@article{EmmerlingOrgzallRecketal.2006,
  author    = {Emmerling, Franziska and Orgzall, Ingo and Reck, G{\"u}nter and Schulz, Burkhard W. and Stockhause, Sabine and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Structures of substituted di-aryl-1, 3,4-oxadiazole derivatives: 2,5-bis(pyridyl)- and 2,5-bis(aminophenyl)-substitution},
  series = {Journal of molecular structure},
  volume    = {800},
  journal   = {Journal of molecular structure},
  number    = {1-3},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0022-2860},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.03.076},
  pages     = {74 -- 84},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Crystal structures of four different di-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds (aryl = 2-pyridyl-, 3-pyridyl-, 2-aminophenyl-, 3-aminophenyl-) are determined. Crystallization of di(2-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole yielded monoclinic and triclinic polymorphs. The structures are characterized by the occurrence of pi-pi interactions. Additionally, in case of the aminophenyl compounds intra- as well as intermolecular hydrogen bonds are found that influence the packing motif as well. Since these molecules are often used as ligands in metal-organic complexes similarities and differences of the molecular conformation between the molecules in the pure crystals and that of the ligands in the complexes are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DiezTauerSchulz2006,
  author    = {Diez, Isabel and Tauer, Klaus and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Unusual polymer dispersions-polypyrrole suspensions made of rings, frames, and platelets},
  series = {Colloid and polymer science : official journal of the Kolloid-Gesellschaft},
  volume    = {284},
  journal   = {Colloid and polymer science : official journal of the Kolloid-Gesellschaft},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0303-402X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00396-006-1521-8},
  pages     = {1431 -- 1442},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Experimental results show that the polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of beta-naphthalenesulfonic acid and different fluorosurfactants like perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctyldiethanolamide, and ammonium perfluorooctanoate leads to polypyrrole with special morphologies, such as rings or disks and rectangular frames or plates. The formation of these unusually shaped particles of polymer dispersions is explained by the chemical and colloidal peculiarities of the oxidative pyrrole polymerization with ammonium peroxodisulfate in aqueous medium.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MikatFrancoRegensteinetal.2000,
  author    = {Mikat, J{\"u}rgen E. R. and Franco, Olga and Regenstein, Wolfgang and Reck, G{\"u}nter and Knochenhauer, Gerald and Schulz, Burkhard and Orgzall, Ingo},
  title     = {1,3,4-oxadiazole crystals under high pressure-phase transitions and properties},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FrancoOrgzallRegensteinetal.2006,
  author    = {Franco, Olga and Orgzall, Ingo and Regenstein, Wolfgang and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Structural and spectroscopical study of a 2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole polymorph under compression},
  issn      = {0953-8984},
  doi       = {10.1088/0953-8984/18/4/029},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {The x-ray pattern and the Raman and luminescence spectra of crystalline 2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole in one of its polymorphic forms (DPO II) have been investigated under pressure up to 5 GPa. The behaviour of the lattice parameters under compression was determined and it was found that the Murnaghan equation of state provides a good description of the volume-pressure relationship of DPO II. The values for the bulk modulus and its pressure derivative are K-0 = 8.6 GPa and K-0' = 7.2. The analysis of the Raman spectrum under compression clearly shows the pressure- induced shift of the Raman modes to higher frequencies. The mode Gruneisen parameters for the lattice modes were determined. Additionally, it was found that the emission spectrum of DPO II moves to lower energies and that the luminescence intensity decreases when pressure is applied},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchulzOrgzallDiezetal.2010,
  author    = {Schulz, Burkhard and Orgzall, Ingo and Diez, Isabel and Dietzel, Birgit and Tauer, Klaus},
  title     = {Template mediated formation of shaped polypyrrole particles},
  issn      = {0927-7757},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.11.034},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The formation of different micro- and nanostructures during the chemical synthesis of polypyrrole is reviewed shortly based on the conceptions of hard- and soft-templating models. Contrary to other models that emphasize the role of micelles it is found here that during the oxidative polymerization of pyrole using sulfonic acid dopants a crystalline hard template is found in the first steps of the reaction before the addition of the oxidant. This template is formed by a complex consisting of 2,5-bis(pyrrole-2-yl)pyrrolidine and the sulfonic acid anion. The acid catalyzed formation of this specific tripyrrole is discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KarageorgievNeherSchulzetal.2005,
