@article{SekutowiczGuggenmosKuitunenPauletal.2019,
  author    = {Sekutowicz, Maria and Guggenmos, Matthias and Kuitunen-Paul, S{\"o}ren and Garbusow, Maria and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Pelz, Patricia and Priller, Josef and Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich and Smolka, Michael N. and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Heinz, Andreas and Sterzer, Philipp and Schmack, Katharina},
  title     = {Neural Response Patterns During Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Predict Alcohol Relapse and Young Adult Drinking},
  series = {Biological psychiatry : a journal of psychiatric neuroscience and therapeutics ; a publication of the Society of Biological Psychiatry},
  volume    = {86},
  journal   = {Biological psychiatry : a journal of psychiatric neuroscience and therapeutics ; a publication of the Society of Biological Psychiatry},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0006-3223},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.06.028},
  pages     = {857 -- 863},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {BACKGROUND: Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) describes the influence of conditioned stimuli on instrumental behaviors and is discussed as a key process underlying substance abuse. Here, we tested whether neural responses during alcohol-related PIT predict future relapse in alcohol-dependent patients and future drinking behavior in adolescents. METHODS: Recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients (n = 52) and young adults without dependence (n = 136) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during an alcohol-related PIT paradigm, and their drinking behavior was assessed in a 12-month follow-up. To predict future drinking behavior from PIT activation patterns, we used a multivoxel classification scheme based on linear support vector machines. RESULTS: When training and testing the classification scheme in patients, PIT activation patterns predicted future relapse with 71.2\% accuracy. Feature selection revealed that classification was exclusively based on activation patterns in medial prefrontal cortex. To probe the generalizability of this functional magnetic resonance imaging-based prediction of future drinking behavior, we applied the support vector machine classifier that had been trained on patients to PIT functional magnetic resonance imaging data from adolescents. An analysis of cross-classification predictions revealed that those young social drinkers who were classified as abstainers showed a greater reduction in alcohol consumption at 12-month follow-up than those classified as relapsers (Delta = -24.4 +/- 6.0 g vs. -5.7 +/- 3.6 g; p = .019). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that neural responses during PIT could constitute a generalized prognostic marker for future drinking behavior in established alcohol use disorder and in at-risk states.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ObstSchadHuysetal.2018,
  author    = {Obst, Elisabeth and Schad, Daniel and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Nebe, Stephan and Sommer, Christian and Smolka, Michael N. and Zimmermann, Ulrich S.},
  title     = {Drunk decisions},
  series = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},
  volume    = {32},
  journal   = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0269-8811},
  doi       = {10.1177/0269881118772454},
  pages     = {855 -- 866},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: Studies in humans and animals suggest a shift from goal-directed to habitual decision-making in addiction. We therefore tested whether acute alcohol administration reduces goal-directed and promotes habitual decision-making, and whether these effects are moderated by self-reported drinking problems. Methods: Fifty-three socially drinking males completed the two-step task in a randomised crossover design while receiving an intravenous infusion of ethanol (blood alcohol level=80 mg\%), or placebo. To minimise potential bias by long-standing heavy drinking and subsequent neuropsychological impairment, we tested 18- to 19-year-old adolescents. Results: Alcohol administration consistently reduced habitual, model-free decisions, while its effects on goal-directed, model-based behaviour varied as a function of drinking problems measured with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. While adolescents with low risk for drinking problems (scoring <8) exhibited an alcohol-induced numerical reduction in goal-directed choices, intermediate-risk drinkers showed a shift away from habitual towards goal-directed decision-making, such that alcohol possibly even improved their performance. Conclusions: We assume that alcohol disrupted basic cognitive functions underlying habitual and goal-directed decisions in low-risk drinkers, thereby enhancing hasty choices. Further, we speculate that intermediate-risk drinkers benefited from alcohol as a negative reinforcer that reduced unpleasant emotional states, possibly displaying a novel risk factor for drinking in adolescence.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{XieJiaRollsetal.2021,
