@misc{NaolouRuehlLendlein2017,
  author    = {Naolou, Toufik and R{\"u}hl, Eckart and Lendlein, Andreas},
  title     = {Nanocarriers},
  series = {European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics},
  volume    = {116},
  journal   = {European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0939-6411},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.03.004},
  pages     = {1 -- 3},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{FrombachRancanFleigeetal.2015,
  author    = {Frombach, Janna and Rancan, Fiorenza and Fleige, Emanuel and Haag, Rainer and Schumacher, Frank and Kleuser, Burkhard and Yamamoto, Kenji and R{\"u}hl, Eckart and Blume-Peytavi, Ulrike and Vogt, Annika},
  title     = {Skin penetration and dexamethasone release from polymer nanoparticles in ex vivo human skin},
  series = {The journal of investigative dermatology},
  volume    = {135},
  booktitle = {The journal of investigative dermatology},
  publisher = {Nature Publ. Group},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0022-202X},
  pages     = {S52 -- S52},
  year      = {2015},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DoegeHoenzkeSchumacheretal.2016,
  author    = {D{\"o}ge, Nadine and H{\"o}nzke, Stefan and Schumacher, Fabian and Balzus, Benjamin and Colombo, Miriam and Hadam, Sabrina and Rancan, Fiorenza and Blume-Peytavi, Ulrike and Sch{\"a}fer-Korting, Monika and Schindler, Anke and R{\"u}hl, Eckart and Skov, Per Stahl and Church, Martin K. and Hedtrich, Sarah and Kleuser, Burkhard and Bodmeier, Roland and Vogt, Annika},
  title     = {Ethyl cellulose nanocarriers and nanocrystals differentially deliver dexamethasone into intact, tape-stripped or sodium lauryl sulfate-exposed ex vivo human skin - assessment by intradermal microdialysis and extraction from the different skin layers},
  series = {Journal of controlled release},
  volume    = {242},
  journal   = {Journal of controlled release},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0168-3659},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.009},
  pages     = {25 -- 34},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Understanding penetration not only in intact, but also in lesional skin with impaired skin barrier function is important, in order to explore the surplus value of nanoparticle-based drug delivery for anti-inflammatory dermatotherapy. Herein, short-termex vivo cultures of (i) intact human skin, (ii) skin pretreated with tape-strippings and (iii) skin pre-exposed to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) were used to assess the penetration of dexamethasone (Dex). Intradermal microdialysis was utilized for up to 24 h after drug application as commercial cream, nanocrystals or ethyl cellulose nanocarriers applied at the therapeutic concentration of 0.05\%, respectively. In addition, Dex was assessed in culture media and extracts from stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis after 24 h, and the results were compared to those in heat-separated split skin from studies in Franz diffusion cells. Providing fast drug release, nanocrystals significantly accelerated the penetration of Dex. In contrast to the application of cream and ethyl cellulose nanocarriers, Dex was already detectable in eluates after 6 h when applying nanocrystals on intact skin. Disruption of the skin barrier further accelerated and enhanced the penetration. Encapsulation in ethyl cellulose nanocarriers delayed Dex penetration. Interestingly, for all formulations highly increased concentrations in the dialysate were observed in tape-stripped skin, whereas the extent of enhancement was less in SLS-exposed skin. The results were confirmed in tissue extracts and were in line with the predictions made by in vitro release studies and ex vivo Franz diffusion cell experiments. The use of 45 kDa probes further enabled the collection of inflammatory cytokines. However, the estimation of glucocorticoid efficacy by Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 analysis was limited due to the trauma induced by the probe insertion. Ex vivo intradermal microdialysis combined with culture media analysis provides an effective, skin-sparing method for preclinical assessment of novel drug delivery systems at therapeutic doses in models of diseased skin. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WanjikuYamamotoKlosseketal.2019,
  author    = {Wanjiku, Barbara and Yamamoto, Kenji and Klossek, Andre and Schumacher, Fabian and Pischon, Hannah and Mundhenk, Lars and Rancan, Fiorenza and Judd, Martyna M. and Ahmed, Muniruddin and Zoschke, Christian and Kleuser, Burkhard and R{\"u}hl, Eckart and Sch{\"a}fer-Korting, Monika},
  title     = {Qualifying X-ray and Stimulated Raman Spectromicroscopy for Mapping Cutaneous Drug Penetration},
  series = {Analytical chemistry},
  volume    = {91},
  journal   = {Analytical chemistry},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {American Chemical Society},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0003-2700},
  doi       = {10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00519},
  pages     = {7208 -- 7214},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Research on topical drug delivery relies on reconstructed human skin (RHS) in addition to ex vivo human and animal skin, each with specific physiological features. Here, we compared the penetration of dexamethasone from an ethanolic hydroxyethyl cellulose gel into ex vivo human skin, murine skin, and RHS. For comprehensive insights into skin morphology and penetration enhancing mechanisms, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and stimulated Raman spectromicroscopy (SRS) were combined. STXM offers high spatial resolution with label-free drug detection and is therefore sensitive to tissue damage. Despite differences in sample preparation and data analysis, the amounts of dexamethasone in RHS, detected and quantified by STXM and LC-MS/MS, were very similar and increased during the first 100 min of exposure. SRS revealed interactions between the gel and the stratum corneum or, more specifically, its protein and lipid structures. Similar to both types of ex vivo skin, higher protein-to-lipid ratios within the stratum corneum of RHS indicated reduced lipid amounts after 30 min of ethanol exposure. Extended ethanol exposure led to a continued reduction of lipids in the ex vivo matrixes, while protein integrity appeared to be compromised in RHS, which led to declining protein signals. In conclusion, LC-MS/MS proved the predictive capability of STXM for label-free drug detection. Combining STXM with SRS precisely dissected the penetration enhancing effects of ethanol. Further studies on topical drug delivery should consider the potential of these complementary techniques.},
  language  = {en}
}