@article{Tristram2008, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {Wie alt ist das sog. 'h-dropping' im Englischen?}, isbn = {978-3- 8233-6362-0}, year = {2008}, language = {de} } @article{HarthHasslerKostaetal.2008, author = {Harth, Helene and Haßler, Gerda and Kosta, Peter and Kr{\"u}ger, Hans-Peter and Tristram, Hildegard L. C. and Wegener, Heide and Stehl, Thomas}, title = {Laudation zur Verleihung des Doktogrades ehrenhalber an Herrn Prof. em. Dr. phil. Helmut L{\"u}dke}, isbn = {978-3- 8233-6362-0}, year = {2008}, language = {de} } @article{Tristram2005, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {Kelten und Druiden im Spiegel des Selbstverst{\"a}ndnisses der Antike}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Classical writers either glorified the Celts and their cult officials, the druids, thereby demonstrating "soft primitivism", or they vilified them ("hard primitivsm"). Both types of primitivism reflect the self-assessment of the classical cultures concerning their own identity and the level of their cultural status rather than providing hard-core information about Celts and druids. Outside the archaeological evidence there is no reliable information about these. And even the archaeological evidence is very much open to controversial interpretation This situation leave much room to personal speculation, high-flung imagination and even fantasy. TRI}, language = {de} } @article{Tristram2005, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {"Warum ide (Potsdamer) Studientage zum englischen Mittelalter (SEM)? Zwecke und Nutzen"}, isbn = {3-631-54482-0}, year = {2005}, abstract = {The five Potsdam "Studientage zum Englischen Mittelalter (SEM)" (1999-2003) served a number of purposes. These are fully discussed in this article. The first and foremost idea was to provide a yearly forum for young scholars in English medieval studies to present their research to other scholars in the field and to test their market value ("Nachwuchsfoerderung"). After Potsdam, the SEM meetings are circulating between those universities in the German speaking countries, which feature a Medieval Studies Programme in their departments of English and American Studies. This programme serves to boost their academic profile and etablish centres of excellency for English medieval Studies on the Continent. Networking is another prime objective of the SEMs. See http://www.uni-potsdam.de/u/sem/sem.htm etc.}, language = {de} } @article{Tristram2004, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {Diglossia in Anglo-Saxon England, or what was spoken Old English like?}, year = {2004}, abstract = {This paper argues that the texts surviving from the Old English period do not reflect the spoken language of the bulk of the population under Anglo-Saxon elite domination. While the Old English written documents suggest that the language was kept remarkably unchanged, i.e. was strongly monitored during the long OE period (some 500 years!), the spoken and "real Old English" is likely to have been very different and much more of the type of Middle English than the written texts. "Real Old Engish", i.e. of course only appeared in writing after the Norman Conquest. Middle English is therefore claimed to have begun with the 'late British' speaking shifters to Old English. The shift patterns must have differed in the various part of the island of Britain, as the shifters became exposed to further language contact with the Old Norse adstrate in the Danelaw areas and the Norman superstrate particularly in the South East, the South West having been least exposed to language contact after the original shift from 'Late British' to Old English. This explains why the North was historically the most innovative zone. This also explains the conservatism of the present day dialects in the South West. It is high time that historical linguists acknowledge the arcane character of the Old English written texts.}, language = {en} } @article{Tristram2004, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {Bede's historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum in old english and old irish : a comparison}, isbn = {3-598-73015-2}, year = {2004}, abstract = {A close comparison of selected parts of the translation of the Venerable Bede's 'Historia Ecclesiastica gentis anglorum' into Old English and Old Irish reveals how selective the translators proceeded in their translation work and how they adapted the Latin original to the genre traditions of their vernacular styles of writing. By their omissions, their choices of lexis and syntax they clearly expressed their translation interests. Part of the differences also seems to have been motivated by the targeted written and the oral mode of communication. While the Irish translation is entirely written in character and hardly lends itself to reading out aloud ('prelecting'), the style and rhythm of the Old English translation suggests that it was to serve public reading purposes in front of illiterate or semi-literate listening audiences.}, language = {en} } @article{Tristram2004, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {"Celtic Studies in Germany, 1980-1995"}, year = {2004}, abstract = {This article provides a survey of the research carried out by Celtic scholars in Germany during the 15 years between 1980 and 1995. It is based on the respective bibliography published in 'Studia Celtica Japonica' 9 (1997). The major research fields covered are IE Studies, Celtic philology, linguistics, literature, archaeology and cultural studies.