@article{Tristram2005,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Kelten und Druiden im Spiegel des Selbstverst{\"a}ndnisses der Antike},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Classical writers either glorified the Celts and their cult officials, the druids, thereby demonstrating "soft primitivism", or they vilified them ("hard primitivsm"). Both types of primitivism reflect the self-assessment of the classical cultures concerning their own identity and the level of their cultural status rather than providing hard-core information about Celts and druids. Outside the archaeological evidence there is no reliable information about these. And even the archaeological evidence is very much open to controversial interpretation This situation leave much room to personal speculation, high-flung imagination and even fantasy. TRI},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram2005,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {"Warum ide (Potsdamer) Studientage zum englischen Mittelalter (SEM)? Zwecke und Nutzen"},
  isbn      = {3-631-54482-0},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {The five Potsdam "Studientage zum Englischen Mittelalter (SEM)" (1999-2003) served a number of purposes. These are fully discussed in this article. The first and foremost idea was to provide a yearly forum for young scholars in English medieval studies to present their research to other scholars in the field and to test their market value ("Nachwuchsfoerderung"). After Potsdam, the SEM meetings are circulating between those universities in the German speaking countries, which feature a Medieval Studies Programme in their departments of English and American Studies. This programme serves to boost their academic profile and etablish centres of excellency for English medieval Studies on the Continent. Networking is another prime objective of the SEMs. See http://www.uni-potsdam.de/u/sem/sem.htm etc.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Tristram2005,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Thompson, R., Filipino English and Taglish : language switching from multiple perpectives; Amsterdam, John Benjamins Pub, 2003},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {The language situation in the Philipines between the many different native languages and English is complex. The book under review outlines the various contact situations, focussing on the contact between Tagalog, the most important indigenous language of the Philipines on the one hand and English on the other. This serves as the basis for a detailed discussion of the sociological determinasts of the contact continuum between Tagalog on the one hand and Standard English on the other. The main asset of the book is to be found in its well informed survey character resulting from personal teaching experience.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Tristram2005,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Kortmann, B. (Hrsg.), Dialectology meets typology : dialect grammar from a cross-linguistic perspective; Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter, 2004},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {In previous research, the methodology of typological investigations into languages was based on the analysis of standard languages (or rather standardised written languages). Prof. Kortmann's collection of essays broadens this methodological scope by directing the scholars' typological interest to the traditional dialects, most of them transmitted orally only. Undoubtedly, there is a great potential in this effort. Most of the contributions in this volume, however, show, that the attempt to unify or perhaps rather to accommodate the methodologies of typological research and traditional dialectology needs to be further harmonised in future research in order to bear sound generalisable insights to the rich data available.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram2004,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Diglossia in Anglo-Saxon England, or what was spoken Old English like?},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This paper argues that the texts surviving from the Old English period do not reflect the spoken language of the bulk of the population under Anglo-Saxon elite domination. While the Old English written documents suggest that the language was kept remarkably unchanged, i.e. was strongly monitored during the long OE period (some 500 years!), the spoken and "real Old English" is likely to have been very different and much more of the type of Middle English than the written texts. "Real Old Engish", i.e. of course only appeared in writing after the Norman Conquest. Middle English is therefore claimed to have begun with the 'late British' speaking shifters to Old English. The shift patterns must have differed in the various part of the island of Britain, as the shifters became exposed to further language contact with the Old Norse adstrate in the Danelaw areas and the Norman superstrate particularly in the South East, the South West having been least exposed to language contact after the original shift from 'Late British' to Old English. This explains why the North was historically the most innovative zone. This also explains the conservatism of the present day dialects in the South West. It is high time that historical linguists acknowledge the arcane character of the Old English written texts.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram2004,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Bede's historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum in old english and old irish : a comparison},