  author    = {Karageorgiev, Peter and Neher, Dieter and Schulz, Burkhard and Stiller, Burkhard and Pietsch, Ullrich and Giersig, Michael and Brehmer, Ludwig},
  title     = {From anisotropic photo-fluidity towards nanomanipulation in the optical near-field},
  issn      = {1476-1122},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {An increase in random molecular vibrations of a solid owing to heating above the melting point leads to a decrease in its long-range order and a loss of structural symmetry. Therefore conventional liquids are isotropic media. Here we report on a light-induced isothermal transition of a polymer film from an isotropic solid to an anisotropic liquid state in which the degree of mechanical anisotropy can be controlled by light. Whereas during irradiation by circular polarized light the film behaves as an isotropic viscoelastic fluid, it shows considerable fluidity only in the direction parallel to the light field vector under linear polarized light. The fluidization phenomenon is related to photoinduced motion of azobenzene-functionalized molecular units, which can be effectively activated only when their transition dipole moments are oriented close to the direction of the light polarization. We also describe here how the photofluidization allows nanoscopic elements of matter to be precisely manipulated},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SavaBrumaSchulzetal.2005,
  author    = {Sava, Ion and Bruma, Maria and Schulz, Burkhard and K{\"o}pnick, Thomas},
  title     = {Comparison of properties of silicon-containing poly(amide-imide)s},
  issn      = {0954-0083},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {New silicon-containing poly(amide-imide)s have been synthesized by direct polycondensation of various aromatic diamines with a dicarboxylic acid containing the dimethylsilylene group and preformed in-tide cycles. These polymers are easily soluble in polar amidic solvents such as N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) or dimethylformamide (DMF) and can be cast into thin flexible films or coatings from such solutions. They show high thermal stability, with initial decomposition temperature being above 400 C and glass transition temperature in the range of 220-270 degrees C. Very thin polymer films deposited by spincoating technique onto silicon wafers showed a smooth, pinhole-free surface in atomic force microscopy investigations},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{SchulzOrgzallFreydanketal.2005,
  author    = {Schulz, Burkhard and Orgzall, Ingo and Freydank, Anke-Christine and Chenggang, X{\"u}},
  title     = {Self-organization of substituted 1,3,4-oxadizazoles in the solid state and at surfaces},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Different aspects of the structure formation for a class of molecules containing the diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole fragment are discussed. Starting from the bulk state with the ideal crystal lattice and the derivation of some common packing motifs the formation of liquid-crystalline states are described. This leads to the consideration of structures found in Langmuir-Blodgett films and those obtained by organic molecular beam deposition. These structures may again be compared to those for the bulk crystalline state. Common features as well as characteristic differences due to peculiarities of the individual molecular structures are discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FrancoOrgzallRecketal.2005,
  author    = {Franco, Olga and Orgzall, Ingo and Reck, G{\"u}nter and Stockhause, Sabine and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Structure and high-pressure behavior of 2,5-di-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole},
  issn      = {0022-3697},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {The crystalline structures of two modifications of a compound containing the oxadiazole ring, 2,5-di-(4- aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (DAPO) were determined. One of these modifications contains water molecules in the crystal structure, which is observed for the first time for an oxadiazole crystal. Both crystals show an orthorhombic structure. The water free modification, DAPO L belongs to the space group Pbca (61) and has the lattice parameters: a = 13.461(5), b = 7.937(3) and c = 22.816(8) angstrom (CCDC 246608). The water containing pseudo-polymorph, DAPO 11, has the space group Cmcm (63) and the lattice parameters: a = 16.330(5), b = 12.307(2) and c = 6.9978(14) angstrom (CCDC 246609). To gain information on the inter molecular interactions within the crystals, X-ray experiments under compression at ambient temperature and under heating at vacuum conditions were performed. Neither DAPO I nor DAPO II undergo phase transitions in the ressure range up to 5 GPa, as could be concluded from X-ray and Raman experiments. X-ray and calorimetric studies indicate that DAPO II dehydrates into DAPO I under increasing temperature. Structural considerations suggest a two-stage process. The compression behavior of both substances is well described by the Murnaghan equation of state (MEOS) and the values of the bulk modulus and its pressure derivative are determined for these crystals. Additionally, in the case of DAPO I, also the thermal expansion coefficient an was measured. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OrgzallFrancoRecketal.2005,
