI-2011-614}, pages = {399 -- 435}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Analysis of behavioural consistency is an important aspect of software engineering. In process and service management, consistency verification of behavioural models has manifold applications. For instance, a business process model used as system specification and a corresponding workflow model used as implementation have to be consistent. Another example would be the analysis to what degree a process log of executed business operations is consistent with the corresponding normative process model. Typically, existing notions of behaviour equivalence, such as bisimulation and trace equivalence, are applied as consistency notions. Still, these notions are exponential in computation and yield a Boolean result. In many cases, however, a quantification of behavioural deviation is needed along with concepts to isolate the source of deviation. In this article, we propose causal behavioural profiles as the basis for a consistency notion. These profiles capture essential behavioural information, such as order, exclusiveness, and causality between pairs of activities of a process model. Consistency based on these profiles is weaker than trace equivalence, but can be computed efficiently for a broad class of models. In this article, we introduce techniques for the computation of causal behavioural profiles using structural decomposition techniques for sound free-choice workflow systems if unstructured net fragments are acyclic or can be traced back to S-or T-nets. We also elaborate on the findings of applying our technique to three industry model collections.}, language = {en} } @article{WeidlichPolyvyanyyDesaietal.2011, author = {Weidlich, Matthias and Polyvyanyy, Artem and Desai, Nirmit and Mendling, Jan and Weske, Mathias}, title = {Process compliance analysis based on behavioural profiles}, series = {Information systems}, volume = {36}, journal = {Information systems}, number = {7}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0306-4379}, doi = {10.1016/j.is.2011.04.002}, pages = {1009 -- 1025}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Process compliance measurement is getting increasing attention in companies due to stricter legal requirements and market pressure for operational excellence. In order to judge on compliance of the business processing, the degree of behavioural deviation of a case, i.e., an observed execution sequence, is quantified with respect to a process model (referred to as fitness, or recall). Recently, different compliance measures have been proposed. Still, nearly all of them are grounded on state-based techniques and the trace equivalence criterion, in particular. As a consequence, these approaches have to deal with the state explosion problem. In this paper, we argue that a behavioural abstraction may be leveraged to measure the compliance of a process log - a collection of cases. To this end, we utilise causal behavioural profiles that capture the behavioural characteristics of process models and cases, and can be computed efficiently. We propose different compliance measures based on these profiles, discuss the impact of noise in process logs on our measures, and show how diagnostic information on non-compliance is derived. As a validation, we report on findings of applying our approach in a case study with an international service provider.}, language = {en} } @article{RoggeSoltiWeske2015, author = {Rogge-Solti, Andreas and Weske, Mathias}, title = {Prediction of business process durations using non-Markovian stochastic Petri nets}, series = {Information systems}, volume = {54}, journal = {Information systems}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0306-4379}, doi = {10.1016/j.is.2015.04.004}, pages = {1 -- 14}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Companies need to efficiently manage their business processes to deliver products and services in time. Therefore, they monitor the progress of individual cases to be able to timely detect undesired deviations and to react accordingly. For example, companies can decide to speed up process execution by raising alerts or by using additional resources, which increases the chance that a certain deadline or service level agreement can be met. Central to such process control is accurate prediction of the remaining time of a case and the estimation of the risk of missing a deadline. To achieve this goal, we use a specific kind of stochastic Petri nets that can capture arbitrary duration distributions. Thereby, we are able to achieve higher prediction accuracy than related approaches. Further, we evaluate the approach in comparison to state of the art approaches and show the potential of exploiting a so far untapped source of information: the elapsed time since the last observed event. Real-world case studies in the financial and logistics domain serve to illustrate and evaluate the approach presented. