@article{BartesaghiPerezKniepertetal.2015, author = {Bartesaghi, Davide and Perez, Irene del Carmen and Kniepert, Juliane and Roland, Steffen and Turbiez, Mathieu and Neher, Dieter and Koster, L. Jan Anton}, title = {Competition between recombination and extraction of free charges determines the fill factor of organic solar cells}, series = {Nature Communications}, volume = {6}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Nature Publ. Group}, address = {London}, issn = {2041-1723}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms8083}, pages = {10}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Among the parameters that characterize a solar cell and define its power-conversion efficiency, the fill factor is the least well understood, making targeted improvements difficult. Here we quantify the competition between charge extraction and recombination by using a single parameter theta, and we demonstrate that this parameter is directly related to the fill factor of many different bulk-heterojunction solar cells. Our finding is supported by experimental measurements on 15 different donor: acceptor combinations, as well as by drift-diffusion simulations of organic solar cells in which charge-carrier mobilities, recombination rate, light intensity, energy levels and active-layer thickness are all varied over wide ranges to reproduce typical experimental conditions. The results unify the fill factors of several very different donor: acceptor combinations and give insight into why fill factors change so much with thickness, light intensity and materials properties. To achieve fill factors larger than 0.8 requires further improvements in charge transport while reducing recombination.}, language = {en} } @article{WuerfelNeherSpiesetal.2015, author = {W{\"u}rfel, Uli and Neher, Dieter and Spies, Annika and Albrecht, Steve}, title = {Impact of charge transport on current-voltage characteristics and power-conversion efficiency of organic solar cells}, series = {Nature Communications}, volume = {6}, journal = {Nature Communications}, publisher = {Nature Publ. Group}, address = {London}, issn = {2041-1723}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms7951}, pages = {9}, year = {2015}, abstract = {This work elucidates the impact of charge transport on the photovoltaic properties of organic solar cells. Here we show that the analysis of current-voltage curves of organic solar cells under illumination with the Shockley equation results in values for ideality factor, photo-current and parallel resistance, which lack physical meaning. Drift-diffusion simulations for a wide range of charge-carrier mobilities and illumination intensities reveal significant carrier accumulation caused by poor transport properties, which is not included in the Shockley equation. As a consequence, the separation of the quasi Fermi levels in the organic photoactive layer (internal voltage) differs substantially from the external voltage for almost all conditions. We present a new analytical model, which considers carrier transport explicitly. The model shows excellent agreement with full drift-diffusion simulations over a wide range of mobilities and illumination intensities, making it suitable for realistic efficiency predictions for organic solar cells.}, language = {en} } @article{LuKochNeher2015, author = {Lu, Guanghao and Koch, Norbert and Neher, Dieter}, title = {In-situ tuning threshold voltage of field-effect transistors based on blends of poly(3-hexylthiophene) with an insulator electret}, series = {Applied physics letters}, volume = {107}, journal = {Applied physics letters}, number = {6}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, address = {Melville}, issn = {0003-6951}, doi = {10.1063/1.4928554}, pages = {5}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Blending the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with the insulating electret polystyrene (PS), we show that the threshold voltage V-t of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) can be easily and reversely tuned by applying a gate bias stress at 130 degrees C. It is proposed that this phenomenon is caused by thermally activated charge injection from P3HT into PS matrix, and that this charge is immobilized within the PS matrix after cooling down to room temperature. Therefore, room-temperature hysteresis-free FETs with desired V-t can be easily achieved. The approach is applied to reversely tune the OFET mode of operation from accumulation to depletion, and to build inverters. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.}, language = {en} } @article{XuShalomPiersimonietal.2015, author = {Xu, Jingsan and Shalom, Menny and Piersimoni, Fortunato and Antonietti, Markus and Neher, Dieter and Brenner, Thomas J. K.