@article{EckelLiKuxhausetal.2018,
  author    = {Eckel, Nathalie and Li, Yanping and Kuxhaus, Olga and Stefan, Norbert and Hu, Frank B. and Schulze, Matthias Bernd},
  title     = {Transition from metabolic healthy to unhealthy phenotypes and association with cardiovascular disease risk across BMI categories in 90 257 women (the Nurses' Health Study)},
  series = {The lancet diabetes \& endocrinology},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {The lancet diabetes \& endocrinology},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {2213-8587},
  doi       = {10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30137-2},
  pages     = {714 -- 724},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background Cardiovascular disease risk among individuals across different categories of BMI might depend on their metabolic health. It remains unclear to what extent metabolic health status changes over time and whether this affects cardiovascular disease risk. In this study, we aimed to examine the association between metabolic health and its change over time and cardiovascular disease risk across BMI categories. Findings During 2 127 391 person-years of follow-up with a median follow-up of 24 years, we documented 6306 cases of cardiovascular disease including 3304 myocardial infarction cases and 3080 strokes. Cardiovascular disease risk of women with metabolically healthy obesity was increased compared with women with metabolically healthy normal weight (HR 1.39, 95\% CI 1.15-1.68), but risk was considerably higher in women with metabolically unhealthy normal weight (2.43, 2.19-2.68), overweight (2.61, 2.36-2.89) and obesity (3.15, 2.83-3.50). The majority of metabolically healthy women converted to unhealthy phenotypes (2555 [84\%] of 3027 women with obesity, 22 215 [68\%] of 32 882 women with normal-weight after 20 years). Women who maintained metabolically healthy obesity during follow-up were still at a higher cardiovascular disease risk compared with women with stable healthy normal weight (HR 1.57, 1.03-2.38), yet this risk was lower than for initially metabolically healthy women who converted to an unhealthy phenotype (normal-weight 1.90, 1.66-2.17 vs obesity 2.74, 2.30-3.27). Particularly incident diabetes and hypertension increased the risk among women with initial metabolic health. Interpretation Even when metabolic health is maintained during long periods of time, obesity remains a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, risks are highest for metabolically unhealthy women across all BMI categories. A large proportion of metabolically healthy women converted to an unhealthy phenotype over time across all BMI categories, which is associated with an increased cardiovascular disease risk. Copyright (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Eckel2017,
  author    = {Eckel, Nathalie},
  title     = {Metabolically healthy obesity and metabolically unhealthy normal weight - identification and associated risks},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {177},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}