  author    = {Orgzall, Ingo and Franco, Olga and Reck, Guenter and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {High-pressure studies on fluorine substituted 2,5-di(phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles},
  issn      = {0022-2860},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Results are presented from structural and high-pressure investigations on four differently but symmetrically fluorine substituted 2,5di(phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles. The substitution pattern includes the para-, meta-, or ortho- substitution and the fully fluorinated 2,5-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole. The crystal structure depends on the molecular structure and results in a different high-pressure behavior. Parameters for the Murnaghan equation of state (EOS) are determined for every compound and the anisotropic pressure response of the crystal lattice is discussed. Although the EOS parameters, bulk modulus K. and its pressure derivative K'(o) are of the same order of magnitude for all four compounds, the anisotropy of strain is noticeably different. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DiezTauerSchulz2004,
  author    = {Diez, Isabel and Tauer, Klaus and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Polypyrrole tubes via casting of pyrrole-beta-naphthalenesulfonic acid rods},
  issn      = {0303-402X},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {A comprehensive study gives experimental evidence that a complex made from pyrrole and beta-naphthalenesulfonic acid in a molar composition of 3:1 acts as morphological precursor in the subsequent oxidative polymerization of pyrrole initiated with ammonium peroxodisulfate. The precursor complex itself is unable to polymerize but its outer parallelepipedal shape with a high aspect ratio is templated in the inner surface of the formed conducting polypyrrole tubes},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RottkeSchulzRichauetal.2016,
  author    = {Rottke, Falko O. and Schulz, Burkhard and Richau, Klaus and Kratz, Karl and Lendlein, Andreas},
  title     = {An ellipsometric approach towards the description of inhomogeneous polymer-based Langmuir layers},
  series = {Beilstein journal of nanotechnology},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Beilstein journal of nanotechnology},
  publisher = {Beilstein-Institut zur F{\~A}\Prderung der Chemischen Wissenschaften},
  address   = {Frankfurt, Main},
  issn      = {2190-4286},
  doi       = {10.3762/bjnano.7.107},
  pages     = {1156 -- 1165},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The applicability of nulling-based ellipsometric mapping as a complementary method next to Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) and imaging ellipsometry (IE) is presented for the characterization of ultrathin films at the air-water interface. First, the methodology is demonstrated for a vertically nonmoving Langmuir layer of star-shaped, 4-arm poly(omega-pentadecalactone) (PPDL-D4). Using nulling-based ellipsometric mapping, PPDL-D4-based inhomogeneously structured morphologies with a vertical dimension in the lower nm range could be mapped. In addition to the identification of these structures, the differentiation between a monolayer and bare water was possible. Second, the potential and limitations of this method were verified by applying it to more versatile Langmuir layers of telechelic poly[(rac-lactide)-co-glycolide]-diol (PLGA). All ellipsometric maps were converted into thickness maps by introduction of the refractive index that was derived from independent ellipsometric experiments, and the result was additionally evaluated in terms of the root mean square roughness, R-q. Thereby, a three-dimensional view into the layers was enabled and morphological inhomogeneity could be quantified.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RossbergRottkeSchulzetal.2016,
  author    = {Rossberg, Joana and Rottke, Falko O. and Schulz, Burkhard and Lendlein, Andreas},
  title     = {Enzymatic Degradation of Oligo(epsilon-caprolactone)s End-Capped with Phenylboronic Acid Derivatives at the Air-Water Interface},
  series = {Macromolecular rapid communications},
  volume    = {37},
  journal   = {Macromolecular rapid communications},
  publisher = {Wiley-VCH},
  address   = {Weinheim},
  issn      = {1022-1336},
  doi       = {10.1002/marc.201600471},
  pages     = {1966 -- 1971},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The influence of terminal functionalization of oligo(epsilon-caprolactone)s (OCL) with phenylboronic acid pinacol ester or phenylboronic acid on the enzymatic degradation behavior at the air-water interface is investigated by the Langmuir monolayer degradation technique. While the unsubstituted OCL immediately degrades after injection of the enzyme lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia, enzyme molecules are incorporated into the films based on end-capped OCL before degradation. This incorporation of enzymes does not inhibit or suppress the film degradation, but retards it significantly. A specific binding of lipase to the polymer monolayer allows studying the enzymatic activity of bound proteins and the influence on the degradation process. The functionalization of a macromolecule with phenyl boronic acid groups is an approach to investigate their interactions with diol-containing biomolecules like sugars and to monitor their specified impact on the enzymatic degradation behavior at the air-water interface.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LavrenkoStrelinaOkatovaetal.1996,