  author    = {Xie, Chao and Jia, Tianye and Rolls, Edmund T. and Robbins, Trevor W. and Sahakian, Barbara J. and Zhang, Jie and Liu, Zhaowen and Cheng, Wei and Luo, Qiang and Zac Lo, Chun-Yi and Schumann, Gunter and Feng, Jianfeng and Wang, He and Banaschewski, Tobias and Barker, Gareth J. and Bokde, Arun L.W. and B{\"u}chel, Christian and Quinlan, Erin Burke and Desrivi{\`e}res, Sylvane and Flor, Herta and Grigis, Antoine and Garavan, Hugh and Gowland, Penny and Heinz, Andreas and Hohmann, Sarah and Ittermann, Bernd and Martinot, Jean-Luc and Paill{\`e}re Martinot, Marie-Laure and Nees, Frauke and Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri and Paus, Tom{\´a}š and Poustka, Luise and Fr{\"o}hner, Juliane H. and Smolka, Michael N. and Walter, Henrik and Whelan, Robert},
  title     = {Reward versus nonreward sensitivity of the medial versus lateral orbitofrontal cortex relates to the severity of depressive symptoms},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-55788},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-557882},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {BACKGROUND: The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in depression. The hypothesis investigated was whether the OFC sensitivity to reward and nonreward is related to the severity of depressive symptoms. METHODS: Activations in the monetary incentive delay task were measured in the IMAGEN cohort at ages 14 years (n = 1877) and 19 years (n = 1140) with a longitudinal design. Clinically relevant subgroups were compared at ages 19 (high-severity group: n = 116; low-severity group: n = 206) and 14. RESULTS: The medial OFC exhibited graded activation increases to reward, and the lateral OFC had graded activation increases to nonreward. In this general population, the medial and lateral OFC activations were associated with concurrent depressive symptoms at both ages 14 and 19 years. In a stratified high-severity depressive symptom group versus control group comparison, the lateral OFC showed greater sensitivity for the magnitudes of activations related to nonreward in the high-severity group at age 19 (p = .027), and the medial OFC showed decreased sensitivity to the reward magnitudes in the high-severity group at both ages 14 (p = .002) and 19 (p = .002). In a longitudinal design, there was greater sensitivity to nonreward of the lateral OFC at age 14 for those who exhibited high depressive symptom severity later at age 19 (p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Activations in the lateral OFC relate to sensitivity to not winning, were associated with high depressive symptom scores, and at age 14 predicted the depressive symptoms at ages 16 and 19. Activations in the medial OFC were related to sensitivity to winning, and reduced reward sensitivity was associated with concurrent high depressive symptom scores.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{XieJiaRollsetal.2021,
  author    = {Xie, Chao and Jia, Tianye and Rolls, Edmund T. and Robbins, Trevor W. and Sahakian, Barbara J. and Zhang, Jie and Liu, Zhaowen and Cheng, Wei and Luo, Qiang and Zac Lo, Chun-Yi and Schumann, Gunter and Feng, Jianfeng and Wang, He and Banaschewski, Tobias and Barker, Gareth J. and Bokde, Arun L.W. and B{\"u}chel, Christian and Quinlan, Erin Burke and Desrivi{\`e}res, Sylvane and Flor, Herta and Grigis, Antoine and Garavan, Hugh and Gowland, Penny and Heinz, Andreas and Hohmann, Sarah and Ittermann, Bernd and Martinot, Jean-Luc and Paill{\`e}re Martinot, Marie-Laure and Nees, Frauke and Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri and Paus, Tom{\´a}š and Poustka, Luise and Fr{\"o}hner, Juliane H. and Smolka, Michael N. and Walter, Henrik and Whelan, Robert},
  title     = {Reward versus nonreward sensitivity of the medial versus lateral orbitofrontal cortex relates to the severity of depressive symptoms},
  series = {Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Elsevier Science},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0006-3223},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.017},