}, title = {Color-Tunable Photoluminescence and NIR Electroluminescence in Carbon Nitride Thin Films and Light-Emitting Diodes}, series = {Advanced optical materials}, volume = {3}, journal = {Advanced optical materials}, number = {7}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH}, address = {Weinheim}, issn = {2195-1071}, doi = {10.1002/adom.201500019}, pages = {913 -- 917}, year = {2015}, language = {en} } @misc{GarciaBenitoQuartiQuelozetal.2020, author = {Garc{\´i}a-Benito, In{\´e}s and Quarti, Claudio and Queloz, Valentin I. E. and Hofstetter, Yvonne J. and Becker-Koch, David and Caprioglio, Pietro and Neher, Dieter and Orlandi, Simonetta and Cavazzini, Marco and Pozzi, Gianluca and Even, Jacky and Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja and Vaynzof, Yana and Grancini, Giulia}, title = {Fluorination of organic spacer impacts on the structural and optical response of 2D perovskites}, series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe}, issn = {1866-8372}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-51242}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-512420}, pages = {13}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Low-dimensional hybrid perovskites have triggered significant research interest due to their intrinsically tunable optoelectronic properties and technologically relevant material stability. In particular, the role of the organic spacer on the inherent structural and optical features in two-dimensional (2D) perovskites is paramount for material optimization. To obtain a deeper understanding of the relationship between spacers and the corresponding 2D perovskite film properties, we explore the influence of the partial substitution of hydrogen atoms by fluorine in an alkylammonium organic cation, resulting in (Lc)(2)PbI4 and (Lf)(2)PbI4 2D perovskites, respectively. Consequently, optical analysis reveals a clear 0.2 eV blue-shift in the excitonic position at room temperature. This result can be mainly attributed to a band gap opening, with negligible effects on the exciton binding energy. According to Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, the band gap increases due to a larger distortion of the structure that decreases the atomic overlap of the wavefunctions and correspondingly bandwidth of the valence and conduction bands. In addition, fluorination impacts the structural rigidity of the 2D perovskite, resulting in a stable structure at room temperature and the absence of phase transitions at a low temperature, in contrast to the widely reported polymorphism in some non-fluorinated materials that exhibit such a phase transition. This indicates that a small perturbation in the material structure can strongly influence the overall structural stability and related phase transition of 2D perovskites, making them more robust to any phase change. This work provides key information on how the fluorine content in organic spacer influence the structural distortion of 2D perovskites and their optical properties which possess remarkable importance for future optoelectronic applications, for instance in the field of light-emitting devices or sensors.}, language = {en} } @article{RanLoveHeiberetal.2018, author = {Ran, Niva A. and Love, John A. and Heiber, Michael C. and Jiao, Xuechen and Hughes, Michael P. and Karki, Akchheta and Wang, Ming and Brus, Viktor V. and Wang, Hengbin and Neher, Dieter and Ade, Harald and Bazan, Guillermo C. and Thuc-Quyen Nguyen,}, title = {Charge generation and recombination in an organic solar cell with low energetic offsets}, series = {dvanced energy materials}, volume = {8}, journal = {dvanced energy materials}, number = {5}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH}, address = {Weinheim}, issn = {1614-6832}, doi = {10.1002/aenm.201701073}, pages = {12}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells require energetic offsets between the donor and acceptor to obtain high short-circuit currents (J(SC)) and fill factors (FF). However, it is necessary to reduce the energetic offsets to achieve high open-circuit voltages (V-OC). Recently, reports have highlighted BHJ blends that are pushing at the accepted limits of energetic offsets necessary for high efficiency. Unfortunately, most of these BHJs have modest FF values. How the energetic offset impacts the solar cell characteristics thus remains poorly understood. Here, a comprehensive characterization of the losses in a polymer:fullerene BHJ blend, PIPCP:phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), that achieves a high V-OC (0.9 V) with very low energy losses (E-loss = 0.52 eV) from the energy of absorbed photons, a respectable J(SC) (13 mA cm(-2)), but a limited FF (54\%) is reported. Despite the low energetic offset, the system does not suffer from field-dependent generation and instead it is characterized by very fast nongeminate recombination and the presence of shallow traps. The charge-carrier losses are attributed to suboptimal morphology due to high miscibility between PIPCP and PC61BM. These results hold promise that given the appropriate morphology, the J(SC), V-OC, and FF can all be improved, even with very low energetic offsets.