@article{BlankertzMuellerCurioetal.2004,
  author    = {Blankertz, Benjamin and M{\"u}ller, Klaus-Robert and Curio, Gabriel and Vaughan, Theresa M. and Schalk, Gerwin and Wolpaw, Jonathan R. and Schlogl, Alois and Neuper, Christa and Pfurtscheller, Gert and Hinterberger, Thilo and Schroder, Michael and Birbaumer, Niels},
  title     = {The BCI competition 2003 : Progress and perspectives in detection and discrimination of EEG single trials},
  issn      = {0018-9294},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Interest in developing a new method of man-to-machine communication-a brain-computer interface (BCI)-has grown steadily over the past few decades. BCIs create a new communication channel between the brain and an output device by bypassing conventional motor output pathways of nerves and muscles. These systems use signals recorded from the scalp, the surface of the cortex, or from inside the brain to enable users to control a variety of applications including simple word-processing software and orthotics. BCI technology could therefore provide a new communication and control option for individuals who cannot otherwise express their wishes to the outside world. Signal processing and classification methods are essential tools in the development of improved BCI technology. We organized the BCI Competition 2003 to evaluate the current state of the art of these tools. Four laboratories well versed in EEG-based BCI research provided six data sets in a documented format. We made these data sets (i.e., labeled training sets and unlabeled test sets) and their descriptions available on the Internet. The goal in the competition was to maximize the performance measure for the test labels. Researchers worldwide tested their algorithms and competed for the best classification results. This paper describes the six data sets and the results and function of the most successful algorithms},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BlankertzMuellerKrusienskietal.2006,
  author    = {Blankertz, Benjamin and M{\"u}ller, Klaus-Robert and Krusienski, Dean and Schalk, Gerwin and Wolpaw, Jonathan R. and Schl{\"o}gl, Alois and Pfurtscheller, Gert and Millan, Jos{\´e} del R. and Schr{\"o}der, Michael and Birbaumer, Niels},
  title     = {The BCI competition III : validating alternative approaches to actual BCI problems},
  issn      = {1534-4320},
  doi       = {10.1109/Tnsre.2006.875642},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a system that allows its users to control external devices with brain activity. Although the proof-of-concept was given decades ago, the reliable translation of user intent into device control commands is still a major challenge. Success requires the effective interaction of two adaptive controllers: the user's brain, which produces brain activity that encodes intent, and the BCI system, which translates that activity into device control commands. In order to facilitate this interaction, many laboratories are exploring a variety of signal analysis techniques to improve the adaptation of the BCI system to the user. In the literature, many machine learning and pattern classification algorithms have been reported to give impressive results when applied to BCI data in offline analyses. However, it is more difficult to evaluate their relative value for actual online use. BCI data competitions have been organized to provide objective formal evaluations of alternative methods. Prompted by the great interest in the first two BCI Competitions, we organized the third BCI Competition to address several of the most difficult and important analysis problems in BCI research. The paper describes the data sets that were provided to the competitors and gives an overview of the results.},
  language  = {en}
}