  isbn      = {3-598-73015-2},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {A close comparison of selected parts of the translation of the Venerable Bede's 'Historia Ecclesiastica gentis anglorum' into Old English and Old Irish reveals how selective the translators proceeded in their translation work and how they adapted the Latin original to the genre traditions of their vernacular styles of writing. By their omissions, their choices of lexis and syntax they clearly expressed their translation interests. Part of the differences also seems to have been motivated by the targeted written and the oral mode of communication. While the Irish translation is entirely written in character and hardly lends itself to reading out aloud ('prelecting'), the style and rhythm of the Old English translation suggests that it was to serve public reading purposes in front of illiterate or semi-literate listening audiences.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram2004,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {"Celtic Studies in Germany, 1980-1995"},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This article provides a survey of the research carried out by Celtic scholars in Germany during the 15 years between 1980 and 1995. It is based on the respective bibliography published in 'Studia Celtica Japonica' 9 (1997). The major research fields covered are IE Studies, Celtic philology, linguistics, literature, archaeology and cultural studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram2003,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {As she do be spoke, proper, ye know : (Post)coloniale Identit{\"a}t und Sprache in Irland},
  isbn      = {3-89626-292-0},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {This article discusses the problem why the English language used in Ireland ("Irish English") as the second national language, has to date enjoyed so little prestige among everyday users of it, whereas it found enthusiastic recognition among Anglo-Irish writers since the beginning of the 19c. While no educated speaker of Irish English would target an RP pronunciation any more, the use of Irish English grammar and lexis is still stigmatised as smacking of the "brogue." The hypothesis is advanced that, in spite of its independence since 1921 and its "Celtic Tiger" economy since entry into the EU in the 70s, the Republic of Ireland has still not fully entered the post-colonial stage in matters of language and education, where pride in Identity and Otherness is reflected in the conscious use and engineering of a nationally distinctive variety of English, such as in Australia, New Zealand or Canada.There is still no national dictionary of Irish English, no national grammar, no national broadcasting and TV handbook, no national dictionary of Irish English. The title of the article quotes from a publication which attests to the strong linguistic minority complex which many Irish people still seem to suffer from.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram1996,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Celtic in Linguistic Taxonomy in the 19th Century},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram1996,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Einleitung},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram1996,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Mac Bethad mac Fin mic Laig XVI(I) annis regnavit : Macbeth ; verschriftete Wirklichkeit, gelebte Schriftlichkeit, aufgef{\"u}hrte Wirklichkeit},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{TristramChonghaile1996,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C. and Chonghaile, N{\´o}ir{\´i}n N{\´i}},
  title     = {Die mittelirischen Sagenlisten zwischen M{\"u}ndlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram1996,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Voice and Poetry in Dylan Thomas},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram1995,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Zaoz and Zomerzet : Linguistic Contacts Across the English Channel},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram1995,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Aspect in Contact},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram1995,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {The cattle raid of cuailnge in tension and transition},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TristramHemprich1995,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C. and Hemprich, Gisbert},
  title     = {Esquisse de la situation linguistique actuelle de Fribourg-en-Brisgau},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {fr}
}
@article{Tristram1995,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Irland},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram1995,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Linguistic Contacts Across the English Channel : the Case of the History of the Retroflex <r>},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram1995,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Problems and Possibilities of Intercultural Understanding in European Scholarship 24. - 26. M{\"a}rz 1995},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram1995,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Verschriftung und Verschriftlichung : Aspekte des Medienwandels in verschiedenen Kulturen und Epochen},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram1998,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {M{\"u}ndlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit in der irischen Literatur anhand des "Rinderraubes von Cuilnge"(T{\´a}in B{\´o} Cuailnge)},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram2008,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Wie alt ist das sog. 'h-dropping' im Englischen?},
