@misc{SchusterTomaszewskaMarchewkaetal.2020,
  author    = {Schuster, Isabell and Tomaszewska, Paulina and Marchewka, Juliette and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Does question format matter in assessing the prevalence of sexual aggression?},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {4},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-54663},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-546632},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {As research on sexual aggression has been growing, methodological issues in assessing prevalence rates have received increased attention. Building on work by Abbey and colleagues about effects of question format, participants in this study (1,253; 621 female; 632 male) were randomly assigned to one of two versions of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). In Version 1, the coercive tactic (use/threat of physical force, exploitation of the inability to resist, verbal pressure) was presented first, and sexual acts (sexual touch, attempted and completed sexual intercourse, other sexual acts) were presented as subsequent questions. In Version 2, sexual acts were presented first, and coercive tactics as subsequent questions. No version effects emerged for overall perpetration rates reported by men and women. The overall victimization rate across all items was significantly higher in the tactic-first than in the sexual-act-first conditions for women, but not for men. Classifying participants by their most severe experience of sexual victimization showed that fewer women were in the nonvictim category and more men were in the nonconsensual sexual contact category when the coercive tactic was presented first. Sexual experience background did not moderate the findings. The implications for the measurement of self-reported sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SkowronskiBuschingKrahe2020,
  author    = {Skowronski, Marika and Busching, Robert and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Predicting adolescents' self-objectification from sexualized video game and Instagram use},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {9-10},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-54199},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-541992},
  pages     = {17},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {A growing body of research has demonstrated negative effects of sexualization in the media on adolescents' body image, but longitudinal studies and research including interactive and social media are scarce. The current study explored the longitudinal associations of adolescents' use of sexualized video games (SVG) and sexualized Instagram images (SII) with body image concerns. Specifically, our study examined relations between adolescents' SVG and SII use and appearance comparisons, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance. A sample of 660 German adolescents (327 female, 333 male;M-age = 15.09 years) participated in two waves with an interval of 6 months. A structural equation model showed that SVG and SII use at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. Furthermore, SVG and SII use indirectly predicted both thin- and muscular-ideal internalization through appearance comparisons at Time 1. In turn, thin-ideal internalization at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. The results indicate that sexualization in video games and on Instagram can play an important role in increasing body image concerns among adolescents. We discuss the findings with respect to objectification theory and the predictive value of including appearance comparisons in models explaining the relation between sexualized media and self-objectification.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SchusterTomaszewskaKrahe2020,
  author    = {Schuster, Isabell and Tomaszewska, Paulina and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Changing cognitive risk factors for sexual aggression},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {3-4},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-54907},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-549072},
  pages     = {26},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Sexual aggression is a problem among college students worldwide, and a growing body of research has identified variables associated with an increased risk of victimization and perpetration. Among these, sexuality-related cognitions, such as sexual scripts, sexual self-esteem, perceived realism of pornography, and acceptance of sexual coercion, play a major role. The current experimental study aimed to show that these cognitive risk factors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are amenable to change, which is a critical condition for evidence-based intervention efforts. College students in Germany (N = 324) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a treatment group designed to change participants' sexual scripts for consensual sex with regard to the role of alcohol consumption, casual sex, and ambiguous communication of sexual intentions as risk factors for sexual aggression (EG1), a treatment group designed to promote sexual self-esteem, challenge the perceived realism of pornography, and reduce the acceptance of sexual coercion (EG2), and a non-treatment control group (CG). Baseline (T1), post-experimental (T2), and follow-up (T3) measures were taken across an eight-week period. Sexual scripts contained fewer risk factors for sexual aggression in EG1 than in EG2 and CG at T3. Sexual self-esteem was enhanced in EG2 at T2 relative to the other two groups. Acceptance of sexual coercion was lower in EG2 than in EG1 and CG at T2 and T3. No effect was found for perceived realism of pornography. The findings are discussed in terms of targeting cognitive risk factors as a basis for intervention programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BuschingKrahe2013,
  author    = {Busching, Robert and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Charging neutral cues with aggressive meaning through violent video game play},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {678},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47618},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-476181},
