@article{AhmadiHeratAlizadehetal.2021,
  author    = {Ahmadi, Hamid and Herat, Nehara and Alizadeh, Shahab and Button, Duane C. and Granacher, Urs and Behm, David G.},
  title     = {Effect of an inverted seated position with upper arm blood flow restriction on measures of elbow flexors neuromuscular performance},
  series = {PLOS ONE / Public Library of Science},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {PLOS ONE / Public Library of Science},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {PLoS},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0245311},
  pages     = {19},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Purpose The objective of the investigation was to determine the concomitant effects of upper arm blood flow restriction (BFR) and inversion on elbow flexors neuromuscular responses. Methods Randomly allocated, 13 volunteers performed four conditions in a within-subject design: rest (control, 1-min upright position without BFR), control (1-min upright with BFR), 1-min inverted (without BFR), and 1-min inverted with BFR. Evoked and voluntary contractile properties, before, during and after a 30-s maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) exercise intervention were examined as well as pain scale. Results Inversion induced significant pre-exercise intervention decreases in elbow flexors MVC (21.1\%, Z2p = 0.48, p = 0.02) and resting evoked twitch forces (29.4\%, Z2p = 0.34, p = 0.03). The 30-s MVC induced significantly greater pre- to post-test decreases in potentiated twitch force (Z2p = 0.61, p = 0.0009) during inversion (75\%) than upright (65.3\%) conditions. Overall, BFR decreased MVC force 4.8\% (Z2p = 0.37, p = 0.05). For upright position, BFR induced 21.0\% reductions in M-wave amplitude (Z2p = 0.44, p = 0.04). There were no significant differences for electromyographic activity or voluntary activation as measured with the interpolated twitch technique. For all conditions, there was a significant increase in pain scale between the 40-60 s intervals and post-30-s MVC (upright< inversion, and without BFR< BFR). Conclusion The concomitant application of inversion with elbow flexors BFR only amplified neuromuscular performance impairments to a small degree. Individuals who execute forceful contractions when inverted or with BFR should be cognizant that force output may be impaired.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PrieskeAboodardaSierraetal.2017,
  author    = {Prieske, Olaf and Aboodarda, Saied J. and Sierra, Jose A. Benitez and Behm, David G. and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Slower but not faster unilateral fatiguing knee extensions alter contralateral limb performance without impairment of maximal torque output},
  series = {European journal of applied physiology},
  volume    = {117},
  journal   = {European journal of applied physiology},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1439-6319},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00421-016-3524-6},
  pages     = {323 -- 334},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of unilateral fatigue of the knee extensors at different movement velocities on neuromuscular performance in the fatigued and non-fatigued leg. Unilateral fatigue of the knee extensors was induced in 11 healthy young men (23.7 +/- 3.8 years) at slower (60A degrees/s; FAT60) and faster movement velocities (240A degrees/s; FAT240) using an isokinetic dynamometer. A resting control (CON) condition was included. The fatigue protocols consisted of five sets of 15 maximal concentric knee extensions using the dominant leg. Before and after fatigue, peak isokinetic torque (PIT) and time to PIT (TTP) of the knee extensors as well as electromyographic (EMG) activity of vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris muscles were assessed at 60 and 240A degrees/s movement velocities in the fatigued and non-fatigued leg. In the fatigued leg, significantly greater PIT decrements were observed following FAT60 and FAT240 (11-19\%) compared to CON (3-4\%, p = .002, d = 2.3). Further, EMG activity increased in vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscle following FAT240 only (8-28\%, 0.018 <= p <=.024, d = 1.8). In the non-fatigued leg, shorter TTP values were found after the FAT60 protocol (11-15\%, p = .023, d = 2.4). No significant changes were found for EMG data in the non-fatigued leg. The present study revealed that both slower and faster velocity fatiguing contractions failed to show any evidence of cross-over fatigue on PIT. However, unilateral knee extensor fatigue protocols conducted at slower movement velocities (i.e., 60A degrees/s) appear to modulate torque production on the non-fatigued side (evident in shorter TTP values).},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ChaouachiGranacherMakhloufetal.2017,
  author    = {Chaouachi, Mehdi and Granacher, Urs and Makhlouf, Issam and Hammami, Raouf and Behm, David G. and Chaouachi, Anis},
  title     = {Within Session Sequence of Balance and Plyometric Exercises Does Not Affect Training Adaptations with Youth Soccer Athletes},
  series = {Journal of sports science \& medicine},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {Journal of sports science \& medicine},
  publisher = {Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Faculty of Uludag University},
  address   = {Bursa},
  issn      = {1303-2968},
  pages     = {125 -- 136},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The integration of balance and plyometric training has been shown to provide significant improvements in sprint, jump, agility, and other performance measures in young athletes. It is not known if a specific within session balance and plyometric exercise sequence provides more effective training adaptations. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of using a sequence of alternating pairs of exercises versus a block (series) of all balance exercises followed by a block of plyometric exercises on components of physical fitness such as muscle strength, power, speed, agility, and balance. Twenty-six male adolescent soccer players ( 13.9 +/- 0.3 years) participated in an 8-week training program that either alternated individual balance (e. g., exercises on unstable surfaces) and plyometric (e. g., jumps, hops, rebounds) exercises or performed a block of balance exercises prior to a block of plyometric exercises within each training session. Pre- and post-training measures included proxies of strength, power, agility, sprint, and balance such as countermovement jumps, isometric back and knee extension strength, standing long jump, 10 and 30-m sprints, agility, standing stork, and Y-balance tests. Both groups exhibited significant, generally large magnitude (effect sizes) training improvements for all measures with mean performance increases of approximately > 30\%. There were no significant differences between the training groups over time. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of combining balance and plyometric exercises within a training session on components of physical fitness with young adolescents. The improved performance outcomes were not significantly influenced by the within session exercise sequence.},
  language  = {en}
}