@article{JetzschmannJagerszkiDechtriratetal.2015, author = {Jetzschmann, Katharina J. and Jagerszki, Gyula and Dechtrirat, Decha and Yarman, Aysu and Gajovic-Eichelmann, Nenad and Gilsing, Hans-Detlev and Schulz, Burkhard and Gyurcsanyi, Robert E. and Scheller, Frieder W.}, title = {Vectorially Imprinted Hybrid Nanofilm for Acetylcholinesterase Recognition}, series = {Advanced functional materials}, volume = {25}, journal = {Advanced functional materials}, number = {32}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH}, address = {Weinheim}, issn = {1616-301X}, doi = {10.1002/adfm.201501900}, pages = {5178 -- 5183}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Effective recognition of enzymatically active tetrameric acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is accomplished by a hybrid nanofilm composed of a propidium-terminated self-assembled monolayer (Prop-SAM) which binds AChE via its peripheral anionic site (PAS) and an ultrathin electrosynthesized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) cover layer of a novel carboxylate-modified derivative of 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene. The rebinding of the AChE to the MIP/Prop-SAM nanofilm covered electrode is detected by measuring in situ the enzymatic activity. The oxidative current of the released thiocholine is dependent on the AChE concentration from approximate to 0.04 x 10(-6) to 0.4 x 10(-6)m. An imprinting factor of 9.9 is obtained for the hybrid MIP, which is among the best values reported for protein imprinting. The dissociation constant characterizing the strength of the MIP-AChE binding is 4.2 x 10(-7)m indicating the dominant role of the PAS-Prop-SAM interaction, while the benefit of the MIP nanofilm covering the Prop-SAM layer is the effective suppression of the cross-reactivity toward competing proteins as compared with the Prop-SAM. The threefold selectivity gain provided by i) the shape-specific MIP filter, ii) the propidium-SAM, iii) signal generation only by the AChE bound to the nanofilm shows promise for assessing AChE activity levels in cerebrospinal fluid.}, language = {en} } @article{ReicheFreydankHelmsetal.1999, author = {Reiche, J{\"u}rgen and Freydank, Anke-Christine and Helms, Andreas and Geue, Thomas and Schulz, Burkhard and Brehmer, Ludwig and Stiller, Burkhard and Knochenhauer, Gerald}, title = {Vacuum deposition films of oxadiazole compounds : formation and structure investigation}, year = {1999}, abstract = {The search for alternative routes of organic thin film formation is stimulated by the outstanding properties of these films in such fields as nonlinear optics, photonic data processing and molecular electronics. The formation of highly ordered multilayer structures by thermal vacuum deposition (VD) of organic compounds is an essential step toward the application of supramolecular organic architectures in technical systems. The VD of an amphiphilic substituted 2,5- diphenylene-1,3,4-oxadiazole 1 onto silicon substrates at defined temperature was used for the formation of ultrathin films. The structural data obtained for the VD-films of oxadiazole 1 by means of X-ray reflectivity, X-ray grazing incidence diffraction and atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigations indicate the formation of well ordered oxadiazole multilayers. The structure of the VD-multilayers is compared with that of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films and thermally treated LB-multilayers prepared from the same compound.}, language = {en} } @article{DiezTauerSchulz2006, author = {Diez, Isabel and Tauer, Klaus and Schulz, Burkhard}, title = {Unusual polymer dispersions-polypyrrole suspensions made of rings, frames, and platelets}, series = {Colloid and polymer science : official journal of the Kolloid-Gesellschaft}, volume = {284}, journal = {Colloid and polymer science : official journal of the Kolloid-Gesellschaft}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, issn = {0303-402X}, doi = {10.1007/s00396-006-1521-8}, pages = {1431 -- 1442}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Experimental results show that the polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of beta-naphthalenesulfonic acid and different fluorosurfactants like perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctyldiethanolamide, and ammonium perfluorooctanoate leads to polypyrrole with special morphologies, such as rings or disks and rectangular frames or plates. The formation of these unusually shaped particles of polymer dispersions is explained by the chemical and colloidal peculiarities of the oxidative pyrrole polymerization with ammonium peroxodisulfate in aqueous medium.