}, language = {en} } @article{HosseiniRolandKurpiersetal.2019, author = {Hosseini, Seyed Mehrdad and Roland, Steffen and Kurpiers, Jona and Chen, Zhiming and Zhang, Kai and Huang, Fei and Armin, Ardalan and Neher, Dieter and Shoaee, Safa}, title = {Impact of Bimolecular Recombination on the Fill Factor of Fullerene and Nonfullerene-Based Solar Cells}, series = {The journal of physical chemistry : C, Nanomaterials and interfaces}, volume = {123}, journal = {The journal of physical chemistry : C, Nanomaterials and interfaces}, number = {11}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, address = {Washington}, issn = {1932-7447}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b11669}, pages = {6823 -- 6830}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Power conversion efficiencies of donor/acceptor organic solar cells utilizing nonfullerene acceptors have now increased beyond the record of their fullerene-based counterparts. There remain many fundamental questions regarding nanomorphology, interfacial states, charge generation and extraction, and losses in these systems. Herein, we present a comparative study of bulk heterojunction solar cells composed of a recently introduced naphthothiadiazole-based polymer (NT812) as the electron donor and two different acceptor molecules, namely, [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)[70] and 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene (ITIC). A comparison between the photovoltaic performance of these two types of solar cells reveals that the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the NT812:ITIC-based solar cell is larger, but the fill factor (FF) is lower than that of the NT812:PCBM[70] device. We find the key reason behind this reduced FF in the ITIC-based device to be faster nongeminate recombination relative to the NT812:PCBM[70] system.}, language = {en} } @article{RolandYanZhangetal.2017, author = {Roland, Steffen and Yan, Liang and Zhang, Qianqian and Jiao, Xuechen and Hunt, Adrian and Ghasemi, Masoud and Ade, Harald and You, Wei and Neher, Dieter}, title = {Charge Generation and Mobility-Limited Performance of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells with a Higher Adduct Fullerene}, series = {The journal of physical chemistry : C, Nanomaterials and interfaces}, volume = {121}, journal = {The journal of physical chemistry : C, Nanomaterials and interfaces}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, address = {Washington}, issn = {1932-7447}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b02288}, pages = {10305 -- 10316}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Alternative electron acceptors are being actively explored in order to advance the development of bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs). The indene-C-60 bisadduct (ICBA) has been regarded as a promising candidate, as it provides high open-circuit voltage in BHJ solar cells; however, the photovoltaic performance of such ICBA-based devices is often inferior when compared to cells with the omnipresent PCBM electron acceptor. Here, by pairing the high performance polymer (FTAZ) as the donor with either PCBM or ICBA as the acceptor, we explore the physical mechanism behind the reduced performance of the ICBA-based device. Time delayed collection field (TDCF) experiments reveal reduced, yet field-independent free charge generation in the FTAZ:ICBA system, explaining the overall lower photocurrent in its cells. Through the analysis of the photoluminescence, photogeneration, and electroluminescence, we find that the lower generation efficiency is neither caused by inefficient exciton splitting, nor do we find evidence for significant energy back-transfer from the CT state to singlet excitons. In fact, the increase in open circuit voltage when replacing PCBM by ICBA is entirely caused by the increase in the CT energy, related to the shift in the LUMO energy, while changes in the radiative and nonradiative recombination losses are nearly absent. On the other hand, space charge limited current (SCLC) and bias-assisted charge extraction (BACE) measurements consistently reveal a severely lower electron mobilitiy in the FTAZ:ICBA blend. Studies of the blends with resonant soft X-ray scattering (R-SoXS), grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) reveal very little differences in the mesoscopic morphology but significantly less nanoscale molecular ordering of the fullerene domains in the ICBA based blends, which we propose as the main cause for the lower generation efficiency and smaller electron mobility. Calculations of the JV curves with an analytical model, using measured values, show good agreement with the experimentally determined JV characteristics, proving that these devices suffer from slow carrier extraction, resulting in significant bimolecular recombination losses. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of high charge carrier mobility for newly synthesized acceptor materials, in addition to having suitable energy levels.}, language = {en} } @article{BenduhnTvingstedtPiersimonietal.2017, author = {Benduhn, Johannes and Tvingstedt, Kristofer and Piersimoni, Fortunato and Ullbrich, Sascha and Fan, Yeli and Tropiano, Manuel and McGarry, Kathryn A. and Zeika, Olaf and Riede, Moritz K. and Douglas, Christopher J. and Barlow, Stephen and Marder, Seth R. and Neher, Dieter and Spoltore, Donato and Vandewal, Koen}, title = {Intrinsic non-radiative voltage losses in fullerene-based organic solar cells}, series = {Nature Energy}, volume = {2}, journal = {Nature Energy}, publisher = {Nature Publ. Group}, address = {London}, issn = {2058-7546}, doi = {10.1038/nenergy.2017.53}, pages = {6}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Organic solar cells demonstrate external quantum efficiencies and fill factors approaching those of conventional photovoltaic technologies. However, as compared with the optical