  author    = {Lavrenko, Peter N. and Strelina, Irina A. and Okatova, Olga V. and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Orientation of naphthylene ring in the new poly(naphthylen-1,3,4-oxadiazole)s molecules},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrumaHamciucHamciucetal.1996,
  author    = {Bruma, Maria and Hamciuc, Corneliu and Hamciuc, Elena and Mercer, Frank W. and Belomoina, Nataliya and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Heterocyclic polyamides containing hexafluoroisopropylidene groups},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrumaHamciucSavaetal.1996,
  author    = {Bruma, Maria and Hamciuc, Corneliu and Sava, Ion and Hamciuc, Elena and Mercer, Frank W. and Fritzsche, P. and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {High temperature polyamides containing pendant imide groups},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZhuSchulzBrumaetal.1996,
  author    = {Zhu, Shigen and Schulz, Burkhard and Bruma, Maria and Brehmer, Ludwig},
  title     = {Comparative study of the thermal properties of related aromatic polyhydrazides and poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s},
  issn      = {1042-7147},
  doi       = {10.1002/(SICI)1099-1581(199612)7:12<879::AID-PAT600>3.0.CO;2-X},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FreydankJanietzSchulz1998,
  author    = {Freydank, Anke-Christine and Janietz, Silvia and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Synthesis and electrochemical behaviour of Amphiphilic 1,3,4-Oxadiazole derivatives},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HamciucHamciucBrumaetal.1997,
  author    = {Hamciuc, Elena and Hamciuc, Corneliu and Bruma, Maria and Stoleriu, Andre and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Poly(hydrazide-ester)s and poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole-ester)s containing pendent phenoxy groups},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {A series of new arornatic poly(hydrazide-ester)s has been synthesized by solution polycondensation of two diacid dichlorides containing preformed ester groups with phenoxyterephthaloyl dihydrazide or with a mixture of phenoxyterephthaloyl dihydrazide with terephthaloyl- or isophthaloyl dihydrazide in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. The thermal cyclization of the poly(hydrazide-ester)s gave the corresponding poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole-ester)s containing pendent phenoxy groups. The polymers were characterized by viscometry, solubility measurements, IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OrgzallLorenzMikatetal.1997,
  author    = {Orgzall, Ingo and Lorenz, Bernd and Mikat, J{\"u}rgen E. R. and Dietel, Reinhard and Knochenhauer, Gerald and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Raman and IR spectroscopic investigation of aromatic 1,3,4-oxadiazole polymers and oligomers},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {The molecular structure of poly(p-phenylene-1,3,4-oxadiazole) (POD) is investigated using i.r. and Raman spectroscopy. Both methods reveal characteristic differences for the a- and b-POD forms that are most obvious in the spectral region between 1500 and 1650 cm-1. The spectra for dimer and tetramer compounds already show the same features as found for longer chains. Based on molecular modelling calculations these differences are assigned to cis and trans conformations of the main chain segments. High pressure measurements show a linear shift of the Raman lines and support the result of the thermodynamic stability of the trans conformation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchulzStillerZetzscheetal.1997,
  author    = {Schulz, Burkhard and Stiller, Burkhard and Zetzsche, Thomas and Knochenhauer, Gerald and Brehmer, Ludwig},
  title     = {Characterization of crystals based on 1,3,4-oxadiazoles by atomic force microscopy},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {The surface structures of crystals based on aromatic oxadiazoles were investigated by AFM. The crystal structure for 2,5-di(p-tolyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (DTO) differs from that of 2,5-di (4-methoxycarbonyl-phenyl)-1,3,4- oxadiazole (DMPO). In DMPO all molecules show parallel orientation to the surface in such a way that the surface is formed as well as by the nitrogen atoms of the heterocyclic rings and the methyl groups of the ester substituents. By contrast, the oxadiazole molecules in DTO crystals are oriented perpendicular to the crystal surface. The experimental data are interpreted by molecular modelling. It is shown that there is a difference between molecular structure of the surface, as detected by AFM, and the bulk structure determined by X-ray diffraction.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReicheZetzscheHelmsetal.1997,
  author    = {Reiche, J{\"u}rgen and Zetzsche, Thomas and Helms, Andreas and Freydank, Anke-Christine and Knochenhauer, Gerald and Schulz, Burkhard and Brehmer, Ludwig},
  title     = {Organized molecular films of oxadiazole compounds formed by vacuum deposition},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchulzBrumaBrehmer1997,
  author    = {Schulz, Burkhard and Bruma, Maria and Brehmer, Ludwig},