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @article{PolyvyanyyGarciaBanuelosFahlandetal.2014, author = {Polyvyanyy, Artem and Garcia-Banuelos, Luciano and Fahland, Dirk and Weske, Mathias}, title = {Maximal structuring of acyclic process models}, series = {The computer journal : a publication of the British Computer Society}, volume = {57}, journal = {The computer journal : a publication of the British Computer Society}, number = {1}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0010-4620}, doi = {10.1093/comjnl/bxs126}, pages = {12 -- 35}, year = {2014}, abstract = {This article addresses the transformation of a process model with an arbitrary topology into an equivalent structured process model. In particular, this article studies the subclass of process models that have no equivalent well-structured representation but which, nevertheless, can be partially structured into their maximally-structured representation. The transformations are performed under a behavioral equivalence notion that preserves the observed concurrency of tasks in equivalent process models. The article gives a full characterization of the subclass of acyclic process models that have no equivalent well-structured representation, but do have an equivalent maximally-structured one, as well as proposes a complete structuring method. Together with our previous results, this article completes the solution of the process model structuring problem for the class of acyclic process models.}, language = {en} } @misc{WeskeSadiqSofferetal.2016, author = {Weske, Mathias and Sadiq, Shazia and Soffer, Pnina and Voelzer, Hagen}, title = {Preface to BPM 2014}, series = {Information systems}, volume = {56}, journal = {Information systems}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0306-4379}, doi = {10.1016/j.is.2015.09.006}, pages = {233 -- 234}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @book{PolyvyanyySmirnovWeske2008, author = {Polyvyanyy, Artem and Smirnov, Sergey and Weske, Mathias}, title = {The triconnected abstraction of process models}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-940793-65-2}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32847}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {17}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Contents: Artem Polyvanny, Sergey Smirnow, and Mathias Weske The Triconnected Abstraction of Process Models 1 Introduction 2 Business Process Model Abstraction 3 Preliminaries 4 Triconnected Decomposition 4.1 Basic Approach for Process Component Discovery 4.2 SPQR-Tree Decomposition 4.3 SPQR-Tree Fragments in the Context of Process Models 5 Triconnected Abstraction 5.1 Abstraction Rules 5.2 Abstraction Algorithm 6 Related Work and Conclusions}, language = {en} } @book{SmirnovWeidlichMendlingetal.2009, author = {Smirnov, Sergey and Weidlich, Matthias and Mendling, Jan and Weske, Mathias}, title = {Action patterns in business process models}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-009-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33586}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {19}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Business process management experiences a large uptake by the industry, and process models play an important role in the analysis and improvement of processes. While an increasing number of staff becomes involved in actual modeling practice, it is crucial to assure model quality and homogeneity along with providing suitable aids for creating models. In this paper we consider the problem of offering recommendations to the user during the act of modeling. Our key contribution is a concept for defining and identifying so-called action patterns - chunks of actions often appearing together in business processes. In particular, we specify action patterns and demonstrate how they can be identified from existing process model repositories using association rule mining techniques. Action patterns can then be used to suggest additional actions for a process model. Our approach is challenged by applying it to the collection of process models from the SAP Reference Model.}, language = {en} } @article{HaarmannHolfterPufahletal.2021, author = {Haarmann, Stephan and Holfter, Adrian and Pufahl, Luise and Weske, Mathias}, title = {Formal framework for checking compliance of data-driven case management}, series = {Journal on data semantics : JoDS}, volume = {10}, journal = {Journal on data semantics : JoDS}, number = {1-2}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Heidelberg}, issn = {1861-2032}, doi = {10.1007/s13740-021-00120-3}, pages = {143 -- 163}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Business processes are often specified in descriptive or normative models. Both types of models should adhere to internal and external regulations, such as company guidelines or laws. Employing compliance checking techniques, it is possible to verify process models against rules. While traditionally compliance checking focuses on well-structured processes, we address case management scenarios. In case management, knowledge workers drive multi-variant and adaptive processes. Our contribution is based on the fragment-based case management approach, which splits a process into a set of fragments. The fragments are synchronized through shared data but can, otherwise, be dynamically instantiated and executed. We formalize case models using Petri nets. We demonstrate the formalization for design-time and run-time compliance checking and present a proof-of-concept implementation. The application of the implemented compliance checking approach to a use case exemplifies its effectiveness while designing a case model. The empirical evaluation on a set of case models for measuring the performance of the approach shows that rules can often be checked in less than a second.