gap of the absorber materials, their open-circuit voltage is much lower, largely due to the presence of significant non-radiative recombination. Here, we study a large data set of published and new material combinations and find that non-radiative voltage losses decrease with increasing charge-transfer-state energies. This observation is explained by considering non-radiative charge-transfer-state decay as electron transfer in the Marcus inverted regime, being facilitated by a common skeletal molecular vibrational mode. Our results suggest an intrinsic link between non-radiative voltage losses and electron-vibration coupling, indicating that these losses are unavoidable. Accordingly, the theoretical upper limit for the power conversion efficiency of single-junction organic solar cells would be reduced to about 25.5\% and the optimal optical gap increases to (1.45-1.65) eV, that is, (0.2-0.3) eV higher than for technologies with minimized non-radiative voltage losses.}, language = {en} } @article{HofackerNeher2017, author = {Hofacker, Andreas and Neher, Dieter}, title = {Dispersive and steady-state recombination in organic disordered semiconductors}, series = {Physical review : B, Condensed matter and materials physics}, volume = {96}, journal = {Physical review : B, Condensed matter and materials physics}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, address = {College Park}, issn = {2469-9950}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.96.245204}, pages = {11}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Charge carrier recombination in organic disordered semiconductors is strongly influenced by the thermalization of charge carriers in the density of states (DOS). Measurements of recombination dynamics, conducted under transient or steady-state conditions, can easily be misinterpreted when a detailed understanding of the interplay of thermalization and recombination is missing. To enable adequate measurement analysis, we solve the multiple-trapping problem for recombining charge carriers and analyze it in the transient and steady excitation paradigm for different DOS distributions. We show that recombination rates measured after pulsed excitation are inherently time dependent since recombination gradually slows down as carriers relax in the DOS. When measuring the recombination order after pulsed excitation, this leads to an apparent high-order recombination at short times. As times goes on, the recombination order approaches an asymptotic value. For the Gaussian and the exponential DOS distributions, this asymptotic value equals the recombination order of the equilibrated system under steady excitation. For a more general DOS distribution, the recombination order can also depend on the carrier density, under both transient and steady-state conditions. We conclude that transient experiments can provide rich information about recombination in and out of equilibrium and the underlying DOS occupation provided that consistent modeling of the system is performed.}, language = {en} } @article{LigorioNardiSteyrleuthneretal.2016, author = {Ligorio, G. and Nardi, M. V. and Steyrleuthner, Robert and Ihiawakrim, D. and Crespo-Monteiro, N. and Brinkmann, Martin and Neher, Dieter and Koch, N.}, title = {Metal nanoparticle mediated space charge and its optical control in an organic hole-only device}, series = {Applied physics letters}, volume = {108}, journal = {Applied physics letters}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, address = {Melville}, issn = {0003-6951}, doi = {10.1063/1.4945710}, pages = {5}, year = {2016}, abstract = {We reveal the role of localized space charges in hole-only devices based on an organic semiconductor with embedded metal nanoparticles (MNPs). MNPs act as deep traps for holes and reduce the current density compared to a device without MNPs by a factor of 10(4) due to the build-up of localized space charge. Dynamic MNPs charged neutrality can be realized during operation by electron transfer from excitons created in the organic matrix, enabling light sensing independent of device bias. In contrast to the previous speculations, electrical bistability in such devices was not observed. (C) 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.}, language = {en} } @article{ZersonNeumannSteyrleuthneretal.2016, author = {Zerson, Mario and Neumann, Martin and Steyrleuthner, Robert and Neher, Dieter and Magerle, Robert}, title = {Surface Structure of Semicrystalline Naphthalene Diimide-Bithiophene Copolymer Films Studied with Atomic Force Microscopy}, series = {Macromolecules : a publication of the American Chemical Society}, volume = {49}, journal = {Macromolecules : a publication of the American Chemical Society}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0024-9297}, doi = {10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00988}, pages = {6549 -- 6557}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{ColladoFregosoHoodShoaeeetal.2017, author = {Collado-Fregoso, Elisa and Hood, Samantha N. and Shoaee, Safa and Schr{\"o}der, Bob C. and McCulloch, Iain and Kassal, Ivan and Neher, Dieter and Durrant, James R.