  pages     = {14},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {When playing violent video games, aggressive actions are performed against the background of an originally neutral environment, and associations are formed between cues related to violence and contextual features. This experiment examined the hypothesis that neutral contextual features of a virtual environment become associated with aggressive meaning and acquire the function of primes for aggressive cognitions. Seventy-six participants were assigned to one of two violent video game conditions that varied in context (ship vs. city environment) or a control condition. Afterwards, they completed a Lexical Decision Task to measure the accessibility of aggressive cognitions in which they were primed either with ship-related or city-related words. As predicted, participants who had played the violent game in the ship environment had shorter reaction times for aggressive words following the ship primes than the city primes, whereas participants in the city condition responded faster to the aggressive words following the city primes compared to the ship primes. No parallel effect was observed for the non-aggressive targets. The findings indicate that the associations between violent and neutral cognitions learned during violent game play facilitate the accessibility of aggressive cognitions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{DeSchrijverVanderBekenKraheetal.2018,
  author    = {De Schrijver, Lotte and Vander Beken, Tom and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Keygnaert, Ines},
  title     = {Prevalence of sexual violence in migrants, applicants for international protection, and refugees in Europe},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {674},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-45973},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-459733},
  pages     = {19},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {(1) Background: Sexual violence (SV) is a major public health problem, with negative socio-economic, physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health consequences. Migrants, applicants for international protection, and refugees (MARs) are vulnerable to SV. Since many European countries are seeing high migratory pressure, the development of prevention strategies and care paths focusing on victimised MARs is highly needed. To this end, this study reviews evidence on the prevalence of SV among MAR groups in Europe and the challenges encountered in research on this topic. (2) Methods: A critical interpretive synthesis of 25 peer-reviewed academic studies and 22 relevant grey literature documents was conducted based on a socio-ecological model. (3) Results: Evidence shows that SV is highly frequent in MARs in Europe, yet comparison with other groups is still difficult. Methodologically and ethically sound representative studies comparing between populations are still lacking. Challenges in researching SV in MARs are located at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, societal, and policy levels. (4) Conclusions: Future research should start with a clear definition of the concerned population and acts of SV to generate comparable data. Participatory qualitative research approaches could be applied to better grasp the complexity of interplaying determinants of SV in MARs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{JungKraheBusching2017,
  author    = {Jung, Janis Moritz and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Busching, Robert},
  title     = {Differential risk profiles for reactive and proactive aggression},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {588},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43322},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-433229},
  pages     = {71 -- 84},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {This two-wave longitudinal study identified configurations of social rejection, affiliation with aggressive peers, and academic failure and examined their predictivity for reactive and proactive aggression in a sample of 1,479 children and adolescents aged between 9 and 19 years. Latent profile analysis yielded three configurations of risk factors, made up of a non-risk group, a risk group scoring high on measures of social rejection (SR), and a risk group scoring high on measures of affiliation with aggressive peers and academic failure (APAF). Latent path analysis revealed that, as predicted, only membership in the SR group at T1 predicted reactive aggression at T2 17 months later. By contrast, only membership in the APAF group at T1 predicted proactive aggression at T2.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KirschBuschingRohlfetal.2017,
  author    = {Kirsch, Fabian and Busching, Robert and Rohlf, Helena L. and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Using behavioral observation for the longitudinal study of anger regulation in middle childhood},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {461},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-412557},
  pages     = {15},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Assessing anger regulation via self-reports is fraught with problems, especially among children. Behavioral observation provides an ecologically valid alternative for measuring anger regulation. The present study uses data from two waves of a longitudinal study to present a behavioral observation approach for measuring anger regulation in middle childhood. At T1, 599 children from Germany (6-10 years old) were observed during an anger eliciting task, and the use of anger regulation strategies was coded. At T2, 3 years later, the observation was repeated with an age-appropriate version of the same task. Partial metric measurement invariance over time demonstrated the structural equivalence of the two versions. Maladaptive anger regulation between the two time points showed moderate stability. Validity was established by showing correlations with aggressive behavior, peer problems, and conduct problems (concurrent and predictive criterion validity). The study presents an ecologically valid and economic approach to assessing anger regulation strategies in situations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RohlfKrahe2015,