  isbn      = {978-3- 8233-6362-0},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Tristram1997,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Annotated Bibliography of English Studies (ABES), vol. 109: The Celtic Englishes},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {This file contains 200 bibliographical entries on the most important publications in the field of the 'Celtic Englishes' with full summary of contents and classification of the varieties concerned (Irish English, Scottish English, Manx English, Welsh English, and Cornu-English).},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{Tristram1995,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Early insular preaching : verbal artistry and method of composition},
  series = {{\"O}sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften / Keltische Kommission : Ver{\"o}ffentlichungen de},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {{\"O}sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften / Keltische Kommission : Ver{\"o}ffentlichungen de},
  publisher = {Verl. der {\"O}sterr. Akad. der Wiss},
  address   = {Wien},
  isbn      = {3-7001-2194-6},
  year      = {1995},
  abstract  = {A close comparison of the use of language, style and method of composition of the sizable corpus of Old English and Old Irish vernacular sermons (10c and 11c) show that both cultures make use of a preaching rhetoric which is deeply indebted to oral styles of preaching and geared towards the aural reception of the spoken word. Both tend to resort to a flamboyant pastoralism and excel in elaborate verbal artistry. While received scholarship claims that the English were subject to Irish influence in this respect because of the existence Hiberno-Latin analogues, this short monograph argues that this is very unlikely. Rather both traditions are independently indebted to 7c to 9c Continental preaching styles, the evidence of which shows that there was both a plain preaching mode (the "fisherman's" mode) and an elaborate (or "Asian") one. The use of both was advocated,depending on the occasion, by St. Augustin's "De doctrina christiana." In the Insular context of vernacular preaching, the latter seems to have been functioned as a favoured art form.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram1998,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Das Forschungsprojekt "The celtic englishes in Potsdam"},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram1996,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Near-sameness in early insular metrics : oral ancestry and aesthetic potential},
  year      = {1996},
  abstract  = {The earliest types of versification of the Insular literatures in the early middles ages (Old English, Old Welsh, Old Irish, Middle Breton) were oral-derived, i.e. orally composed and intended for listening audiences. The written records of such early poems, poreserved in the manuscripts, still reflect the flexibility of the metriccal constraints. This type of poetry is characterised by the avoidance of the total identity of the recurrent phonetic features. Rhyme is 'only' near-rhyme, alliteration only near-alliteration, accentuality only near-accentual recurrence, syllabicity only near-syllabicity etc.. This type of oral-derived aesthetics requires a very fine ear for the distinction and appreciation of the metrical near-samenesses and probably a prolongued training in the acquisition of metrical skills on teh part of the poet. In the later written poetries, which were both literate in composition and reception ("reading"), the ear was replaced by the eye. THis seems ot have required identical recurrence of metrical ffeatures rather than near-identities, ultimately leading to forms like 'rime riche' (like in French poetry), which would have been considered to be cloying in the early oral(-derived) context. In other words, the aesthetic potential of the metrical constraints depends on the medium of communication.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram1996,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Causerie mit Paul Mankin {\"u}ber Dylan Thomas, 18.6.1085},
  isbn      = {3-00-001 194-3},
  year      = {1996},
  abstract  = {Paul Mankin was one of three literature professors who taught at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in the 1980s and who had attended Dylan Thomas' lecture tours at American universities thirty years earlier as students. They were particularly impressed by the power of Thomas' language and his forceful style of presentation. In this "Causerie" or interview recorded in 1985, Mankin speaks about the effect Thomas' performance at UCLA had on his own work. He also discusses the lasting value of Thomas' poetry and its impact on other poets.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram1998,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Rudolf Thurneysen (1857 - 1940) : a biographical essay},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{Tristram1997,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {The Arnold Anthology of British and Irish literatures in English},
  editor    = {Clark, Robert and Healy, Thomas},
  publisher = {Arnold},
  address   = {London},
  pages     = {1578 S.},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {My editorial contribution to this anthology consisted in the cooperative selection and preparation of the literary entries for the medieval period.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram1997,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {"List of Published Research on the Celts Produced at the German Speaking Universities between 1980 and 1995"},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {At the suggestion of the then editor of 'Studia Celtica Japonica,' Professor Toshio Doi, this bibliography lists the returns of a questionnaire sent to all scholars in Germany who were actively involved in Celtic Studies between 1980 and 1995. They were asked to list all their publications in the field of Celtic Studies, so as to allow to carry out a survey of their research activities during this period. While most scholars kindly obliged by returning their lists, there were notable exceptions who never answered the query. Regretably, the present bibliography therefore contains important gaps, which, however, may be quite telling as far as the research situation in Germany was concerned during that period.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram1997,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {What's the Point of Dating Beowulf?},
