@article{HuckabeeMcIntoshFulleretal.2018,
  author    = {Huckabee, Maggie-Lee and McIntosh, Theresa and Fuller, Laura and Curry, Morgan and Thomas, Paige and Walshe, Margaret and McCague, Ellen and Battel, Irene and Nogueira, Dalia and Frank, Ulrike and van den Engel-Hoek, Lenie and Sella-Weiss, Oshrat},
  title     = {The test of masticating and swallowing solids (TOMASS)},
  series = {International Journal of language \& communicaton disorders},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {International Journal of language \& communicaton disorders},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1368-2822},
  doi       = {10.1111/1460-6984.12332},
  pages     = {144 -- 156},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {BackgroundClinical swallowing assessment is largely limited to qualitative assessment of behavioural observations. There are limited quantitative data that can be compared with a healthy population for identification of impairment. The Test of Masticating and Swallowing Solids (TOMASS) was developed as a quantitative assessment of solid bolus ingestion. AimsThis research programme investigated test development indices and established normative data for the TOMASS to support translation to clinical dysphagia assessment. Conclusions \& ImplicationsThe TOMASS is presented as a valid, reliable and broadly normed clinical assessment of solid bolus ingestion. Clinical application may help identify dysphagic patients at bedside and provide a non-invasive, but sensitive, measure of functional change in swallowing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FrankvandenEngelHoekNogueiraetal.2018,
  author    = {Frank, Ulrike and van den Engel-Hoek, Lenie and Nogueira, Dalia and Schindler, Antonio and Adams, Sasha and Curry, Morgan and Huckabee, Maggie-Lee},
  title     = {International standardisation of the test of masticating and swallowing solids in children},
  series = {Journal of oral rehabilitation},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {Journal of oral rehabilitation},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0305-182X},
  doi       = {10.1111/joor.12728},
  pages     = {161 -- 169},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The Test of Masticating and Swallowing Solids (TOMASS) is a validated assessment tool measuring the efficiency of solid bolus intake by four quantitative parameters: discrete bites, masticatory cycles, swallows and time to ingest a single cracker. A normative database for adults (20-80+ years) has previously been established. The objective of this study was to investigate the applicability and reliability of the TOMASS in children and adolescents (TOMASS-C) and to establish the normative database for this younger population. We collected data from 638 participants (male: 311, female: 327) in five age groups (4-18 years) with five different but very similar test crackers in four countries. Significant effects of bolus type (cracker), age group and gender on the TOMASS parameters were identified, requiring stratification of the TOMASS-C database by these variables. Intra-rater reliability was excellent (ICC > 0.94) for all parameters; inter-rater reliability was moderate for "number of swallows" (ICC = 0.54), good for "bites" (ICC = 0.78) and "time" (ICC = 0.82), and excellent for "masticatory cycles" (ICC = 0.96). The "Test of Masticating and Swallowing Solids in Children (TOMASS-C)" was identified to be a reliable diagnostic tool for the comprehensive measurement of discrete oral stage components of solid bolus ingestion, standardised by a large normative database that covers age groups from preschoolers to young adults. While differences between gender groups were less pronounced than in the adult population, previous results relating to changes in masticatory and swallowing as a function of age are confirmed by our data.},
  language  = {en}
}