@article{MikatFrancoRegensteinetal.2000, author = {Mikat, J{\"u}rgen E. R. and Franco, Olga and Regenstein, Wolfgang and Reck, G{\"u}nter and Knochenhauer, Gerald and Schulz, Burkhard and Orgzall, Ingo}, title = {1,3,4-oxadiazole crystals under high pressure-phase transitions and properties}, year = {2000}, language = {en} } @article{SarauliPetersXuetal.2014, author = {Sarauli, David and Peters, Kristina and Xu, Chenggang and Schulz, Burkhard and Fattakhova-Rohlfing, Dina and Lisdat, Fred}, title = {3D-Electrode architectures for enhanced direct bioelectrocatalysis of pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase}, series = {ACS applied materials \& interfaces}, volume = {6}, journal = {ACS applied materials \& interfaces}, number = {20}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, address = {Washington}, issn = {1944-8244}, doi = {10.1021/am5046026}, pages = {17887 -- 17893}, year = {2014}, abstract = {We report on the fabrication of a complex electrode architecture for efficient direct bioelectrocatalysis. In the developed procedure, the redox enzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase entrapped in a sulfonated polyaniline [poly(2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid)-co-aniline] was immobilized on macroporous indium tin oxide (macroITO) electrodes. The use of the 3D-conducting scaffold with a large surface area in combination with the conductive polymer enables immobilization of large amounts of enzyme and its efficient communication with the electrode, leading to enhanced direct bioelectrocatalysis. In the presence of glucose, the fabricated bioelectrodes show an exceptionally high direct bioelectrocatalytical response without any additional mediator. The catalytic current is increased more than 200-fold compared to planar ITO electrodes. Together with a high long-term stability (the current response is maintained for >90\% of the initial value even after 2 weeks of storage), the transparent 3D macroITO structure with a conductive polymer represents a valuable basis for the construction of highly efficient bioelectronic units, which are useful as indicators for processes liberating glucose and allowing optical and electrochemical transduction.}, language = {en} } @misc{SarauliXuDietzeletal.2014, author = {Sarauli, David and Xu, Chenggang and Dietzel, Birgit and Schulz, Burkhard and Lisdat, Fred}, title = {A multilayered sulfonated polyaniline network with entrapped pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-98744}, year = {2014}, abstract = {A feasible approach to construct multilayer films of sulfonated polyanilines - PMSA1 and PABMSA1 - containing different ratios of aniline, 2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid (MAS) and 3-aminobenzoic acid (AB), with the entrapped redox enzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) on Au and ITO electrode surfaces, is described. The formation of layers has been followed and confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which demonstrates that the multilayer assembly can be achieved in a progressive and uniform manner. The gold and ITO electrodes subsequently modified with PMSA1:PQQ-GDH and PABMSA1 films are studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-Vis spectroscopy which show a significant direct bioelectrocatalytical response to the oxidation of the substrate glucose without any additional mediator. This response correlates linearly with the number of deposited layers. Furthermore, the constructed polymer/enzyme multilayer system exhibits a rather good long-term stability, since the catalytic current response is maintained for more than 60\% of the initial value even after two weeks of storage. This verifies that a productive interaction of the enzyme embedded in the film of substituted polyaniline can be used as a basis for the construction of bioelectronic units, which are useful as indicators for processes liberating glucose and allowing optical and electrochemical transduction.}, language = {en} } @article{SarauliXuDietzeletal.2014, author = {Sarauli, David and Xu, Chenggang and Dietzel, Birgit and Schulz, Burkhard and Lisdat, Fred}, title = {A multilayered sulfonated polyaniline network with entrapped pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase: tunable direct bioelectrocatalysis}, series = {Journal of materials chemistry : B, Materials for biology and medicine}, volume = {2}, journal = {Journal of materials chemistry : B, Materials for biology and medicine}, number = {21}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {2050-750X}, doi = {10.1039/c4tb00336e}, pages = {3196 -- 3203}, year = {2014}, abstract = {A feasible approach to construct multilayer films of sulfonated polyanilines - PMSA1 and PABMSA1 containing different ratios of aniline, 2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid (MAS) and 3-aminobenzoic acid (AB), with the entrapped redox enzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) on Au and ITO electrode surfaces, is described. The formation of layers has been followed and confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which demonstrates that the multilayer assembly can be achieved in a progressive and uniform manner. The gold and ITO electrodes subsequently modified with PMSA1:PQQ-GDH and PABMSA1 films are studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-Vis spectroscopy which show a significant direct bioelectrocatalytical response to the oxidation of the substrate glucose without any additional mediator. This response correlates linearly with the number of deposited layers. Furthermore, the constructed polymer/enzyme multilayer system exhibits a rather good long-term stability, since the catalytic current response is maintained for more than 60\% of the initial value even after two weeks of storage. This verifies that a productive interaction of the enzyme embedded in the film of substituted polyaniline can be used as a basis for the construction of bioelectronic units, which are useful as indicators for processes liberating glucose and allowing optical and electrochemical transduction.