  pages     = {259 -- 269},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {BACKGROUND: The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in depression. The hypothesis investigated was whether the OFC sensitivity to reward and nonreward is related to the severity of depressive symptoms. METHODS: Activations in the monetary incentive delay task were measured in the IMAGEN cohort at ages 14 years (n = 1877) and 19 years (n = 1140) with a longitudinal design. Clinically relevant subgroups were compared at ages 19 (high-severity group: n = 116; low-severity group: n = 206) and 14. RESULTS: The medial OFC exhibited graded activation increases to reward, and the lateral OFC had graded activation increases to nonreward. In this general population, the medial and lateral OFC activations were associated with concurrent depressive symptoms at both ages 14 and 19 years. In a stratified high-severity depressive symptom group versus control group comparison, the lateral OFC showed greater sensitivity for the magnitudes of activations related to nonreward in the high-severity group at age 19 (p = .027), and the medial OFC showed decreased sensitivity to the reward magnitudes in the high-severity group at both ages 14 (p = .002) and 19 (p = .002). In a longitudinal design, there was greater sensitivity to nonreward of the lateral OFC at age 14 for those who exhibited high depressive symptom severity later at age 19 (p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Activations in the lateral OFC relate to sensitivity to not winning, were associated with high depressive symptom scores, and at age 14 predicted the depressive symptoms at ages 16 and 19. Activations in the medial OFC were related to sensitivity to winning, and reduced reward sensitivity was associated with concurrent high depressive symptom scores.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SommerGarbusowJuengeretal.2017,
  author    = {Sommer, C. and Garbusow, Maria and Juenger, E. and Pooseh, S. and Bernhardt, Nadine and Birkenstock, J. and Schad, Daniel and Jabs, B. and Gloeckler, T. and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Heinz, A. and Smolka, Michael N. and Zimmermann, Ulrich S.},
  title     = {Strong seduction: impulsivity and the impact of contextual cues on instrumental behavior in alcohol dependence},
  series = {Translational Psychiatry},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Translational Psychiatry},
  publisher = {Nature Publ. Group},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {2158-3188},
  doi       = {10.1038/tp.2017.158},
  pages     = {1209 -- 1222},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Alcohol-related cues acquire incentive salience through Pavlovian conditioning and then can markedly affect instrumental behavior of alcohol-dependent patients to promote relapse. However, it is unclear whether similar effects occur with alcohol-unrelated cues. We tested 116 early-abstinent alcohol-dependent patients and 91 healthy controls who completed a delay discounting task to assess choice impulsivity, and a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm employing both alcohol-unrelated and alcohol-related stimuli. To modify instrumental choice behavior, we tiled the background of the computer screen either with conditioned stimuli (CS) previously generated by pairing abstract pictures with pictures indicating monetary gains or losses, or with pictures displaying alcohol or water beverages. CS paired to money gains and losses affected instrumental choices differently. This PIT effect was significantly more pronounced in patients compared to controls, and the group difference was mainly driven by highly impulsive patients. The PIT effect was particularly strong in trials in which the instrumental stimulus required inhibition of instrumental response behavior and the background CS was associated to monetary gains. Under that condition, patients performed inappropriate approach behavior, contrary to their previously formed behavioral intention. Surprisingly, the effect of alcohol and water pictures as background stimuli resembled that of aversive and appetitive CS, respectively. These findings suggest that positively valenced background CS can provoke dysfunctional instrumental approach behavior in impulsive alcohol-dependent patients. Consequently, in real life they might be easily seduced by environmental cues to engage in actions thwarting their long-term goals. Such behaviors may include, but are not limited to, approaching alcohol.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{GarbusowEbrahimiRiemerschmidetal.2022,
  author    = {Garbusow, Maria and Ebrahimi, Claudia and Riemerschmid, Carlotta and Daldrup, Luisa and Rothkirch, Marcus and Chen, Ke and Chen, Hao and Belanger, Matthew J. and Hentschel, Angela and Smolka, Michael and Heinz, Andreas and Pilhatsch, Maximilan and Rapp, Michael A.},
  title     = {Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer across mental disorders},
  series = {Neuropsychobiology : international journal of experimental and clinical research in biological psychiatry, pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography},
  volume    = {81},
  journal   = {Neuropsychobiology : international journal of experimental and clinical research in biological psychiatry, pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Karger},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {0302-282X},