}, language = {en} } @book{EidSabbaghHeweltWeske2013, author = {Eid-Sabbagh, Rami-Habib and Hewelt, Marcin and Weske, Mathias}, title = {Business process architectures with multiplicities : transformation and correctness}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-257-5}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-66780}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {18}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Business processes are instrumental to manage work in organisations. To study the interdependencies between business processes, Business Process Architectures have been introduced. These express trigger and message ow relations between business processes. When we investigate real world Business Process Architectures, we find complex interdependencies, involving multiple process instances. These aspects have not been studied in detail so far, especially concerning correctness properties. In this paper, we propose a modular transformation of BPAs to open nets for the analysis of behavior involving multiple business processes with multiplicities. For this purpose we introduce intermediary nets to portray semantics of multiplicity specifications. We evaluate our approach on a use case from the public sector.}, language = {en} } @book{MeinelPlattnerDoellneretal.2014, author = {Meinel, Christoph and Plattner, Hasso and D{\"o}llner, J{\"u}rgen Roland Friedrich and Weske, Mathias and Polze, Andreas and Hirschfeld, Robert and Naumann, Felix and Giese, Holger and Baudisch, Patrick}, title = {Proceedings of the 7th Ph.D. Retreat of the HPI Research School on Service-oriented Systems Engineering}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-273-5}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-63490}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {ii, 218}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Design and Implementation of service-oriented architectures imposes a huge number of research questions from the fields of software engineering, system analysis and modeling, adaptability, and application integration. Component orientation and web services are two approaches for design and realization of complex web-based system. Both approaches allow for dynamic application adaptation as well as integration of enterprise application. Commonly used technologies, such as J2EE and .NET, form de facto standards for the realization of complex distributed systems. Evolution of component systems has lead to web services and service-based architectures. This has been manifested in a multitude of industry standards and initiatives such as XML, WSDL UDDI, SOAP, etc. All these achievements lead to a new and promising paradigm in IT systems engineering which proposes to design complex software solutions as collaboration of contractually defined software services. Service-Oriented Systems Engineering represents a symbiosis of best practices in object-orientation, component-based development, distributed computing, and business process management. It provides integration of business and IT concerns. The annual Ph.D. Retreat of the Research School provides each member the opportunity to present his/her current state of their research and to give an outline of a prospective Ph.D. thesis. Due to the interdisciplinary structure of the Research Scholl, this technical report covers a wide range of research topics. These include but are not limited to: Self-Adaptive Service-Oriented Systems, Operating System Support for Service-Oriented Systems, Architecture and Modeling of Service-Oriented Systems, Adaptive Process Management, Services Composition and Workflow Planning, Security Engineering of Service-Based IT Systems, Quantitative Analysis and Optimization of Service-Oriented Systems, Service-Oriented Systems in 3D Computer Graphics sowie Service-Oriented Geoinformatics.}, language = {en} } @book{MeyerWeske2014, author = {Meyer, Andreas and Weske, Mathias}, title = {Weak conformance between process models and synchronized object life cycles}, number = {91}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-303-9}, issn = {1613-5652}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-71722}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {31}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Process models specify behavioral execution constraints between activities as well as between activities and data objects. A data object is characterized by its states and state transitions represented as object life cycle. For process execution, all behavioral execution constraints must be correct. Correctness can be verified via soundness checking which currently only considers control flow information. For data correctness, conformance between a process model and its object life cycles is checked. Current approaches abstract from dependencies between multiple data objects and require fully specified process models although, in real-world process repositories, often underspecified models are found. Coping with these issues, we introduce the concept of synchronized object life cycles and we define a mapping of data constraints of a process model to Petri nets extending an existing mapping. Further, we apply the notion of weak conformance to process models to tell whether each time an activity needs to access a data object in a particular state, it is guaranteed that the data object is in or can reach the expected state. Then, we introduce an algorithm for an integrated verification of control flow correctness and weak data conformance using soundness checking.