}, language = {en} } @article{RottkeSchulzRichauetal.2016, author = {Rottke, Falko O. and Schulz, Burkhard and Richau, Klaus and Kratz, Karl and Lendlein, Andreas}, title = {An ellipsometric approach towards the description of inhomogeneous polymer-based Langmuir layers}, series = {Beilstein journal of nanotechnology}, volume = {7}, journal = {Beilstein journal of nanotechnology}, publisher = {Beilstein-Institut zur F{\~A}\Prderung der Chemischen Wissenschaften}, address = {Frankfurt, Main}, issn = {2190-4286}, doi = {10.3762/bjnano.7.107}, pages = {1156 -- 1165}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The applicability of nulling-based ellipsometric mapping as a complementary method next to Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) and imaging ellipsometry (IE) is presented for the characterization of ultrathin films at the air-water interface. First, the methodology is demonstrated for a vertically nonmoving Langmuir layer of star-shaped, 4-arm poly(omega-pentadecalactone) (PPDL-D4). Using nulling-based ellipsometric mapping, PPDL-D4-based inhomogeneously structured morphologies with a vertical dimension in the lower nm range could be mapped. In addition to the identification of these structures, the differentiation between a monolayer and bare water was possible. Second, the potential and limitations of this method were verified by applying it to more versatile Langmuir layers of telechelic poly[(rac-lactide)-co-glycolide]-diol (PLGA). All ellipsometric maps were converted into thickness maps by introduction of the refractive index that was derived from independent ellipsometric experiments, and the result was additionally evaluated in terms of the root mean square roughness, R-q. Thereby, a three-dimensional view into the layers was enabled and morphological inhomogeneity could be quantified.}, language = {en} } @article{BauerSchulzBrehmeretal.1995, author = {Bauer, J. and Schulz, Burkhard and Brehmer, Ludwig and B{\"o}tcher, M. and Jagdhold, U. and H{\"o}ppner, K. and Kulesch, A. and Dietzel, Birgit}, title = {Anwendung von Langmuir-Blodgett-Schichten als Resist f{\"u}r die Niederspannungs-Elektronenstrahl-Lithografie}, year = {1995}, language = {de} } @article{SchulzBrumaBrehmer1997, author = {Schulz, Burkhard and Bruma, Maria and Brehmer, Ludwig}, title = {Aromatic poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s as advanced materials}, year = {1997}, abstract = {Poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s have been the focus of considerable interest with regard to the- production of high- performance materials, particularly owing to their high thermal stability in oxidative atmosphere and specific properties determined by the structure of 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring, which, from the spectral and electronic points of view, is similar to a p-phenylene structure.[1] Besides their excellent resistance to high temperature, polyoxadiazoles have many desirable characteristics, such as good hydrolytic stability, high glass transition temperatures, low dielectric constants, and tough mechanical properties. Some polyoxadiazoles have semiconductive properties, other structures can be electrochemically doped and thus made conductive, and other have liquid-crystalline properties, which make them very attractive for a wide range of high-performance applications. They exhibit excellent fiber- and film-forming capabilities, thus being considered for use as heat-resistant reinforcing fibers for advanced composite materials, highly resistant fabrics for the filtration of hot gases, special membranes for gas separation or reverse osmosis, precursors for highly oriented graphite fibers, films, and blocks to be used in the construction of electronic instruments based on X-rays, neutron beams, or a-particles, or in the construction of nuclear reactor walls. Since they were first reported in 1961,[2] a wide variety of polymers containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole rings have been synthesized, and their preparation, characterization, and physico-mechanical properties have been periodically reviewed .[3-8] This article will present a general overview of this class of polymers and will refer to the work carried out by different researchers in the last ten years with the emphasis on the potential uses of such polymers as advanced materials.}, language = {en} } @article{BrumaSchulzKoepnicketal.1998, author = {Bruma, Maria and Schulz, Burkhard and K{\"o}pnick, Thomas and Stiller, Burkhard and Hamciuc, Elena and Mercer, Frank W. and Cassidy, Peter}, title = {Aromatic polyamides with hexafluoroisopropylidene groups and study of the thin}, year = {1998}, language = {en} } @article{SchulzDietzelOrgzalletal.2009, author = {Schulz, Burkhard and Dietzel, Birgit and Orgzall, Ingo and Diez, Isabel and Xu, Chenggang}, title = {Aspects of morphology control during the oxidative synthesis of electrically conducting polymers}, issn = {0954-0083}, doi = {10.1177/0954008309339933}, year = {2009}, abstract = {The formation of micro- and nanostructures during the oxidative polymerization of polypyrrole and polyaniline is investigated using different sulfonic acid dopants. Rod- or tube-like structures are found in polypyrrole as well as in polyaniline without addition of further compounds to the initial reaction mixture of monomer, dopant and oxidant. In these cases, always a crystalline precursor complex composed of a dopand molecule and the pure monomer (aniline) or a trimeric moiety (pyrrole) serves as in-situ template. In most cases the surface of the growing polymer is covered by secondary structures with much smaller sizes so that a hierarchical order of structures at different length scales results. Corresponding model considerations for the polymerization process are outlined. Additionally, unusual structures like platelets, frames, rings, or ribbons are observed in the polypyrrole synthesis in the presence of fluorosurfactants.}, language = {en} } @article{SchulzStillerZetzscheetal.1995, author = {Schulz, Burkhard and Stiller, Burkhard and Zetzsche, Thomas and Knochenhauer, Gerald and Dietel, Reinhard and Brehmer, Ludwig}, title = {Characterization of 2,5-di(p-tolyl-1,3,4- oxadiazole) crystals by IR-spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy}, year = {1995}, language = {en} }