  isbn      = {3-8233-5407-8},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {The great Old English epic 'Beowulf' has been dated to practically every century between the 6th and the 11th century, depending on the criteria of dating adopted and the approaches advocated by the respective scholars. As the text successfully avoids to provide definite cues or evidence for a definitive date, these scholarly attempts reveal more about the respective scholars' research interests than offering uncontroversial dates. The point of dating 'Beowulf' then seems to provide scholars with the opportunity to anchor their own personal understanding of the poem within the century of their own personal predilection.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram1997,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {DO in Contact?},
  isbn      = {3-515-07041-9},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {Periphrastic English constructions involving the verbs BE/HAVE + a nominalised verb form expressing [+imperfectivity] and [+perfectivity] have close analogues in the Insular Celtic languages, where Celtic analogues of the English verb BE + a prepositional construction marker + Verbal Noun are used. The two constructions in English and teh Celtic languages are not identical and cannot be so, because the Celtic languages do not feature present and past participles and English has no verbal nouns. But the two types of the periphrastic mode of expressing aspect are close enough to suggest either a shift scenario, a borrowing scenario and/or an areal spread by diffusion over a long period of time. Since Old English did not mark aspect, neither morphologically nor syntactically, but Old Welsh and Old Irish already did so syntactically, it is suggested here that a unilateral transfer process was involved here, which proceeded from the Celtic languages to the English language. Aspectual transfer is even more pronounced in the so-called 'Celtic Englishes,' where in addition to the periphrastic marking of [+ imperfectivity] and [+perfectivity] the marking of [+habituality] is a grammaticalised feature and is periphrastically expressed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram1993,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {"Metrische Motiviertheit in der {\"a}ltesten insularen Dichtung"},
  isbn      = {3-86057-090-0},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {In the earliest recorded poetry of the Insular Celtic literature, the occurrence intra-linear phoneme recurrences in addition to the rather common feature of alliteration suggest that they served an indexical motivation of the metrical constraints. This is in particular suggested by the indexical use of personal names. This practice may perhaps even reach back to Continental Celtic metrical practices which already seem to bear witness of the use of such language skills. It is particularly interesting to note that the initial mutations of the lexemes do not obstruct indexicality. It is suggested that the orally trained poets may perhaps have received specific grammatical instructions as part of their prolongued poetic education.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram1993,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Zwiebeln und W{\"o}rter : zum Sprachkontakt {\"u}ber den {\"A}rmelkanal},
  isbn      = {3-484-42911-9},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {realisation in form of a retroflex is not only found in the English south West ('West Country burr'), but also across the English Channel in a well circumscribed area of Tr{\´e}gor in Brittany. Both areas also share other phonetic features such as sonorisation of word initial fricatives, epenthesis, surnames etc. How is this to be explained? Intensive mobility and trade across the sea suggest themselves as a possible answer. Travelling by sea, aided by expert knowledge of the seasonal currents and winds, was much quicker and efficient in former times than travelling across land. In this connection, the phenomenon of the "Johnnys de Roccoff" who traded Breton onions along the English coasts until very recently is pointed ou as a type of contact which may have transported phoneme realisations and lexis across the sea, forming a linguistic area with not much contact with their respective hinterlands in England and Brittany.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram2002,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Attrition of Inflections in English and Welsh},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {A close comparative analysis of the attrition of inflections in historical English and Welsh reveals that Welsh had already lost its entire NP inflection when it surfaces in writing in the 7c AD, while English was still fully inflected both in the NP and VP. The comparison of the modern English and Welsh morphological categories shows that English overtook Welsh in its rate of analyticising drift. This shows first in writing during the Middle English period. Thus in English, the attrition bothfully affected the NP and the VP, while in modern Welsh the attrition of the verbal inflection in the VP is much less advanced than in English. Both languages, however, share the shift in the VP from the synthetism of verbal tense, mood (and voice) marking towards analytic aspect marking, which continues to gain in importance in both languages today. The question is raised, whether this joint development may have been due to the influence of the 'Late British' speaking shifters to Old English, to prolongued areal contactin the island of Britain ("Sprachbund") and/or to a more general drift from syntheticity to analycity in (Western) IE languages in Europe, which affects some languages more than others. The Appendix prints the earliest Old English and Old Welsh texts (dated by absolute chronology) and marks their loss of inflections, in order to highlight the advanced analycity in the Old Welsh NP as opposed to the Old English NP.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram2002,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {The Politics of Language : Links between Modern Welsh and English},