}, language = {en} } @article{Tristram2003, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {As she do be spoke, proper, ye know : (Post)coloniale Identit{\"a}t und Sprache in Irland}, isbn = {3-89626-292-0}, year = {2003}, abstract = {This article discusses the problem why the English language used in Ireland ("Irish English") as the second national language, has to date enjoyed so little prestige among everyday users of it, whereas it found enthusiastic recognition among Anglo-Irish writers since the beginning of the 19c. While no educated speaker of Irish English would target an RP pronunciation any more, the use of Irish English grammar and lexis is still stigmatised as smacking of the "brogue." The hypothesis is advanced that, in spite of its independence since 1921 and its "Celtic Tiger" economy since entry into the EU in the 70s, the Republic of Ireland has still not fully entered the post-colonial stage in matters of language and education, where pride in Identity and Otherness is reflected in the conscious use and engineering of a nationally distinctive variety of English, such as in Australia, New Zealand or Canada.There is still no national dictionary of Irish English, no national grammar, no national broadcasting and TV handbook, no national dictionary of Irish English. The title of the article quotes from a publication which attests to the strong linguistic minority complex which many Irish people still seem to suffer from.}, language = {de} } @article{Tristram2002, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {Attrition of Inflections in English and Welsh}, year = {2002}, abstract = {A close comparative analysis of the attrition of inflections in historical English and Welsh reveals that Welsh had already lost its entire NP inflection when it surfaces in writing in the 7c AD, while English was still fully inflected both in the NP and VP. The comparison of the modern English and Welsh morphological categories shows that English overtook Welsh in its rate of analyticising drift. This shows first in writing during the Middle English period. Thus in English, the attrition bothfully affected the NP and the VP, while in modern Welsh the attrition of the verbal inflection in the VP is much less advanced than in English. Both languages, however, share the shift in the VP from the synthetism of verbal tense, mood (and voice) marking towards analytic aspect marking, which continues to gain in importance in both languages today. The question is raised, whether this joint development may have been due to the influence of the 'Late British' speaking shifters to Old English, to prolongued areal contactin the island of Britain ("Sprachbund") and/or to a more general drift from syntheticity to analycity in (Western) IE languages in Europe, which affects some languages more than others. The Appendix prints the earliest Old English and Old Welsh texts (dated by absolute chronology) and marks their loss of inflections, in order to highlight the advanced analycity in the Old Welsh NP as opposed to the Old English NP.}, language = {en} } @article{Tristram2002, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {The Politics of Language : Links between Modern Welsh and English}, isbn = {3-8253-1322-0}, year = {2002}, abstract = {The continued linguistic contact in the islands of Britain and Ireland over the past two millenia has led to linguistic convergence processes between the Insular Celtic and West Germanic languages involved. While the Latin, Old Norse and Norman French contact scenarios were recognised and have been well studied since the 19c, the Celtic component received much less scholarly attention until the 1990s because of the continued linguistic bias, once fostered by 19c Anglo-Saxonisms and the idea of racial purity of the Egnlish population. It is only in the very recent past that the many different contact areas between English and the Insular Celtic languages have received recognition after New Labour's post-1997 introduction of "devolution" politics. The closest and longest interaction took of course place between English and Welsh. The present article looks at three major types of interaction which led to convergence in a number of important linguistic features: (1) mutual retention of shared archaic features, (2) mutual shared innovations, and (3) transfer from one language to another, either by unilateral or by bilateral transfer. The exemplary contact features discussed in this article relate to the retention of interdental fricatives, the shared innovation of analycity and multi-word verb formation, and clefting as feature transfer. Transfer is likely to have taken place under the following conditions: (a) earlier written documentation in the donor language, (b) higher frequency of occurrence in the donor language, (c) conformity with other structures in the donor language, and (d) grammaticalisation in the donor language. The conclusion endorses Salikoko Mufwene's claim that the making of English in the island of Britain was subject to the same contact processes which created the English based creoles from indigenised Englishes during the colonial period.}, language = {en} } @article{Tristram2002, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {DO-Periphrasis in Irish}, isbn = {90-429-1026-7}, year = {2002}, abstract = {Periphrastic DO constructions are very common both in English and in the Neo-Brittonic languages and are used for various functional purposes. These form part of a larger linguistic area in western and northern Europe. The literature does not mention comparable constructions for Irish and Scottish Gaelic. Irish informants, however, confirm orally that they are in common use among present day Gaeltacht speakers. They appear also to have been common in late spoken Manx. This study is based on the "Caint Chonamara" electronic corpus, the field work for which was first untertaken by Hans Hartmann (Hamburg) and Tom{\´a}s de Bhaldraithe (Dublin) in the early 1960s und brought to a close by Arndt Wigger (Wuppertal) in the 1990s. The file for the Ros Muc dialogues yielded a very low return of potential DO constructions, i.e. 14 tokens of D{\´E}AN + VN out of 494 D{\´E}AN tokens altogether in the file. This shows that the D{\´E}AN + VN construction was grammatically correct and acceptable to the native speakers, but was not grammaticalised and had a very low frequency. This result is interesting, but not surprising, since the informants chosen for this file conformed to the NORMS category (non-mobile old rural males. They were born around the turn of the 19c/20c and acquired their language now more than 100 years ago. This was well before the independence of the Republic. They would have acquired their Irish orally from native speakers and underwent very little formal training in Irish, or none. This small sample confirms that Irish did not belong to the broad linguistic area in Western Europe which makes use of periphrastic DO constructions, at least not until very recently.