  title     = {Aromatic poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s as advanced materials},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {Poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s have been the focus of considerable interest with regard to the- production of high- performance materials, particularly owing to their high thermal stability in oxidative atmosphere and specific properties determined by the structure of 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring, which, from the spectral and electronic points of view, is similar to a p-phenylene structure.[1] Besides their excellent resistance to high temperature, polyoxadiazoles have many desirable characteristics, such as good hydrolytic stability, high glass transition temperatures, low dielectric constants, and tough mechanical properties. Some polyoxadiazoles have semiconductive properties, other structures can be electrochemically doped and thus made conductive, and other have liquid-crystalline properties, which make them very attractive for a wide range of high-performance applications. They exhibit excellent fiber- and film-forming capabilities, thus being considered for use as heat-resistant reinforcing fibers for advanced composite materials, highly resistant fabrics for the filtration of hot gases, special membranes for gas separation or reverse osmosis, precursors for highly oriented graphite fibers, films, and blocks to be used in the construction of electronic instruments based on X-rays, neutron beams, or a-particles, or in the construction of nuclear reactor walls. Since they were first reported in 1961,[2] a wide variety of polymers containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole rings have been synthesized, and their preparation, characterization, and physico-mechanical properties have been periodically reviewed .[3-8] This article will present a general overview of this class of polymers and will refer to the work carried out by different researchers in the last ten years with the emphasis on the potential uses of such polymers as advanced materials.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SavaSzesztayBrumaetal.1997,
  author    = {Sava, Ion and Szesztay, Marta and Bruma, Maria and Mercer, Frank W. and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Compared properties of aromatic polyamides containing silicon in the chain},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {Two series of aromatic polyamides incorporating silicon together with phenylquinoxaline or with hexafluoroisopropylidene groups have been synthesized and their properties have been characterized and compared with those of related polymers. These polymers are easily soluble in polar amidic solvents such as N-rnethyl-2-pyrrolidinone and dimethylformamide, and in tetrahydrofuran, and can be cast into thin, transparent films from solution. The polyamides have weight- and number-average molecular weights in the range of 10000-40000 and 3000-6000, respectively, and polydispersities in the range of 3-10. They show glass transition temperatures in the range of 236 °C-275 °C and decomposition temperatures above 400 °C. The polymer films have low dielectric constants in the range of 3.26-3.68, and good mechanical properties (tensile strength 74-100 MPa, tensile modulus 180-386 MPa), thus being comparable with other high performance dielectrics.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LavrenkoSchulzStrelinaetal.1997,
  author    = {Lavrenko, Peter N. and Schulz, Burkhard and Strelina, Irina A. and Okatova, Olga V.},
  title     = {Synthesis and molecular properties of new poly(naphthalene-1,3,4-oxadiazole)s},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {Poly[(1,4-naphthalene)-2,5-diyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole] and poly[(2,6-naphthalene)-2,5-diyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole] have been synthesized and investigated in conc. H2S04, by the flow birefringence method in comparison with poly(1,4- phenylene)-2,5-diyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole]. Changes in conformation parameters and optical anisotropy of a chain unit induced by incorporation of the naphthalene groups into the macromolecule backbone have been evaluated.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrumaHamciucHamciucetal.1997,
  author    = {Bruma, Maria and Hamciuc, Corneliu and Hamciuc, Elena and Mercer, Frank W. and Belomoina, Nataliya and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Heterocyclic polyamides containing hexafluoroisopropylidene groups},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {New heterocyclic polyamides have been synthesized by solution polycondensation of aromatic diamines containing phenyl- quinoxaline units with diacid chlorides having both imide and hexafluoroisopropylidene (6F) groups. These polymers are soluble in polar aprotic solvents, such as N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and can be cast into flexible thin films from solutions. They show high thermooxidative stability with decomposition temperatures above 400°C and glass transition temperatures in the range of 225 - 300°C. The polymer films exhibit good chemical resistance towards deluted acids and good electrical insulating properties with dielectric constants in the range of 3.2 - 3.7.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LavrenkoStrelinaSchulz1997,
