@article{SorgnerFritschKritikos2017,
  author    = {Sorgner, Alina and Fritsch, Michael and Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {Do entrepreneurs really earn less?},
  series = {Small business economics : an international journal},
  volume    = {49},
  journal   = {Small business economics : an international journal},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0921-898X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11187-017-9874-6},
  pages     = {251 -- 272},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Based on large representative German household survey data, we compare incomes of the self-employed with those of paid employees. We find that the entrepreneurial income gap is largest for those holding a tertiary degree, but in two directions: positive for employers (self-employed with further employees) and negative for solo entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs holding a tertiary degree also face the greatest income variation. However, some solo self-employed earn more than their employed counterparts, in particular those with a university entrance degree as the highest level of education.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AmorosoHerrmannKritikos2024,
  author    = {Amoroso, Sara and Herrmann, Benedikt and Kritikos, Alexander S.},
  title     = {The role of regulation and regional government quality for high-growth firms},
  series = {Regional studies},
  journal   = {Regional studies},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0034-3404},
  doi       = {10.1080/00343404.2024.2366289},
  pages     = {1 -- 18},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {High-growth firms (HGFs) are important for job creation and productivity growth. We investigate the relationship between product and labour market regulations, as well as the quality of regional governments that implement these regulations, and the development of HGFs across European regions. Using data from Eurostat, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Economic Forum (WEF), and Gothenburg University, we show that both regulatory stringency and the quality of the regional government relate to the regional shares of HGFs. In particular, we find that the effect of labour and product market regulations is moderated by the quality of regional government. Depending on the quality of regional governments, regulations may have a 'good, bad or ugly' influence on the development of HGFs. Our findings contribute to the debate on the effects of regulations and offer important building blocks to develop tailored policy measures that may influence the development of HGFs in a region.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KritikosMalirantaNippalaetal.2024,
  author    = {Kritikos, Alexander S. and Maliranta, Mika and Nippala, Veera and Nurmi, Satu},
  title     = {Does gender of firm ownership matter?},
  series = {Journal of population economics},
  volume    = {37},
  journal   = {Journal of population economics},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {0933-1433},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00148-024-01030-x},
  pages     = {1 -- 31},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {We examine how the gender of business owners is related to the wages paid to female relative to male employees working in their firms. Using Finnish register data and employing firm fixed effects, we find that the gender pay gap is—starting from a gender pay gap of 11 to 12\%—two to three percentage points lower for hourly wages in female-owned firms than in male-owned firms. Results are robust to how the wage is measured, as well as to various further robustness checks. More importantly, we find substantial differences between industries. While, for instance, in the manufacturing sector, the gender of the owner plays no role in the gender pay gap, in several service sector industries, like ICT or business services, no or a negligible gender pay gap can be found, but only when firms are led by female business owners. Businesses with male ownership maintain a gender pay gap of around 10\% also in the latter industries. With increasing firm size, the influence of the gender of the owner, however, fades. In large firms, it seems that others—firm managers—determine wages and no differences in the pay gap are observed between male- and female-owned firms.},
  language  = {en}
}