  isbn      = {3-8253-1322-0},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {The continued linguistic contact in the islands of Britain and Ireland over the past two millenia has led to linguistic convergence processes between the Insular Celtic and West Germanic languages involved. While the Latin, Old Norse and Norman French contact scenarios were recognised and have been well studied since the 19c, the Celtic component received much less scholarly attention until the 1990s because of the continued linguistic bias, once fostered by 19c Anglo-Saxonisms and the idea of racial purity of the Egnlish population. It is only in the very recent past that the many different contact areas between English and the Insular Celtic languages have received recognition after New Labour's post-1997 introduction of "devolution" politics. The closest and longest interaction took of course place between English and Welsh. The present article looks at three major types of interaction which led to convergence in a number of important linguistic features: (1) mutual retention of shared archaic features, (2) mutual shared innovations, and (3) transfer from one language to another, either by unilateral or by bilateral transfer. The exemplary contact features discussed in this article relate to the retention of interdental fricatives, the shared innovation of analycity and multi-word verb formation, and clefting as feature transfer. Transfer is likely to have taken place under the following conditions: (a) earlier written documentation in the donor language, (b) higher frequency of occurrence in the donor language, (c) conformity with other structures in the donor language, and (d) grammaticalisation in the donor language. The conclusion endorses Salikoko Mufwene's claim that the making of English in the island of Britain was subject to the same contact processes which created the English based creoles from indigenised Englishes during the colonial period.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram2002,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {DO-Periphrasis in Irish},
  isbn      = {90-429-1026-7},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Periphrastic DO constructions are very common both in English and in the Neo-Brittonic languages and are used for various functional purposes. These form part of a larger linguistic area in western and northern Europe. The literature does not mention comparable constructions for Irish and Scottish Gaelic. Irish informants, however, confirm orally that they are in common use among present day Gaeltacht speakers. They appear also to have been common in late spoken Manx. This study is based on the "Caint Chonamara" electronic corpus, the field work for which was first untertaken by Hans Hartmann (Hamburg) and Tom{\´a}s de Bhaldraithe (Dublin) in the early 1960s und brought to a close by Arndt Wigger (Wuppertal) in the 1990s. The file for the Ros Muc dialogues yielded a very low return of potential DO constructions, i.e. 14 tokens of D{\´E}AN + VN out of 494 D{\´E}AN tokens altogether in the file. This shows that the D{\´E}AN + VN construction was grammatically correct and acceptable to the native speakers, but was not grammaticalised and had a very low frequency. This result is interesting, but not surprising, since the informants chosen for this file conformed to the NORMS category (non-mobile old rural males. They were born around the turn of the 19c/20c and acquired their language now more than 100 years ago. This was well before the independence of the Republic. They would have acquired their Irish orally from native speakers and underwent very little formal training in Irish, or none. This small sample confirms that Irish did not belong to the broad linguistic area in Western Europe which makes use of periphrastic DO constructions, at least not until very recently.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram2002,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {European Versification : the Effect of Literacy},
  isbn      = {3-631-35697-8},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {A report of Mikhail Gasparov's 1989 book on the 'History of European Versification' is the starting point of the discussion in this article of the types of versification found in the Insular Celtic literatures from their first documenation in the early middle ages to the present day, as Gasparov's survey does not cover these poetries. It is claimed here that their metrical constraints were pre-literate and first and foremost geared at aural reception. The introduction of writing led to an increase in metrical sophistication which, while still basically oral, because of the process of "prelecting" (i.e. reading out aloud to illiterate or semi-literate audiences), required a very careful appreciation of their metrical skills. Contact with English and French syllabic poetry in the later middle ages and particularly in the modern period produced so-called "free verse" poetry. The word "free" in this particular context meant that the rather loose metrical constraints of these majority literatures in no way compared with the extraordinarily high metrical sophistication of the native oral derived or "bardic" poetry.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram2001,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Sprache und Identit{\"a}t in Minorit{\"a}tensprachen, zwei Fallbeispiele: Irisch und Bretonisch},