}, title = {Intercalated vs Nonintercalated Morphologies in Donor-Acceptor Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells: PBTTT:Fullerene Charge Generation and Recombination Revisited}, series = {The journal of physical chemistry letters}, volume = {8}, journal = {The journal of physical chemistry letters}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, address = {Washington}, issn = {1948-7185}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01571}, pages = {4061 -- 4068}, year = {2017}, abstract = {In this Letter, we study the role of the donor:acceptor interface nanostructure upon charge separation and recombination in organic photovoltaic devices and blend films, using mixtures of PBTTT and two different fullerene derivatives (PC70BM and ICTA) as models for intercalated and nonintercalated morphologies, respectively. Thermodynamic simulations show that while the completely intercalated system exhibits a large free-energy barrier for charge separation, this barrier is significantly lower in the nonintercalated system and almost vanishes when energetic disorder is included in the model. Despite these differences, both femtosecond-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) and time-delayed collection field (TDCF) exhibit extensive first-order losses in both systems, suggesting that geminate pairs are the primary product of photoexcitation. In contrast, the system that comprises a combination of fully intercalated polymer:fullerene areas and fullerene-aggregated domains (1:4 PBTTT:PC70BM) is the only one that shows slow, second-order recombination of free charges, resulting in devices with an overall higher short-circuit current and fill factor. This study therefore provides a novel consideration of the role of the interfacial nanostructure and the nature of bound charges and their impact upon charge generation and recombination.}, language = {en} } @article{NikolisBenduhnHolzmuelleretal.2017, author = {Nikolis, Vasileios C. and Benduhn, Johannes and Holzmueller, Felix and Piersimoni, Fortunato and Lau, Matthias and Zeika, Olaf and Neher, Dieter and Koerner, Christian and Spoltore, Donato and Vandewal, Koen}, title = {Reducing Voltage Losses in Cascade Organic Solar Cells while Maintaining High External Quantum Efficiencies}, series = {dvanced energy materials}, volume = {7}, journal = {dvanced energy materials}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH}, address = {Weinheim}, issn = {1614-6832}, doi = {10.1002/aenm.201700855}, pages = {122 -- 136}, year = {2017}, abstract = {High photon energy losses limit the open-circuit voltage (V-OC) and power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs). In this work, an optimization route is presented which increases the V-OC by reducing the interfacial area between donor (D) and acceptor (A). This optimization route concerns a cascade device architecture in which the introduction of discontinuous interlayers between alpha-sexithiophene (alpha-6T) (D) and chloroboron subnaphthalocyanine (SubNc) (A) increases the V-OC of an alpha-6T/SubNc/SubPc fullerene-free cascade OSC from 0.98 V to 1.16 V. This increase of 0.18 V is attributed solely to the suppression of nonradiative recombination at the D-A interface. By accurately measuring the optical gap (E-opt) and the energy of the charge-transfer state (E-CT) of the studied OSC, a detailed analysis of the overall voltage losses is performed. E-opt - qV(OC) losses of 0.58 eV, which are among the lowest observed for OSCs, are obtained. Most importantly, for the V-OC-optimized devices, the low-energy (700 nm) external quantum efficiency (EQE) peak remains high at 79\%, despite a minimal driving force for charge separation of less than 10 meV. This work shows that low-voltage losses can be combined with a high EQE in organic photovoltaic devices.}, language = {en} } @article{HofackerNeher2017, author = {Hofacker, Andreas and Neher, Dieter}, title = {Dispersive and steady-state recombination in organic disordered semiconductors}, series = {Physical review : B, Condensed matter and materials physics}, volume = {96}, journal = {Physical review : B, Condensed matter and materials physics}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, address = {College Park}, issn = {2469-9950}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.96.245204}, pages = {5640 -- 5649}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Charge carrier recombination in organic disordered semiconductors is strongly influenced by the thermalization of charge carriers in the density of states (DOS). Measurements of recombination dynamics, conducted under transient or steady-state conditions, can easily be misinterpreted when a detailed understanding of the interplay of thermalization and recombination is missing. To enable adequate measurement analysis, we solve the multiple-trapping problem for recombining charge carriers and analyze it in the transient and steady excitation paradigm for different DOS distributions. We show that recombination rates measured after pulsed excitation are inherently time dependent since recombination gradually slows down as carriers relax in the DOS. When measuring the recombination order after pulsed excitation, this leads to an apparent high-order recombination at short times. As times goes on, the recombination order approaches an asymptotic value. For the Gaussian and the exponential DOS distributions, this asymptotic value equals the recombination order of the equilibrated system under steady excitation. For a more general DOS distribution, the recombination order can also depend on the carrier density, under both transient and steady-state conditions. We conclude that transient experiments can provide rich information about recombination in and out of equilibrium and the underlying DOS occupation provided that consistent modeling of the system is performed.