}, language = {en} } @book{PufahlMeyerWeske2013, author = {Pufahl, Luise and Meyer, Andreas and Weske, Mathias}, title = {Batch regions : process instance synchronization based on data}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-280-3}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-69081}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {18}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Business process automation improves organizations' efficiency to perform work. In existing business process management systems, process instances run independently from each other. However, synchronizing instances carrying similar characteristics, i.e., sharing the same data, can reduce process execution costs. For example, if an online retailer receives two orders from one customer, there is a chance that they can be packed and shipped together to save shipment costs. In this paper, we use concepts from the database domain and introduce data views to business processes to identify instances which can be synchronized. Based on data views, we introduce the concept of batch regions for a context-aware instance synchronization over a set of connected activities. We also evaluate the concepts introduced in this paper with a case study comparing costs for normal and batch processing.}, language = {de} } @book{RoggeSoltiMansvanderAalstetal.2013, author = {Rogge-Solti, Andreas and Mans, Ronny S. and van der Aalst, Wil M. P. and Weske, Mathias}, title = {Repairing event logs using stochastic process models}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-258-2}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-66797}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {19}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Companies strive to improve their business processes in order to remain competitive. Process mining aims to infer meaningful insights from process-related data and attracted the attention of practitioners, tool-vendors, and researchers in recent years. Traditionally, event logs are assumed to describe the as-is situation. But this is not necessarily the case in environments where logging may be compromised due to manual logging. For example, hospital staff may need to manually enter information regarding the patient's treatment. As a result, events or timestamps may be missing or incorrect. In this paper, we make use of process knowledge captured in process models, and provide a method to repair missing events in the logs. This way, we facilitate analysis of incomplete logs. We realize the repair by combining stochastic Petri nets, alignments, and Bayesian networks. We evaluate the results using both synthetic data and real event data from a Dutch hospital.}, language = {en} } @article{IhdePufahlVoelkeretal.2022, author = {Ihde, Sven and Pufahl, Luise and V{\"o}lker, Maximilian and Goel, Asvin and Weske, Mathias}, title = {A framework for modeling and executing task}, series = {Computing : archives for informatics and numerical computation}, volume = {104}, journal = {Computing : archives for informatics and numerical computation}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Wien}, issn = {0010-485X}, doi = {10.1007/s00607-022-01093-2}, pages = {2405 -- 2429}, year = {2022}, abstract = {As resources are valuable assets, organizations have to decide which resources to allocate to business process tasks in a way that the process is executed not only effectively but also efficiently. Traditional role-based resource allocation leads to effective process executions, since each task is performed by a resource that has the required skills and competencies to do so. However, the resulting allocations are typically not as efficient as they could be, since optimization techniques have yet to find their way in traditional business process management scenarios. On the other hand, operations research provides a rich set of analytical methods for supporting problem-specific decisions on resource allocation. This paper provides a novel framework for creating transparency on existing tasks and resources, supporting individualized allocations for each activity in a process, and the possibility to integrate problem-specific analytical methods of the operations research domain. To validate the framework, the paper reports on the design and prototypical implementation of a software architecture, which extends a traditional process engine with a dedicated resource management component. This component allows us to define specific resource allocation problems at design time, and it also facilitates optimized resource allocation at run time. The framework is evaluated using a real-world parcel delivery process. The evaluation shows that the quality of the allocation results increase significantly with a technique from operations research in contrast to the traditional applied rule-based approach.