  isbn      = {3-89323-134- X},
  year      = {2001},
  abstract  = {Breton and Irish, two Celtic and strongly endangered European minority languages, enjoy (or suffer) different fates of official recognition. While France does not officially recognise Breton as an independent language and has no even signed the European Charter of Minority Languages as most other EU countries did, Irish is by its constitution the first national language of the Republic of Ireland and therefore enjoys a very high official prestige. It is an obligatory subject in the schools and all EU documents need to be translated both into Irish and English. In spite of this difference of status and prestige, both languages have suffered, during the past 50 years, from a dramatic loss of speakers, as the young generation sees no need to preserve a regionalised minority heritage in a world of globalised communication and exchange. While both inherited languages were, traditionally and sociologically speaking, the medium of communication of the rural population, albeit with a long and venerable written tradition reaching back to the middle ages, the language of the future is that of the urban middle classes learnt as a second language (L2) und for all intents and purposes not used as a community language in the home. Middle class Breton and Irish are token languages, serving its users as identity markers in order to set themselves off from the English and French, most of whom only speak English and French and have no additional regional language. The linguistic gap between the inherited rural and the new urban varieties is great, so that older native rural speakers do not understand school Breton and school Irish. It is predictable that only the urban varieties will survive for still quite a while, whereas the rural varietes are unlikely to escape language death due to the ongoing change of living conditions in the rural areas and the absence of localised language engineering.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram2000,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Zum Forschungsprojekt "The Celtic englishes" in Potsdam},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {This report discusses the objectives of the new Potsdam based research project on the "Celtic Englishes" and provides a survey of the research undertaken so far in this dramatically underresearched area of the investigation of the European colonial varieties of English.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram1999,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Mimesis and diegesis in "The Cattle Raid of Cuailnge"},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Tristram1999,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Die irischen Gedichte im Reichenauer Schulheft},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram1999,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {The celtic englishes : zwei grammatische Beispiele zum Problem des Sprachkontaktes zwischen dem Englischen und den keltischen Sprachen},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram1999,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {Bedas "Historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum" im Altenglischen und Altirischen},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Tristram1999,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {The Cattle-raid of Cuailnge between the oral and the written : a research report (SFB 321, Project A 5, 1986, 1996)},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TristramCuennen1999,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C. and C{\"u}nnen, Janina},
  title     = {Anjela Duval et Sarah Kirsch : D{\´e}sir du coeur et pour la terre},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {fr}
}
@article{Tristram1999,
  author    = {Tristram, Hildegard L. C.},
  title     = {How Celtic is Standard English?},
  editor    = {Asinovskij, Alexander S. and Kasanskij, N. N. and Kryuchkova, E. R. and Falileyev, Alexandre I.},
  publisher = {Nauka},
  address   = {Sankt-Peterburg},
  isbn      = {5-02-028463-7},
  pages     = {46 S.},
  year      = {1999},
  abstract  = {In this brochure, Tristram argues that Standard English may be more indebted to the influence of 'Late British' than hitherto acknowledged by mainstream historical scholarship. By 'Late British' the native (or source) language of the about 2m language shifters in the wake of the Anglo-Saxon Conquest is meant who constituted the bulk of the native population of the island of Britain in the early middle ages. Although predictably, the influence of 'Late British' on Old English neither shows in the lexis of written Old English nor in its core grammar, it does show in the phonology (Peter Schrijver) and the inflectional syncretism of the Northern dialect texts. The influence of the interlanguage of the shifters only really surfaces in Middle English texts, after the diglossia between the language of the HIGH variety of Old English of the ruling elite and the LOW variety of the working population was discontinued under Norman rule. A number of grammatical features are listed in this brochure, which show that Present Day Standard English typologically sides with the Celtic languages, and with the Neo-Brittonic languages in particular, rather than with the other Continental Germanic languages. The brochure also calls for more research into this matter and in particular detailed investigations into the individual features mentioned.},
  language  = {en}
}