}, language = {en} } @article{MechauSaphiannikovaNeher2006, author = {Mechau, Norman and Saphiannikova, Marina and Neher, Dieter}, title = {Molecular tracer diffusion in thin azobenzene polymer layers}, series = {Applied physics letters}, volume = {89}, journal = {Applied physics letters}, number = {25}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Melville}, issn = {0003-6951}, doi = {10.1063/1.2405853}, pages = {3}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Translational diffusion of fluorescent tracer molecules in azobenzene polymer layers is studied at different temperatures and under illumination using the method of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Diffusion is clearly observed in the dark above the glass transition temperature, while homogeneous illumination at 488 nm and 100 mW/cm(2) does not cause any detectable diffusion of the dye molecules within azobenzene layers. This implies that the viscosity of azobenzene layers remains nearly unchanged under illumination with visible light in the absence of internal or external forces. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.}, language = {en} } @article{AlqahtaniBabicsGorenflotetal.2018, author = {Alqahtani, Obaid and Babics, Maxime and Gorenflot, Julien and Savikhin, Victoria and Ferron, Thomas and Balawi, Ahmed H. and Paulke, Andreas and Kan, Zhipeng and Pope, Michael and Clulow, Andrew J. and Wolf, Jannic and Burn, Paul L. and Gentle, Ian R. and Neher, Dieter and Toney, Michael F. and Laquai, Frederic and Beaujuge, Pierre M. and Collins, Brian A.}, title = {Mixed Domains Enhance Charge Generation and Extraction in Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells with Small-Molecule Donors}, series = {Advanced energy materials}, volume = {8}, journal = {Advanced energy materials}, number = {19}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH}, address = {Weinheim}, issn = {1614-6832}, doi = {10.1002/aenm.201702941}, pages = {16}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The interplay between nanomorphology and efficiency of polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells has been the subject of intense research, but the generality of these concepts for small-molecule (SM) BHJs remains unclear. Here, the relation between performance; charge generation, recombination, and extraction dynamics; and nanomorphology achievable with two SM donors benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b]dithiophene-pyrido[3,4-b]-pyrazine BDT(PPTh2)(2), namely SM1 and SM2, differing by their side-chains, are examined as a function of solution additive composition. The results show that the additive 1,8-diiodooctane acts as a plasticizer in the blends, increases domain size, and promotes ordering/crystallinity. Surprisingly, the system with high domain purity (SM1) exhibits both poor exciton harvesting and severe charge trapping, alleviated only slightly with increased crystallinity. In contrast, the system consisting of mixed domains and lower crystallinity (SM2) shows both excellent exciton harvesting and low charge recombination losses. Importantly, the onset of large, pure crystallites in the latter (SM2) system reduces efficiency, pointing to possible differences in the ideal morphologies for SM-based BHJ solar cells compared with polymer-fullerene devices. In polymer-based systems, tie chains between pure polymer crystals establish a continuous charge transport network, whereas SM-based active layers may in some cases require mixed domains that enable both aggregation and charge percolation to the electrodes.}, language = {en} } @article{LiBenduhnLietal.2018, author = {Li, Tian-yi and Benduhn, Johannes and Li, Yue and Jaiser, Frank and Spoltore, Donato and Zeika, Olaf and Ma, Zaifei and Neher, Dieter and Vandewal, Koen and Leo, Karl}, title = {Boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) with meso-perfluorinated alkyl substituents as near infrared donors in organic solar cells}, series = {Journal of materials chemistry : A, Materials for energy and sustainability}, volume = {6}, journal = {Journal of materials chemistry : A, Materials for energy and sustainability}, number = {38}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {2050-7488}, doi = {10.1039/c8ta06261g}, pages = {18583 -- 18591}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Three furan-fused BODIPYs were synthesized with perfluorinated methyl, ethyl and n-propyl groups on the meso-carbon. They were obtained with high yields by reacting the furan-fused 2-carboxylpyrrole in corresponding perfluorinated acid and anhydride. With the increase in perfluorinated alkyl chain length, the molecular packing in the single crystal is influenced, showing increasing stacking distance and decreasing slope angle. All the BODIPYs were characterized as intense absorbers in near infrared region