  doi       = {10.1159/000525579},
  pages     = {418 -- 437},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {A mechanism known as Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) describes a phenomenon by which the values of environmental cues acquired through Pavlovian conditioning can motivate instrumental behavior. PIT may be one basic mechanism of action control that can characterize mental disorders on a dimensional level beyond current classification systems. Therefore, we review human PIT studies investigating subclinical and clinical mental syndromes. The literature prevails an inhomogeneous picture concerning PIT. While enhanced PIT effects seem to be present in non-substance-related disorders, overweight people, and most studies with AUD patients, no altered PIT effects were reported in tobacco use disorder and obesity. Regarding AUD and relapsing alcohol-dependent patients, there is mixed evidence of enhanced or no PIT effects. Additionally, there is evidence for aberrant corticostriatal activation and genetic risk, e.g., in association with high-risk alcohol consumption and relapse after alcohol detoxification. In patients with anorexia nervosa, stronger PIT effects elicited by low caloric stimuli were associated with increased disease severity. In patients with depression, enhanced aversive PIT effects and a loss of action-specificity associated with poorer treatment outcomes were reported. Schizophrenic patients showed disrupted specific but intact general PIT effects. Patients with chronic back pain showed reduced PIT effects. We provide possible reasons to understand heterogeneity in PIT effects within and across mental disorders. Further, we strengthen the importance of reliable experimental tasks and provide test-retest data of a PIT task showing moderate to good reliability. Finally, we point toward stress as a possible underlying factor that may explain stronger PIT effects in mental disorders, as there is some evidence that stress per se interacts with the impact of environmental cues on behavior by selectively increasing cue-triggered wanting. To conclude, we discuss the results of the literature review in the light of Research Domain Criteria, suggesting future studies that comprehensively assess PIT across psychopathological dimensions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DeekenReichertZechetal.2022,
  author    = {Deeken, Friederike and Reichert, Markus and Zech, Hilmar and Wenzel, Julia and Wedemeyer, Friederike and Aguilera, Alvaro and Aslan, Acelya and Bach, Patrick and Bahr, Nadja Samia and Ebrahimi, Claudia and Fischbach, Pascale Christine and Ganz, Marvin and Garbusow, Maria and Großkopf, Charlotte M. and Heigert, Marie and Hentschel, Angela and Karl, Damian and Pelz, Patricia and Pinger, Mathieu and Riemerschmid, Carlotta and Rosenthal, Annika and Steffen, Johannes and Strehle, Jens and Weiss,, Franziska and Wieder, Gesine and Wieland, Alfred and Zaiser, Judith and Zimmermann, Sina and Walter, Henrik and Lenz, Bernd and Deserno, Lorenz and Smolka, Michael N. and Liu, Shuyan and Ebner-Priemer, Ulrich Walter and Heinz, Andreas and Rapp, Michael A.},
  title     = {Patterns of Alcohol Consumption Among Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdowns in Germany},
  series = {JAMA Network Open},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {JAMA Network Open},
  edition   = {8},
  publisher = {JAMA Network / American Medical Association},
  address   = {Chicago, Illinois, USA},
  issn      = {2574-3805},
  doi       = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.24641},
  pages     = {1 -- 11},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Importance Alcohol consumption (AC) leads to death and disability worldwide. Ongoing discussions on potential negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on AC need to be informed by real-world evidence. Objective To examine whether lockdown measures are associated with AC and consumption-related temporal and psychological within-person mechanisms. Design, Setting, and Participants This quantitative, intensive, longitudinal cohort study recruited 1743 participants from 3 sites from February 20, 2020, to February 28, 2021. Data were provided before and within the second lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: before lockdown (October 2 to November 1, 2020); light lockdown (November 2 to December 15, 2020); and hard lockdown (December 16, 2020, to February 28, 2021). Main Outcomes and Measures Daily ratings of AC (main outcome) captured during 3 lockdown phases (main variable) and temporal (weekends and holidays) and psychological (social isolation and drinking intention) correlates. Results Of the 1743 screened participants, 189 (119 [63.0\%] male; median [IQR] age, 37 [27.5-52.0] years) with at least 2 alcohol use disorder (AUD) criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) yet