}, language = {en} } @article{SchuermannKochImperiaetal.1999, author = {Sch{\"u}rmann, H. and Koch, Norbert and Imperia, Paolo and Schrader, Sigurd and Jandke, M. and Strohriegl, P. and Schulz, Burkhard and Leising, G. and Brehmer, Ludwig}, title = {Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopic study of heterocyclic model compounds for electroluminescent devices}, year = {1999}, language = {en} } @article{SarauliXuDietzeletal.2012, author = {Sarauli, David and Xu, Chenggang and Dietzel, Birgit and Stiba, Konstanze and Leimk{\"u}hler, Silke and Schulz, Burkhard and Lisdat, Fred}, title = {Thin films of substituted polyanilines interactions with biomolecular systems}, series = {Soft matter}, volume = {8}, journal = {Soft matter}, number = {14}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {1744-683X}, doi = {10.1039/c2sm07261k}, pages = {3848 -- 3855}, year = {2012}, abstract = {We use substituted polyanilines for the construction of new polymer electrodes for interaction studies with the redox protein cytochrome c (cyt c) and the enzyme sulfite oxidase (SO). For these purposes four different polyaniline copolymers are chemically synthesized. Three of them are copolymers, containing 2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid with variable ratios of aniline; the fourth copolymer consists of 3-amino-benzoic acid and aniline. The results show that all polymers are suitable for being immobilized as thin stable films on gold wire and indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode surfaces from DMSO solution. This can be demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry and UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements. Moreover, cyt c can be electrochemically detected not only in solution, but also immobilized on top of the polymer films. Furthermore, the appearance of a significant catalytic current has been demonstrated for the sulfonated polyanilines, when the polymer-coated protein electrode is being measured upon addition of sulfite oxidase, confirming the establishment of a bioanalytical signal chain. Best results have been obtained for the polymer with highest sulfonation grade. The redox switching of the polymer by the enzymatic reaction can also be analyzed by following the spectral properties of the polymer electrode.}, language = {en} } @article{OkatovaAndreevaSchulz1996, author = {Okatova, Olga V. and Andreeva, Katharina A. and Schulz, Burkhard}, title = {Thermal hydrolytic degradation of polyoxadiazole derivatives}, year = {1996}, language = {en} } @article{BanksNishiyamaHasebeetal.2011, author = {Banks, Jo Ann and Nishiyama, Tomoaki and Hasebe, Mitsuyasu and Bowman, John L. and Gribskov, Michael and dePamphilis, Claude and Albert, Victor A. and Aono, Naoki and Aoyama, Tsuyoshi and Ambrose, Barbara A. and Ashton, Neil W. and Axtell, Michael J. and Barker, Elizabeth and Barker, Michael S. and Bennetzen, Jeffrey L. and Bonawitz, Nicholas D. and Chapple, Clint and Cheng, Chaoyang and Correa, Luiz Gustavo Guedes and Dacre, Michael and DeBarry, Jeremy and Dreyer, Ingo and Elias, Marek and Engstrom, Eric M. and Estelle, Mark and Feng, Liang and Finet, Cedric and Floyd, Sandra K. and Frommer, Wolf B. and Fujita, Tomomichi and Gramzow, Lydia and Gutensohn, Michael and Harholt, Jesper and Hattori, Mitsuru and Heyl, Alexander and Hirai, Tadayoshi and Hiwatashi, Yuji and Ishikawa, Masaki and Iwata, Mineko and Karol, Kenneth G. and Koehler, Barbara and Kolukisaoglu, Uener and Kubo, Minoru and Kurata, Tetsuya and Lalonde, Sylvie and Li, Kejie and Li, Ying and Litt, Amy and Lyons, Eric and Manning, Gerard and Maruyama, Takeshi and Michael, Todd P. and Mikami, Koji and Miyazaki, Saori and Morinaga, Shin-ichi and Murata, Takashi and M{\"u}ller-R{\"o}ber, Bernd and Nelson, David R. and Obara, Mari and Oguri, Yasuko and Olmstead, Richard G. and Onodera, Naoko and Petersen, Bent Larsen and Pils, Birgit and Prigge, Michael and Rensing, Stefan A. and Mauricio Riano-Pachon, Diego and Roberts, Alison W. and Sato, Yoshikatsu and Scheller, Henrik Vibe and Schulz, Burkhard and Schulz, Christian and Shakirov, Eugene V. and Shibagaki, Nakako and Shinohara, Naoki and Shippen, Dorothy E. and Sorensen, Iben and Sotooka, Ryo and Sugimoto, Nagisa and Sugita, Mamoru and Sumikawa, Naomi and Tanurdzic, Milos and Theissen, Guenter and Ulvskov, Peter and Wakazuki, Sachiko and Weng, Jing-Ke and Willats, William W. G. T. and Wipf, Daniel and Wolf, Paul G. and Yang, Lixing and Zimmer, Andreas D. and Zhu, Qihui and Mitros, Therese and Hellsten, Uffe and Loque, Dominique and Otillar, Robert and Salamov, Asaf and Schmutz, Jeremy and Shapiro, Harris and Lindquist, Erika and Lucas, Susan and Rokhsar, Daniel and Grigoriev, Igor V.}, title = {The selaginella genome identifies genetic changes associated with the evolution of vascular plants}, series = {Science}, volume = {332}, journal = {Science}, number = {6032}, publisher = {American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0036-8075}, doi = {10.1126/science.1203810}, pages = {960 -- 963}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Vascular plants appeared similar to 410 million years ago, then diverged into several lineages of which only two survive: the euphyllophytes (ferns and seed plants) and the lycophytes. We report here the genome sequence of the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii (Selaginella), the first nonseed vascular plant genome reported. By comparing gene content in evolutionarily diverse taxa, we found that the transition from a gametophyte- to a sporophyte-dominated life cycle required far fewer new genes than the transition from a nonseed vascular to a flowering plant, whereas secondary metabolic genes expanded extensively and in parallel in the lycophyte and angiosperm lineages. Selaginella differs in posttranscriptional gene regulation, including small RNA regulation of repetitive elements, an absence of the trans-acting small interfering RNA pathway, and extensive RNA editing of organellar genes.