}, language = {en} } @article{Tristram2002, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {European Versification : the Effect of Literacy}, isbn = {3-631-35697-8}, year = {2002}, abstract = {A report of Mikhail Gasparov's 1989 book on the 'History of European Versification' is the starting point of the discussion in this article of the types of versification found in the Insular Celtic literatures from their first documenation in the early middle ages to the present day, as Gasparov's survey does not cover these poetries. It is claimed here that their metrical constraints were pre-literate and first and foremost geared at aural reception. The introduction of writing led to an increase in metrical sophistication which, while still basically oral, because of the process of "prelecting" (i.e. reading out aloud to illiterate or semi-literate audiences), required a very careful appreciation of their metrical skills. Contact with English and French syllabic poetry in the later middle ages and particularly in the modern period produced so-called "free verse" poetry. The word "free" in this particular context meant that the rather loose metrical constraints of these majority literatures in no way compared with the extraordinarily high metrical sophistication of the native oral derived or "bardic" poetry.}, language = {en} } @article{Tristram2001, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {Sprache und Identit{\"a}t in Minorit{\"a}tensprachen, zwei Fallbeispiele: Irisch und Bretonisch}, isbn = {3-89323-134- X}, year = {2001}, abstract = {Breton and Irish, two Celtic and strongly endangered European minority languages, enjoy (or suffer) different fates of official recognition. While France does not officially recognise Breton as an independent language and has no even signed the European Charter of Minority Languages as most other EU countries did, Irish is by its constitution the first national language of the Republic of Ireland and therefore enjoys a very high official prestige. It is an obligatory subject in the schools and all EU documents need to be translated both into Irish and English. In spite of this difference of status and prestige, both languages have suffered, during the past 50 years, from a dramatic loss of speakers, as the young generation sees no need to preserve a regionalised minority heritage in a world of globalised communication and exchange. While both inherited languages were, traditionally and sociologically speaking, the medium of communication of the rural population, albeit with a long and venerable written tradition reaching back to the middle ages, the language of the future is that of the urban middle classes learnt as a second language (L2) und for all intents and purposes not used as a community language in the home. Middle class Breton and Irish are token languages, serving its users as identity markers in order to set themselves off from the English and French, most of whom only speak English and French and have no additional regional language. The linguistic gap between the inherited rural and the new urban varieties is great, so that older native rural speakers do not understand school Breton and school Irish. It is predictable that only the urban varieties will survive for still quite a while, whereas the rural varietes are unlikely to escape language death due to the ongoing change of living conditions in the rural areas and the absence of localised language engineering.}, language = {de} } @article{Tristram2000, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {Zum Forschungsprojekt "The Celtic englishes" in Potsdam}, year = {2000}, abstract = {This report discusses the objectives of the new Potsdam based research project on the "Celtic Englishes" and provides a survey of the research undertaken so far in this dramatically underresearched area of the investigation of the European colonial varieties of English.}, language = {de} } @article{Tristram1999, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {Mimesis and diegesis in "The Cattle Raid of Cuailnge"}, year = {1999}, language = {en} } @article{Tristram1999, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {Die irischen Gedichte im Reichenauer Schulheft}, year = {1999}, language = {de} } @article{Tristram1999, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {The celtic englishes : zwei grammatische Beispiele zum Problem des Sprachkontaktes zwischen dem Englischen und den keltischen Sprachen}, year = {1999}, language = {de} } @article{Tristram1999, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {Bedas "Historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum" im Altenglischen und Altirischen}, year = {1999}, language = {de} } @article{Tristram1999, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.}, title = {The Cattle-raid of Cuailnge between the oral and the written : a research report (SFB 321, Project A 5, 1986, 1996)}, year = {1999}, language = {en} } @article{TristramCuennen1999, author = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C. and C{\"u}nnen, Janina}, title = {Anjela Duval et Sarah Kirsch : D{\´e}sir du coeur et pour la terre}, year = {1999}, language = {fr} }