  author    = {Rohlf, Helena L. and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Assessing anger regulation in middle childhood},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {407},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-406241},
  pages     = {14},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {An observational measure of anger regulation in middle childhood was developed that facilitated the in situ assessment of five maladaptive regulation strategies in response to an anger-eliciting task. 599 children aged 6-10 years (M = 8.12, SD = 0.92) participated in the study. Construct validity of the measure was examined through correlations with parent- and self-reports of anger regulation and anger reactivity. Criterion validity was established through links with teacher-rated aggression and social rejection measured by parent-, teacher-, and self-reports. The observational measure correlated significantly with parent- and self-reports of anger reactivity, whereas it was unrelated to parent- and self-reports of anger regulation. It also made a unique contribution to predicting aggression and social rejection.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BonacheGonzalezMendezKrahe2016,
  author    = {Bonache, Helena and Gonzalez-Mendez, Rosaura and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Adult attachment styles, destructive conflict resolution, and the experience of intimate partner violence},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {405},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-405132},
  pages     = {23},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Although there is ample evidence linking insecure attachment styles and intimate partner violence (IPV), little is known about the psychological processes underlying this association, especially from the victim's perspective. The present study examined how attachment styles relate to the experience of sexual and psychological abuse, directly or indirectly through destructive conflict resolution strategies, both self-reported and attributed to their opposite-sex romantic partner. In an online survey, 216 Spanish undergraduates completed measures of adult attachment style, engagement and withdrawal conflict resolution styles shown by self and partner, and victimization by an intimate partner in the form of sexual coercion and psychological abuse. As predicted, anxious and avoidant attachment styles were directly related to both forms of victimization. Also, an indirect path from anxious attachment to IPV victimization was detected via destructive conflict resolution strategies. Specifically, anxiously attached participants reported a higher use of conflict engagement by themselves and by their partners. In addition, engagement reported by the self and perceived in the partner was linked to an increased probability of experiencing sexual coercion and psychological abuse. Avoidant attachment was linked to higher withdrawal in conflict situations, but the paths from withdrawal to perceived partner engagement, sexual coercion, and psychological abuse were non-significant. No gender differences in the associations were found. The discussion highlights the role of anxious attachment in understanding escalating patterns of destructive conflict resolution strategies, which may increase the vulnerability to IPV victimization.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BuschingKrahe2015,
  author    = {Busching, Robert and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {The girls set the tone},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {401},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-404831},
  pages     = {18},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {In a four-wave longitudinal study with N = 1,321 adolescents in Germany, we examined the impact of class-level normative beliefs about aggression on aggressive norms and behavior at the individual level over the course of 3 years. At each data wave, participants indicated their normative acceptance of aggressive behavior and provided self-reports of physical and relational aggression. Multilevel analyses revealed significant cross-level interactions between class-level and individual-level normative beliefs at T1 on individual differences in physical aggression at T2, and the indirect interactive effects were significant up to T4. Normative approval of aggression at the class level, especially girls' normative beliefs, defined the boundary conditions for the expression of individual differences in aggressive norms and their impact on physically and relationally aggressive behavior for both girls and boys. The findings demonstrate the moderating effect of social norms on the pathways from individual normative beliefs to aggressive behavior in adolescence.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{TomaszewskaKrahe2015,
  author    = {Tomaszewska, Paulina and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Sexual aggression victimization and perpetration among female and male university students in Poland},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {399},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-404807},
  pages     = {24},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {This study examined the prevalence of victimization and perpetration of sexual aggression since age 15 in a convenience sample of 565 Polish university students (356 females). The prevalence of sexual aggression was investigated for both males and females from the perspectives of both victims and perpetrators in relation to three coercive strategies, three different victim-perpetrator relationships, and four types of sexual acts. We also examined the extent to which alcohol was consumed in the context of sexually aggressive incidents. The overall self-reported victimization rate was 34.3\% for females and 28.4\% for males. The overall perpetration rate was 11.7\% for males and 6.5\% for females. The gender difference was significant only for perpetration. Prevalence rates of both victimization and perpetration were higher for people known to each other than for strangers. In the majority of victimization and perpetration incidents, alcohol was consumed by one or both parties involved. The findings are discussed in relation to the international evidence and the need for tailored risk prevention and reduction programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ProtGentileAndersonetal.2013,