  author    = {Lavrenko, Peter N. and Strelina, Irina A. and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Dynamo-optical properties of poly(naphthylene oxadiazole)s in sulfuric acid},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {Flow birefringence induced in dilute solutions of poly[(1,4-naphthylene)-2,5-diyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole] and poly[2,6-naphthylene)-2,5-diyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole] in conc. sulphuric acid has been investigated. The shear optical coefficient was found for these polymers to be approximately double the value of that obtained in the same solvent for poly[(para-phenylene) -2,5-diyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole]. Rigid-chain behaviour of the polymers was characterized by hydrodynamic and dynamo-optical parameters evaluated with application of the worm-like chain model and the "method of similar structures". Change in optical anisotropy of a chain unit induced by incorporation of naphthylene groups into the main chain has been evaluated.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchulzKaminorzBrehmer1997,
  author    = {Schulz, Burkhard and Kaminorz, Yvette and Brehmer, Ludwig},
  title     = {New aromatic poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s for light emitting diodes},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {New aromatic poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s were synthesized having excellent film forming properties due to their solubility in common organic solvents. The investigated new polyoxadiazoles can be used as emission material in single layer LED. The poly- oxadiazoles show an emission in the range of blue to yellow light. The external quantum efficiency as well as the turn-on voltage of the devices are influenced when blends of the polyoxadiazole with hole transport materials are used.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SavaBrumaSchulzetal.1997,
  author    = {Sava, Ion and Bruma, Maria and Schulz, Burkhard and Mercer, Frank W. and Belomoina, Nataliya},
  title     = {Synthesis and Properties of Silicon-containing Polyamides},
  year      = {1997},
  abstract  = {A series of aromatic polyamides incorporating silicon together with phenylquinoxaline or with hexafluoroisopropylidene groups has been synthesized by solution polycondensation of a silicon-containing diacid chloride with aromatic diamines having phenylquinoxaline rings or hexafluoroisopropylidene groups. These polymers are easily soluble in polar aprotic solvents, such as N-methylpyrrolidinone and dimethylformamide, and in tetrahydrofurane, and can be solution-cast into thin, transparent films having low dielectric constant, in the range of 3.26 to 3.68. These polymers show high thermal stability with decomposition temperature being above 400 °C and glass transition temperature in the range of 236 °C to 275 °C.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HamciucSchulzBruma1996,
  author    = {Hamciuc, Corneliu and Schulz, Burkhard and Bruma, Maria},
  title     = {New polyhydrazides and polyoxadiazoles containing pendent phenoxy groups},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JanietzSchulz1996,
  author    = {Janietz, Silvia and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Electrochemical investigation on poly(arylene-1,3,4-oxadiazole)s},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OkatovaAndreevaSchulz1996,
  author    = {Okatova, Olga V. and Andreeva, Katharina A. and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Thermal hydrolytic degradation of polyoxadiazole derivatives},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FreydankJanietzSchulz1998,
  author    = {Freydank, Anke-Christine and Janietz, Silvia and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of new amphiphilic 1,3,4-oxadiazoles},
  year      = {1998},
  abstract  = {The electrochemical behaviour of new amphiphilic 1,3,4-oxadiazoles were studied by cyclic voltammetry. The influence of the supra- molecular structure on the redox behaviour in liquid or solid solutions, in Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers, and in amorphous films is investigated in detail. The reversible reduction of amphiphilic 2,5-diarylene- 1,3,4-oxadiazoles is significantly influenced by substituents in the para position of the phenylene ring. In the solid states the reduction peak potentials are shifted to more negative values compared to data measured in solution. This shift increases as the film thickness is increased. An influence of the supramolecular order in the solid films was not found. In-situ UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry of LB-multilayers deposited onto indium tin oxide (ITO) glass give evidence for the formation of radical anions in the highly ordered layer.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LavrenkoOkatovaSchulz1998,
  author    = {Lavrenko, Peter N. and Okatova, Olga V. and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Stability and degradation of poly(p-pheneylene-1,3,4-oxadiazole) molecules in sulphuric acid},
  year      = {1998},
  abstract  = {The translational diffusion coefficient and intrinsic viscosity of poly(1,4-phenylene-1,3,4-oxadiazole) molecules in 96\% H2S04 have been determined at different stages of degradation of the molecules in acid solution at temperature ranging from 82 to 105 °C. The degradation rate constant, k, has been obtained from the change in the molecular weight, M, of the product degraded in solution with time at high temperature. The activation energy of the hydrolysis process was 103 ± 7 kJmol-1, which is smaller than that of aromatic polyamides in the same solvent. According to our hydrodynamic data, the degree of coiling of the molecules of degraded products does not differ from that of undegraded samples, and our conclusion was that the degradation is not accompanied with a noticeable change in the short- range interactions in the molecular chain and may be understood as a random chain scission.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LavrenkoOkatovaSchulz1998,
  author    = {Lavrenko, Peter N. and Okatova, Olga V. and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Hydrodynamic properties and conformation of the molecules of meta- and para-isomers of polyphenyleneoxadiazole in sulphuric acid},
  year      = {1998},
  abstract  = {Translational diffusion of poly(1,4-phenylene-1,3,4-oxadiazole) in 96\% H2S04 was studied, and the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer solution was measured in various stages of degradation at temperatures from 82 to 105°C. The rate constant of the degradation process was determined from variation of the molecular mass of the degradation products with time at a fixed solution temperature, and the activation energy of the process was calculated using the temperature dependence of the rate constant. The activation energy (E = 103 ± 7 kJ/mol) is lower than that for the hydrolysis of aromatic polyamides in sulfuric acid. According to the hydrodynamic data, the degree of coiling of the degradation products is the saine as that of the intact (non-degraded) macromolecules. This indicates that elements of the chernical structure responsible for the short-range order in the macromolecular chain are retained in the course of degradation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrumaSavaMerceretal.1998,
  author    = {Bruma, Maria and Sava, Ion and Mercer, Frank W. and Reddy, Victor N. and K{\"o}pnick, Thomas and Stiller, Burkhard and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Silicon-containing poly(amide-ether)s},
  year      = {1998},
  abstract  = {New aromatic poly(amide-ether)s (II) have been synthesized by solution polycondensation of various aromatic diamines having two ether bridges (I) with a diacid chloride containing silicon, namely bis(chlorocarbonylphenyl)- diphenyIsilane. These polymers are easy soluble in polar amidic solvents such as N-methylpyrrolidinone or dimethylformamide and can be cast into thin flexible films or coatings from such solutions. They show high thermal stability with initial decomposition temperature being above 400 °C. Their glass transition temperatures lie in the range of 220-250 °C, except for polymer He which did not show a clear Tg when heated in a differential scanning calorimetry experiment up to 300 °C. The large interval between the glass transition and decomposition temperatures of pnlymers Ia-Id could be advantageous for their processing via compression molding. The polymer coatings deposited by the spincoating, technique onto silicon wafers showed a very smooth, pinhole-free surface in atomic force microscopy investigations. The free-standing films of 20-30 mm thickness show low dielectric constant, in the range of 3.65-3.78, which is promising for future application as high performance dielectrics.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrumaSchulzKoepnicketal.1998,
  author    = {Bruma, Maria and Schulz, Burkhard and K{\"o}pnick, Thomas and Dietel, Reinhard and Stiller, Burkhard and Mercer, Frank W.},
  title     = {Investigation of thin films made from silicon-containing poly(phenylquinoxaline-amide)s},
  year      = {1998},
  abstract  = {Thin films in the range of 50 nm to 10 mm thickness have been prepared from NMP solutions of silicon-containing polyphenylquinoxaline-amides which had been synthesized by the polycondensation reaction of aromatic diaminophenylquinoxalines with bis(p-chlorocarbonylphenyl)diphenylsilane. A spin-coating technique onto glass plates or onto silicon wafers was used to make the film, followed by gradual heating to remove the solvent. The resulting films were very smooth and free of pinholes when studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). They showed a strong adhesion to silicon wafers, were thermally stable in air to above 400 °C and their dielectric constant was in the range of 3.5-3.7. Thermal treatment of the films was performed in order to induce crosslinking. Such treated films became completely insoluble in organic solvents, maintained their smoothness and strong adhesion to the silicon substrate, and did not show any Tg, in DSC experiments. Their FTIR spectra in reflection mode did not show any changes compared with the untreated films, meaning on the one hand that the polymers maintain their structural integrity at high temperature and on the other hand that the number of crosslinks was very low and could not be detected by IR spectroscopy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LavrenkoOkatovaCherkasovetal.1998,
  author    = {Lavrenko, Peter N. and Okatova, Olga V. and Cherkasov, Victor A. and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Hydrodynamic properties of Poly(p-phenylene-oxadiazole) in various stages of hydrolytic thermal degradation in sulfuric acid},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OrgzallLorenzMikatetal.1998,
  author    = {Orgzall, Ingo and Lorenz, Bernd and Mikat, J{\"u}rgen E. R. and Reck, G{\"u}nter and Knochenhauer, Gerald and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Phase transition in 1,3,4-oxadiazole crystals under high pressure},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrumaSchulzKoepnicketal.1998,
  author    = {Bruma, Maria and Schulz, Burkhard and K{\"o}pnick, Thomas and Stiller, Burkhard and Hamciuc, Elena and Mercer, Frank W. and Cassidy, Peter},
  title     = {Aromatic polyamides with hexafluoroisopropylidene groups and study of the thin},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OkatovaLavrenkoFedotovetal.1995,
  author    = {Okatova, Olga V. and Lavrenko, Peter N. and Fedotov, Y. A. and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Polyelectrolyte behavior of some new polyheteroarylene derivatives in sulfuric acid},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SavaSchulzZhuetal.1995,
  author    = {Sava, Ion and Schulz, Burkhard and Zhu, Shigen and Bruma, Maria},
  title     = {Synthesis and characterization of new silicon-containing poly(arylene-1,3,4-oxadiazole)s},
  issn      = {0954-0083},
  doi       = {10.1088/0954-0083/7/4/011},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchulzBrehmerDietzeletal.1995,
  author    = {Schulz, Burkhard and Brehmer, Ludwig and Dietzel, Birgit and Zetzsche, Thomas},
  title     = {Preparation and characterization of ordered thin films based on aromatic poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchulzKnochenhauerBrehmeretal.1995,
  author    = {Schulz, Burkhard and Knochenhauer, Gerald and Brehmer, Ludwig and Janietz, Silvia},
  title     = {Stuctures and properties of aromatic poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchulzStillerZetzscheetal.1995,
  author    = {Schulz, Burkhard and Stiller, Burkhard and Zetzsche, Thomas and Knochenhauer, Gerald and Dietel, Reinhard and Brehmer, Ludwig},
  title     = {Characterization of 2,5-di(p-tolyl-1,3,4- oxadiazole) crystals by IR-spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SarauliXuDietzeletal.2013,
  author    = {Sarauli, David and Xu, Chenggang and Dietzel, Birgit and Schulz, Burkhard and Lisdat, Fred},
  title     = {Differently substituted sulfonated polyanilines - the role of polymer compositions in electron transfer with pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase},
  series = {Acta biomaterialia},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Acta biomaterialia},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1742-7061},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.actbio.2013.06.008},
  pages     = {8290 -- 8298},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Sulfonated polyanilines have become promising building blocks in the construction of biosensors, and therefore we use here differently substituted polymer forms to investigate the role of their structural composition and properties in achieving a direct electron transfer with the redox enzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH). To this end, new copolymers containing different ratios of 2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid (MAS), 3-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (ABS) and 3-aminobenzoic acid (AB) units have been chemically synthesized. All polymers have been studied with respect to their ability to react directly with PQQ-GDH. This interaction has been monitored initially in solution, and subsequently on electrode surfaces. The results show that only copolymers with MAS and aniline units can directly react with PQQ-GDH in solution; the background can be mainly ascribed to the emeraldine salt redox state of the polymer, allowing rather easy reduction. However, when polymers and the enzyme are immobilized on the surface of carbon nanotube-containing electrodes, direct bioelectrocatalysis is also feasible in the case of copolymers composed of ABS/AB and MAS/AB units, existing initially in pernigraniline base form. This verifies that a productive interaction of the enzyme with differently substituted polymers is feasible when the electrode potential can be used to drive the reaction towards the oxidation of the substrate-reduced enzyme. These results clearly demonstrate that enzyme electrodes based on sulfonated polyanilines and direct bioelectrocatalysis can be successfully constructed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrumaSchulzMercer1995,
  author    = {Bruma, Maria and Schulz, Burkhard and Mercer, Frank W.},
  title     = {Polyamide copolymers containing hexafluoroisopropylidene groups},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchulzStillerZetzscheetal.1994,
  author    = {Schulz, Burkhard and Stiller, Burkhard and Zetzsche, Thomas and Knochenhauer, Gerald and Dietel, Reinhard and Brehmer, Ludwig},
  title     = {Crystal structure of 2,5-Di(4- methoxycarbonyl-phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole characterized by AFM and IR- spectroscopy},
  year      = {1994},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MercerMcKenzieBrumaetal.1994,
  author    = {Mercer, Frank W. and McKenzie, M. and Bruma, Maria and Schulz, Burkhard},
  title     = {Synthesis and properties of fluorinated polyimides and fluorinated poly(imide-amide)s containing pendent cyano groups},
  year      = {1994},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchulzKnochenhauerBrehmeretal.1994,
  author    = {Schulz, Burkhard and Knochenhauer, Gerald and Brehmer, Ludwig and Janietz, Silvia},
  title     = {Stuctures and properties of aromatic poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s},
  year      = {1994},
  language  = {en}
}