}, language = {en} } @article{SchoeneKratzSchulzetal.2016, author = {Sch{\"o}ne, Anne-Christin and Kratz, Karl and Schulz, Burkhard and Lendlein, Andreas}, title = {The relevance of hydrophobic segments in multiblock copolyesterurethanes for their enzymatic degradation at the air-water interface}, series = {Polymer : the international journal for the science and technology of polymers}, volume = {102}, journal = {Polymer : the international journal for the science and technology of polymers}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0032-3861}, doi = {10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.001}, pages = {92 -- 98}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The interplay of an enzyme with a multiblock copolymer PDLCL containing two segments of different hydrophilicity and degradability is explored in thin films at the air-water interface. The enzymatic degradation was studied in homogenous Langmuir monolayers, which are formed when containing more than 40 wt\% oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (OCL). Enzymatic degradation rates were significantly reduced with increasing content of hydrophobic oligo(omega-pentadecalactone) (OPDL). The apparent deceleration of the enzymatic process is caused by smaller portion of water-soluble degradation fragments formed from degradable OCL fragments. Beside the film degradation, a second competing process occurs after adding lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia into the subphase, namely the enrichment of the lipase molecules in the polymeric monolayer. The incorporation of the lipase into the Langmuir film is experimentally revealed by concurrent surface area enlargement and by Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). Aside from the ability to provide information about the degradation behavior of polymers, the Langmuir monolayer degradation (LMD) approach enables to investigate polymer-enzyme interactions for non-degradable polymers. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @article{MachatschekSchulzLendlein2018, author = {Machatschek, Rainhard Gabriel and Schulz, Burkhard and Lendlein, Andreas}, title = {The influence of pH on the molecular degradation mechanism of PLGA}, series = {MRS Advances}, volume = {3}, journal = {MRS Advances}, number = {63}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, address = {New York}, issn = {2059-8521}, doi = {10.1557/adv.2018.602}, pages = {3883 -- 3889}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Poly[(rac-lactide)-co-glycolide] (PLGA) is used in medicine to provide mechanical support for healing tissue or as matrix for controlled drug release. The properties of this copolymer depend on the evolution of the molecular weight of the material during degradation. which is determined by the kinetics of the cleavage of hydrolysable bonds. The generally accepted description of the degradation of PLGA is a random fragmentation that is autocatalyzed by the accumulation of acidic fragments inside the bulk material. Since mechanistic studies with lactide oligomers have concluded a chain-end scission mechanism and monolayer degradation experiments with polylactide found no accelerated degradation at lower pH, we hypothesize that the impact of acidic fragments on the molecular degradation kinetics of PLGA is overestimated By means of the Langmuir monolayer degradation technique. the molecular degradation kinetics of PLGA at different pH could be determined. Protons did not catalyze the degradation of PLGA. The molecular mechanism at neutral pH and low pH is a combination of random and chainend-cut events, while the degradation under strongly alkaline conditions is determined by rapid chainend cuts. We suggest that the degradation of bulk PLGA is not catalyzed by the acidic degradation products. Instead. increased concentration of small fragments leads to accelerated mass loss via fast chain-end cut events. In the future, we aim to substantiate the proposed molecular degradation mechanism of PLGA with interfacial rheology.}, language = {en} } @article{SchulzOrgzallDiezetal.2010, author = {Schulz, Burkhard and Orgzall, Ingo and Diez, Isabel and Dietzel, Birgit and Tauer, Klaus}, title = {Template mediated formation of shaped polypyrrole particles}, issn = {0927-7757}, doi = {10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.11.034}, year = {2010}, abstract = {The formation of different micro- and nanostructures during the chemical synthesis of polypyrrole is reviewed shortly based on the conceptions of hard- and soft-templating models. Contrary to other models that emphasize the role of micelles it is found here that during the oxidative polymerization of pyrole using sulfonic acid dopants a crystalline hard template is found in the first steps of the reaction before the addition of the oxidant. This template is formed by a complex consisting of 2,5-bis(pyrrole-2-yl)pyrrolidine and the sulfonic acid anion. The acid catalyzed formation of this specific tripyrrole is discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} }