  author    = {Prot, Sara and Gentile, Douglas A. and Anderson, Craig A. and Suzuki, Kanae and Swing, Edward and Lim, Kam Ming and Horiuchi, Yukiko and Jelic, Margareta and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Liuqing, Wei and Liau, Albert K. and Khoo, Angeline and Petrescu, Poesis Diana and Sakamoto, Akira and Tajima, Sachi and Toma, Roxana Andreea and Warburton, Wayne and Zhang, Xuemin and Lam, Ben Chun Pan},
  title     = {Long-term relations among prosocial-media use, empathy, and prosocial behavior},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {389},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-404136},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Despite recent growth of research on the effects of prosocial media, processes underlying these effects are not well understood. Two studies explored theoretically relevant mediators and moderators of the effects of prosocial media on helping. Study 1 examined associations among prosocial- and violent-media use, empathy, and helping in samples from seven countries. Prosocial-media use was positively associated with helping. This effect was mediated by empathy and was similar across cultures. Study 2 explored longitudinal relations among prosocial-video-game use, violent-video-game use, empathy, and helping in a large sample of Singaporean children and adolescents measured three times across 2 years. Path analyses showed significant longitudinal effects of prosocial- and violent-video-game use on prosocial behavior through empathy. Latent-growth-curve modeling for the 2-year period revealed that change in video-game use significantly affected change in helping, and that this relationship was mediated by change in empathy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RohlfHollKirschetal.2018,
  author    = {Rohlf, Helena L. and Holl, Anna K. and Kirsch, Fabian and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Elsner, Birgit},
  title     = {Longitudinal Links between Executive Function, Anger, and Aggression in Middle Childhood},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {382},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-409471},
  pages     = {14},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Previous research has indicated that executive function (EF) is negatively associated with aggressive behavior in childhood. However, there is a lack of longitudinal studies that have examined the effect of deficits in EF on aggression over time and taken into account different forms and functions of aggression at the same time. Furthermore, only few studies have analyzed the role of underlying variables that may explain the association between EF and aggression. The present study examined the prospective paths between EF and different forms (physical and relational) and functions (reactive and proactive) of aggression. The habitual experience of anger was examined as a potential underlying mechanism of the link between EF and aggression, because the tendency to get angry easily has been found to be both a consequence of deficits in EF and a predictor of aggression. The study included 1,652 children (between 6 and 11 years old at the first time point), who were followed over three time points (T1, T2, and T3) covering 3 years. At T1, a latent factor of EF comprised measures of planning, rated via teacher reports, as well as inhibition, set shifting, and working-memory updating, assessed experimentally. Habitual anger experience was assessed via parent reports at T1 and T2. The forms and functions of aggression were measured via teacher reports at all three time points. Structural equation modeling revealed that EF at T1 predicted physical, relational, and reactive aggression at T3, but was unrelated to proactive aggression at T3. Furthermore, EF at T1 was indirectly linked to physical aggression at T3, mediated through habitual anger experience at T2. The results indicate that deficits in EF influence the later occurrence of aggression in middle childhood, and the tendency to get angry easily mediates this relation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RomeroSanchezMegiasKrahe2017,
  author    = {Romero-S{\´a}nchez, M{\´o}nica and Meg{\´i}as, Jes{\´u}s L and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {The role of alcohol and victim sexual interest in Spanish students' perceptions of sexual assault},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-403230},
  pages     = {29},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Two studies investigated the effects of information related to rape myths on Spanish college students' perceptions of sexual assault. In Study 1, 92 participants read a vignette about a nonconsensual sexual encounter and rated whether it was a sexual assault and how much the woman was to blame. In the scenario, the man either used physical force or offered alcohol to the woman to overcome her resistance. Rape myth acceptance (RMA) was measured as an individual difference variable. Participants were more convinced that the incident was a sexual assault and blamed the woman less when the man had used force rather than offering her alcohol. In Study 2, 164 college students read a scenario in which the woman rejected a man's sexual advances after having either accepted or turned down his offer of alcohol. In addition, the woman was either portrayed as being sexually attracted to him or there was no mention of her sexual interest. Participants' RMA was again included. High RMA participants blamed the victim more than low RMA participants and were less certain that the incident was a sexual assault, especially when the victim had accepted alcohol and was described as being sexually attracted to the man. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the prevention and legal prosecution of sexual assault.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BieneckKrahe2017,