in solid state, peaking at similar to 800 nm with absorption coefficient of over 280 000 cm(-1). Facilitated by high thermal stability, the furan-fused BODIPYs were employed in vacuum-deposited organic solar cells as electron donors. All devices exhibit PCE over 6.0\% with the EQE maximum reaching 70\% at similar to 790 nm. The chemical modification of the BODIPY donors have certain influence on the active layer morphology, and the highest PCE of 6.4\% was obtained with a notably high jsc of 13.6 mA cm(-2). Sensitive EQE and electroluminance studies indicated that the energy losses generated by the formation of a charge transfer state and the radiative recombination at the donor-acceptor interface were comparable in the range of 0.14-0.19 V, while non-radiative recombination energy loss of 0.38 V was the main energy loss route resulting in the moderate V-oc of 0.76 V.}, language = {en} } @article{SalertKruegerBagnichetal.2013, author = {Salert, Beatrice Ch. D. and Krueger, Hartmut and Bagnich, Sergey A. and Unger, Thomas and Jaiser, Frank and Al-Sa'di, Mahmoud and Neher, Dieter and Hayer, Anna and Eberle, Thomas}, title = {New polymer matrix system for phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes and the role of the small molecular co-host}, series = {Journal of polymer science : A, Polymer chemistry}, volume = {51}, journal = {Journal of polymer science : A, Polymer chemistry}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0887-624X}, doi = {10.1002/pola.26409}, pages = {601 -- 613}, year = {2013}, abstract = {A new matrix system for phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on an electron transporting component attached to an inert polymer backbone, an electronically neutral co-host, and a phosphorescent dye that serves as both emitter and hole conductor are presented. The inert co-host is used either as small molecules or covalently connected to the same chain as the electron-transporting host. The use of a small molecular inert co-host in the active layer is shown to be highly advantageous in comparison to a purely polymeric matrix bearing the same functionalities. Analysis of the dye phosphorescence decay in pure polymer, small molecular co-host film, and their blend lets to conclude that dye molecules distribute mostly in the small molecular co-host phase, where the co-host prevents agglomeration and self-quenching of the phosphorescence as well as energy transfer to the electron transporting units. In addition, the co-host accumulates at the anode interface where it acts as electron blocking layer and improves hole injection. This favorable phase separation between polymeric and small molecular components results in devices with efficiencies of about 47 cd/A at a luminance of 1000 cd/m(2). Investigation of OLED degradation demonstrates the presence of two time regimes: one fast component that leads to a strong decrease at short times followed by a slower decrease at longer times. Unlike the long time degradation, the efficiency loss that occurs at short times is reversible and can be recovered by annealing of the device at 180 degrees C. We also show that the long-time degradation must be related to a change of the optical and electrical bulk properties.}, language = {en} } @article{ZenPflaumHirschmannetal.2004, author = {Zen, Achmad and Pflaum, J. and Hirschmann, S. and Zhuang, W. and Jaiser, Frank and Asawapirom, Udom and Rabe, J. P. and Scherf, Ullrich and Neher, Dieter}, title = {Effect of molecular weight and annealing of poly (3-hexylthiophene)s on the performance of organic field-effect transistors}, year = {2004}, abstract = {The optical, structural, and electrical properties of thin layers made from poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) samples of different molecular weights are presented. As reported in a previous paper by Kline et al., Adv. Mater 2003, 15, 1519, the mobilities of these layers are a strong function of the molecular weight, with the largest mobility found for the largest molecular weight. Atomic force microscopy studies reveal a complex polycrystalline morphology which changes considerably upon annealing. X-ray studies show the occurrence of a layered phase for all P3HT fractions, especially after annealing at 1.50 degreesC . However, there is no clear correlation between the differences in the transport properties and the data from structural investigations. In order to reveal the processes limiting the mobility in these layers, the transistor properties were investigated as a function of temperature. The mobility decreases continuously with increasing temperatures; with the same trend pronounced thermochromic effects of the P3HT films occur. Apparently, the polymer chains adopt a more twisted, disordered conformation at higher temperatures, leading to interchain transport barriers. We conclude that the backbone conformation of the majority of the bulk material rather than the crystallinity of the layer is the most crucial parameter controlling the charge transport in these P3HT layers. This interpretation is supported by the significant blue-shift of the solid-state absorption spectra with decreasing molecular weight, which is indicative of a larger distortion of the P3HT backbone in the low-molecular weight P3HT layers}, language = {en} }