}, language = {en} } @misc{CombiOliboniWeskeetal.2018, author = {Combi, Carlo and Oliboni, Barbara and Weske, Mathias and Zerbato, Francesca}, title = {Conceptual modeling of processes and data}, series = {Conceptual Modeling, ER 2018}, volume = {11157}, journal = {Conceptual Modeling, ER 2018}, editor = {Trujillo, JC Davis}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-030-00847-5}, issn = {0302-9743}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-00847-5_18}, pages = {236 -- 250}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Business processes constantly generate, manipulate, and consume data that are managed by organizational databases. Despite being central to process modeling and execution, the link between processes and data is often handled by developers when the process is implemented, thus leaving the connection unexplored during the conceptual design. In this paper, we introduce, formalize, and evaluate a novel conceptual view that bridges the gap between process and data models, and show some kinds of interesting insights that can be derived from this novel proposal.}, language = {en} } @article{CombiOliboniWeskeetal.2021, author = {Combi, Carlo and Oliboni, Barbara and Weske, Mathias and Zerbato, Francesca}, title = {Seamless conceptual modeling of processes with transactional and analytical data}, series = {Data \& knowledge engineering}, volume = {134}, journal = {Data \& knowledge engineering}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0169-023X}, doi = {10.1016/j.datak.2021.101895}, pages = {14}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In the field of Business Process Management (BPM), modeling business processes and related data is a critical issue since process activities need to manage data stored in databases. The connection between processes and data is usually handled at the implementation level, even if modeling both processes and data at the conceptual level should help designers in improving business process models and identifying requirements for implementation. Especially in data -and decision-intensive contexts, business process activities need to access data stored both in databases and data warehouses. In this paper, we complete our approach for defining a novel conceptual view that bridges process activities and data. The proposed approach allows the designer to model the connection between business processes and database models and define the operations to perform, providing interesting insights on the overall connected perspective and hints for identifying activities that are crucial for decision support.}, language = {en} } @book{MeinelDoellnerWeskeetal.2021, author = {Meinel, Christoph and D{\"o}llner, J{\"u}rgen Roland Friedrich and Weske, Mathias and Polze, Andreas and Hirschfeld, Robert and Naumann, Felix and Giese, Holger and Baudisch, Patrick and Friedrich, Tobias and B{\"o}ttinger, Erwin and Lippert, Christoph and D{\"o}rr, Christian and Lehmann, Anja and Renard, Bernhard and Rabl, Tilmann and Uebernickel, Falk and Arnrich, Bert and H{\"o}lzle, Katharina}, title = {Proceedings of the HPI Research School on Service-oriented Systems Engineering 2020 Fall Retreat}, number = {138}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-513-2}, issn = {1613-5652}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-50413}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-504132}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {vi, 144}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Design and Implementation of service-oriented architectures imposes a huge number of research questions from the fields of software engineering, system analysis and modeling, adaptability, and application integration. Component orientation and web services are two approaches for design and realization of complex web-based system. Both approaches allow for dynamic application adaptation as well as integration of enterprise application. Service-Oriented Systems Engineering represents a symbiosis of best practices in object-orientation, component-based development, distributed computing, and business process management. It provides integration of business and IT concerns. The annual Ph.D. Retreat of the Research School provides each member the opportunity to present his/her current state of their research and to give an outline of a prospective Ph.D. thesis. Due to the interdisciplinary structure of the research school, this technical report covers a wide range of topics. These include but are not limited to: Human Computer Interaction and Computer Vision as Service; Service-oriented Geovisualization Systems; Algorithm Engineering for Service-oriented Systems; Modeling and Verification of Self-adaptive Service-oriented Systems; Tools and Methods for Software Engineering in Service-oriented Systems; Security Engineering of Service-based IT Systems; Service-oriented Information Systems; Evolutionary Transition of Enterprise Applications to Service Orientation; Operating System Abstractions for Service-oriented Computing; and Services Specification, Composition, and Enactment.}, language = {en} }