  author    = {Bieneck, Steffen and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Blaming the victim and exonerating the perpetrator in cases of rape and robbery: is there a double standard?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-402907},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Research in legal decision making has demonstrated the tendency to blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator of sexual assault. This study examined the hypothesis of a special leniency bias in rape cases by comparing them to cases of robbery. N = 288 participants received descriptions of rape and robbery of a female victim by a male perpetrator and made ratings of victim and perpetrator blame. Case scenarios varied with respect to the prior relationship (strangers, acquaintances, ex-partners) and coercive strategy (force vs. exploiting victim intoxication). More blame was attributed to the victim and less blame was attributed to the perpetrator for rape than for robbery. Information about a prior relationship between victim and perpetrator increased ratings of victim blame and decreased perceptions of perpetrator blame in the rape cases, but not in the robbery cases. The findings support the notion of a special leniency bias in sexual assault cases.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SchusterKraheIlabacaBaezaetal.2016,
  author    = {Schuster, Isabell and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Ilabaca Baeza, Paola and Munoz-Reyes, Jose Antonio},
  title     = {Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration among Male and Female College Students in Chile},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-104684},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Evidence on the prevalence of sexual aggression among college students is primarily based on studies from Western countries. In Chile, a South American country strongly influenced by the Catholic Church, little research on sexual aggression among college students is available. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the prevalence of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration since the age of 14 (the legal age of consent) in a sample of male and female students aged between 18 and 29 years from five Chilean universities (N = 1135), to consider possible gender differences, and to study the extent to which alcohol was involved in the reported incidents of perpetration and victimization. Sexual aggression victimization and perpetration was measured with a Chilean Spanish version of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S), which includes three coercive strategies (use or threat of physical force, exploitation of an incapacitated state, and verbal pressure), three victim-perpetrator constellations (current or former partners, friends/acquaintances, and strangers), and four sexual acts (sexual touch, attempted sexual intercourse, completed sexual intercourse, and other sexual acts, such as oral sex). Overall, 51.9\% of women and 48.0\% of men reported at least one incident of sexual victimization, and 26.8\% of men and 16.5\% of women reported at least one incident of sexual aggression perpetration since the age of 14. For victimization, only few gender differences were found, but significantly more men than women reported sexual aggression perpetration. A large proportion of perpetrators also reported victimization experiences. Regarding victim-perpetrator relationship, sexual aggression victimization and perpetration were more common between persons who knew each other than between strangers. Alcohol use by the perpetrator, victim, or both was involved in many incidents of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration, particularly among strangers. The present data are the first to provide a systematic and detailed picture of sexual aggression among college students in Chile, including victimization and perpetration reports by both men and women and confirming the critical role of alcohol established in past research from Western countries.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SchusterKraheTopluDemirtaş2016,
  author    = {Schuster, Isabell and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Toplu-Demirta{\c{s}}, Ezgi},
  title     = {Prevalence of Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration in a Sample of Female and Male College Students in Turkey},
  doi       = {10.1080/00224499.2016.1207057},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-96357},
  pages     = {1 -- 14},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {In Turkey, there is a shortage of studies on the prevalence of sexual aggression among young adults. The present study examined sexual aggression victimization and perpetration since the age of 15 in a convenience sample of N = 1,376 college students (886 women) from four public universities in Ankara, Turkey. Prevalence rates for different coercive strategies, victim-perpetrator constellations, and sexual acts were measured with a Turkish version of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). Overall, 77.6\% of women and 65.5\% of men reported at least one instance of sexual aggression victimization, and 28.9\% of men and 14.2\% of women reported at least one instance of sexual aggression perpetration. Prevalence rates of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration were highest for current or former partners, followed by acquaintances/friends and strangers. Alcohol was involved in a substantial proportion of the reported incidents. The findings are the first to provide systematic evidence on sexual aggression perpetration and victimization among college students in Turkey, including both women and men.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{TomaszewskaKrahe2016,
  author    = {Tomaszewska, Paulina and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Attitudes towards sexual coercion by Polish high school students},
  doi       = {10.1080/13552600.2016.1195892},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-93450},