without the need for medically supervised alcohol withdrawal were included. These individuals provided 14 694 smartphone ratings from October 2020 through February 2021. Multilevel modeling revealed significantly higher AC (grams of alcohol per day) on weekend days vs weekdays (β = 11.39; 95\% CI, 10.00-12.77; P < .001). Alcohol consumption was above the overall average on Christmas (β = 26.82; 95\% CI, 21.87-31.77; P < .001) and New Year's Eve (β = 66.88; 95\% CI, 59.22-74.54; P < .001). During the hard lockdown, perceived social isolation was significantly higher (β = 0.12; 95\% CI, 0.06-0.15; P < .001), but AC was significantly lower (β = -5.45; 95\% CI, -8.00 to -2.90; P = .001). Independent of lockdown, intention to drink less alcohol was associated with lower AC (β = -11.10; 95\% CI, -13.63 to -8.58; P < .001). Notably, differences in AC between weekend and weekdays decreased both during the hard lockdown (β = -6.14; 95\% CI, -9.96 to -2.31; P = .002) and in participants with severe AUD (β = -6.26; 95\% CI, -10.18 to -2.34; P = .002). Conclusions and Relevance This 5-month cohort study found no immediate negative associations of lockdown measures with overall AC. Rather, weekend-weekday and holiday AC patterns exceeded lockdown effects. Differences in AC between weekend days and weekdays evinced that weekend drinking cycles decreased as a function of AUD severity and lockdown measures, indicating a potential mechanism of losing and regaining control. This finding suggests that temporal patterns and drinking intention constitute promising targets for prevention and intervention, even in high-risk individuals.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{HeinzKieferSmolkaetal.2020,
  author    = {Heinz, Andreas and Kiefer, Falk and Smolka, Michael N. and Endrass, Tanja and Beste, Christian and Beck, Anne and Liu, Shuyan and Genauck, Alexander and Romund, Lydia and Rapp, Michael A. and Tost, Heike and Spanagel, Rainer},
  title     = {Addiction research consortium: losing and regaining control over drug intake (ReCoDe) - from trajectories to mechanisms and interventions},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-52597},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-525972},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {One of the major risk factors for global death and disability is alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use. While there is increasing knowledge with respect to individual factors promoting the initiation and maintenance of substance use disorders (SUDs), disease trajectories involved in losing and regaining control over drug intake (ReCoDe) are still not well described. Our newly formed German Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) on ReCoDe has an interdisciplinary approach funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) with a 12-year perspective. The main goals of our research consortium are (i) to identify triggers and modifying factors that longitudinally modulate the trajectories of losing and regaining control over drug consumption in real life, (ii) to study underlying behavioral, cognitive, and neurobiological mechanisms, and (iii) to implicate mechanism-based interventions. These goals will be achieved by: (i) using mobile health (m-health) tools to longitudinally monitor the effects of triggers (drug cues, stressors, and priming doses) and modify factors (eg, age, gender, physical activity, and cognitive control) on drug consumption patterns in real-life conditions and in animal models of addiction; (ii) the identification and computational modeling of key mechanisms mediating the effects of such triggers and modifying factors on goal-directed, habitual, and compulsive aspects of behavior from human studies and animal models; and (iii) developing and testing interventions that specifically target the underlying mechanisms for regaining control over drug intake.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GarbusowNebeSommeretal.2019,
  author    = {Garbusow, Maria and Nebe, Stephan and Sommer, Christian and Kuitunen-Paul, S{\"o}ren and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Schad, Daniel and Friedel, Eva and Veer, Ilya M. and Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich and Rapp, Michael A. and Ripke, Stephan and Walter, Henrik and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Smolka, Michael N. and Heinz, Andreas},
  title     = {Pavlovian-To-Instrumental Transfer and Alcohol Consumption in Young Male Social Drinkers},
  series = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2077-0383},
  doi       = {10.3390/jcm8081188},
