@article{WalchChaudharyHeroldetal.2009,
  author    = {Walch, Elisabeth and Chaudhary, Tanja and Herold, Birgit and Obladen, Michael},
  title     = {Parental bilingualism is associated with slower cognitive development in very low birth weight infants},
  issn      = {0378-3782},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.03.002},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Background: Speech development is frequently impaired in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Few and controversial data have been published on concepts regarding the influence of bilingual education. Aims: The objectives of the current study were to assess the influence of parental bilingualism on speech development and neurodevelopmental outcome in low risk VLBW infants. Study design: Monocentric prospective controlled cohort study with standardized follow- up. Subjects: We recruited 50 singleton VLBW infants each from monolingual and bilingual families as well as 90 term control infants. The infants were free of disease and congenital malformation. Outcome measures: Griffiths scales of infant development at the corrected ages of 6 and 12 months, Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID II) with 22 months. Results: In general, both bilingual and monolingual VLBW infants achieved age-specific milestones at the corrected age of 6,12 and 22 months. However, bilingual VLBW infants achieved significantly lower scores than their monolingual peers in all cognitive subscales. The influence of maternal education on the neurodevelopmental outcome of the preterm infants was not significant; the subscales' correlation with socioeconomic or biological parameters was poor. However, a clear differentiation between social status and bilingual environment importance for speech development was not possible. Conclusions: In the setting of the present investigation, parental bilingualism is associated with slower neurodevelopment in VLBW infants during the first 2 years of life.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ChaudharyWalchHeroldetal.2013,
  author    = {Chaudhary, Tanja and Walch, Elisabeth and Herold, Birgit and Metze, B. and Lejeune, A. and Burkhardt, F. and Buehrer, C.},
  title     = {Predictive and concurrent validity of standardized neurodevelopmental examinations by the griffiths scales and bayley scales of infant development II},
  series = {Klinische P{\"a}diatrie : clinical research and practice in pediatrics},
  volume    = {225},
  journal   = {Klinische P{\"a}diatrie : clinical research and practice in pediatrics},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Thieme},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0300-8630},
  doi       = {10.1055/s-0032-1331169},
  pages     = {8 -- 12},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Background: Standardized examinations of preterm infants are used to identify candidates for early intervention. We aimed to assess the predictive power and concurrent validity of the mental development index of the Bayley scales of infant development II (Bayley MDI) and the Griffiths scales developmental quotient (Griffiths DQ) in healthy term and preterm infants < 1 500 g birth weight without major perinatal complications. Methods: 137 Infants (89 term, 48 preterm) were examined by both tests at a corrected age of 6, 12, and 22 months, and 114 went on to undergo Bayley assessments at 39 months. Results: There were significant correlations between Bayley and Griffiths results at 6, 12, and 22 months (r = 0.530, 0.714, and 0.833, respectively, p < 0.001) but Bland Altman plots revealed major systematic bias at 6 months (Griffiths > Bayley, mean differences 14.3 +/- 9.8) and 22 months (Bayley > Griffiths, mean difference 5.2 +/- 13.9) and wide 95\% limits of agreement at 6, 12 and 22 months (35.9\%, 40.0\%, and 52.4\%, respectively). The agreement for a presumptive diagnosis of developmental impairment in the group of preterm infants between Bayley examinations obtained at 39 months corrected age (reference) and previous examinations was poor at 6, 12, and 22 months for both Bayley and Griffiths (Cohen's kappa for Griffiths: 0.225, 0.192, 0.369; for Bayley: 0.121, 0.316, 0.369, respectively). Conclusion: Caution should be exercised when interpreting results from standardized neurodevelopmental examinations obtained during the first 2 years of life in comparatively well preterm infants.},
  language  = {en}
}