  pages     = {14},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In animals and humans, behavior can be influenced by irrelevant stimuli, a phenomenon called Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT). In subjects with substance use disorder, PIT is even enhanced with functional activation in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and amygdala. While we observed enhanced behavioral and neural PIT effects in alcohol-dependent subjects, we here aimed to determine whether behavioral PIT is enhanced in young men with high-risk compared to low-risk drinking and subsequently related functional activation in an a-priori region of interest encompassing the NAcc and amygdala and related to polygenic risk for alcohol consumption. A representative sample of 18-year old men (n = 1937) was contacted: 445 were screened, 209 assessed: resulting in 191 valid behavioral, 139 imaging and 157 genetic datasets. None of the subjects fulfilled criteria for alcohol dependence according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TextRevision (DSM-IV-TR). We measured how instrumental responding for rewards was influenced by background Pavlovian conditioned stimuli predicting action-independent rewards and losses. Behavioral PIT was enhanced in high-compared to low-risk drinkers (b = 0.09, SE = 0.03, z = 2.7, p < 0.009). Across all subjects, we observed PIT-related neural blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal in the right amygdala (t = 3.25, p(SVC) = 0.04, x = 26, y = -6, z = -12), but not in NAcc. The strength of the behavioral PIT effect was positively correlated with polygenic risk for alcohol consumption (r(s) = 0.17, p = 0.032). We conclude that behavioral PIT and polygenic risk for alcohol consumption might be a biomarker for a subclinical phenotype of risky alcohol consumption, even if no drug-related stimulus is present. The association between behavioral PIT effects and the amygdala might point to habitual processes related to out PIT task. In non-dependent young social drinkers, the amygdala rather than the NAcc is activated during PIT; possible different involvement in association with disease trajectory should be investigated in future studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KaminskiSchlagenhaufRappetal.2018,
  author    = {Kaminski, Jakob A. and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Rapp, Michael A. and Awasthi, Swapnil and Ruggeri, Barbara and Deserno, Lorenz and Banaschewski, Tobias and Bokde, Arun L. W. and Bromberg, Uli and B{\"u}chel, Christian and Quinlan, Erin Burke and Desrivi{\`e}res, Sylvane and Flor, Herta and Frouin, Vincent and Garavan, Hugh and Gowland, Penny and Ittermann, Bernd and Martinot, Jean-Luc and Paill{\`e}re Martinot, Marie-Laure and Nees, Frauke and Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri and Paus, Tom{\´a}š and Poustka, Luise and Smolka, Michael N. and Fr{\"o}hner, Juliane H. and Walter, Henrik and Whelan, Robert and Ripke, Stephan and Schumann, Gunter and Heinz, Andreas},
  title     = {Epigenetic variance in dopamine D2 receptor},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {950},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42568},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-425687},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Genetic and environmental factors both contribute to cognitive test performance. A substantial increase in average intelligence test results in the second half of the previous century within one generation is unlikely to be explained by genetic changes. One possible explanation for the strong malleability of cognitive performance measure is that environmental factors modify gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic factors may help to understand the recent observations of an association between dopamine-dependent encoding of reward prediction errors and cognitive capacity, which was modulated by adverse life events. The possible manifestation of malleable biomarkers contributing to variance in cognitive test performance, and thus possibly contributing to the "missing heritability" between estimates from twin studies and variance explained by genetic markers, is still unclear. Here we show in 1475 healthy adolescents from the IMaging and GENetics (IMAGEN) sample that general IQ (gIQ) is associated with (1) polygenic scores for intelligence, (2) epigenetic modification of DRD2 gene, (3) gray matter density in striatum, and (4) functional striatal activation elicited by temporarily surprising reward-predicting cues. Comparing the relative importance for the prediction of gIQ in an overlapping subsample, our results demonstrate neurobiological correlates of the malleability of gIQ and point to equal importance of genetic variance, epigenetic modification of DRD2 receptor gene, as well as functional striatal activation, known to influence dopamine neurotransmission. Peripheral epigenetic markers are in need of confirmation in the central nervous system and should be tested in longitudinal settings specifically assessing individual and environmental factors that modify epigenetic structure.},
  language  = {en}
}