  pages     = {17},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The link between cognitive scripts for consensual sexual interactions and attitudes towards sexual coercion was studied in 524 Polish high school students. We proposed that risky sexual scripts, containing risk elements linked to sexual aggression, would be associated with attitudes condoning sexual coercion. Pornography use and religiosity were included as predictors of participants' risky sexual scripts and attitudes towards sexual coercion. Risky sexual scripts were linked to attitudes condoning sexual coercion. Pornography use was indirectly linked to attitudes condoning sexual coercion via risky sexual scripts. Religiosity showed a positive direct link with attitudes towards sexual coercion, but a negative indirect link through risky sexual scripts. The results are discussed regarding the significance of risky sexual scripts, pornography use, and religiosity in understanding attitudes towards sexual coercion as well as their implications for preventing sexually aggressive behaviour.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1991,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Zur Renaissance des idiographischen Ansatzes in der Pers{\"o}nlichkeitsforschung : eine Zwischenbilanz},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45607},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1984,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Wissenschaftliche Forschungspraxis und alltagspsychologische Wirklichkeit},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44157},
  pages     = {180 -- 193},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {Ausgehend von einer Kritik der vorherrschenden attributionstheoretischen Forschungspraxis werden drei methodologische Probleme der Erfassung von Kausalattributionen als laienpsychologische Erkl{\"a}rungskonzepte diskutiert: — Die Angemessenheit experimenteller Methoden zur Aktualisierung der motivationalen Voraussetzungen von Attributionsprozessen — Die Untersuchung der personalen und situativen Ausl{\"o}sebedingungen von Kausalinterpretationen — Die Erfassung und Systematisierung der Inhaltskategorien, die zur Kausalerkl{\"a}rung sozialer Ereignisse herangezogen werden. Auf der Basis weniger bisher vorliegender Untersuchungen werden theoretische und empirische L{\"o}sungsans{\"a}tze zusammengetragen, die zu einer methodologischen Neuorientierung der Attributionsforschung im Sinne einer st{\"a}rkeren Ann{\"a}herung an die alltagspsychologische Erfahrungswelt f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1984,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Der "self-serving bias" in der Attributionsforschung : theoretische Grundlagen und empirische Befunde},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44220},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 1. Zur Konzeptualisierung des bias in der Attributionstheorie 2. Self-serving bias-Hypothese und informationstheoretische Alternativerkl{\"a}rung:Theoretische Kontroverse und empirische Befunde - Selbstwertbezogene Attributionen eigener Handlungsergebnisse - Kausalattributionen von Erfolg und Mißerfolg bei Wettbewerb und Kooperation - Kausalattributionen f{\"u}r Erfolg und Mißerfolg aus der Beobachterperspektive - Kontradefensive Attributionen und Selbstdarstellungsbed{\"u}rfnisse - Zum Stand der Kognitions-Motivations-Debatte im Lichte der neueren Ergebnisse 3. Ans{\"a}tze zum Abbau des gegenw{\"a}rtigen Theoriedefizits der self-serving bias-Forschung},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{SixKrahe1980,
  author    = {Six, Bernd and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Defensiv-externe Kontroll{\"u}berzeugungen bei der Attribution von Leistungs- und Sozialverhalten},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45292},
  year      = {1980},
  abstract  = {The traditional dichotomy of internal vs. external locus of control is substituted by the more recent distinction between internals, congruent externals, and defensive externals. While internals and congruent externals are predicted to make causal attributions of other persons' performance in accordance with their locus of control irrespective of the nature of the outcome (success vs. failure in achievement situations, positive vs. negative experience in social contacts), defensive externals are expected to vary their causal attributions as a function of outcome. Personal relevance attached to achievement and social contact is included as an additional variable. The presumed correspondence between locus of control and causal attribution - as derived from the conceptualization of locus of control as a personality variable - is not confirmed by our data. The differences expected between the three groups are demonstrated only for achievement-related items. Personal relevance does not significantly modify the relationship between locus of control and causal attribution.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1983,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Zum Stand der Diskussion um den "self-serving bias" in der Attributionsforschung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45286},
  year      = {1983},
  abstract  = {The 'fact or fiction1 controversy about self-serving attributional biases is discussed under two aspects: a) The lack of a clear conceptual definition of "bias" referring to cognitive models of causal attribution which specify unbiased, rational modes of causal inference; b) The empirical evidence with regard to the decision whether attributional distortions are due to self-protective and self-enhancing motives rather than errors and biases in information processing. It is concluded that progress in self-serving bias research is conditional upon a theoretical clarification and operational definition of self-serving biases explicitly derived from a rational standard of causal inference and based on a motivational analysis of the functions of causal attributions.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1994,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Psicologia della personalit{\`a} e psicologia sociale : verso una sintesi},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-38313},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Contenuto: 1. Persone e situazioni: pietre angolari nella moderna psicologiadella personalit{\`a} 2. La questione della costanza nella personalit{\`a}: sessant'anni dicontroversia 3. In difesa dei tratti: nuove (e rinnovate) prospettive 4. II «moderno interazionismo»: una cornice alternativa alla ricercasulla personalit{\`a} 5. Realizzare il programma interazionista: tre aree esemplaridi ricerca 6. Migliorare la misurazione della personalit{\`a}: la via nomoteticaallo studio della costanza 7. La psicologia della personalit{\`a} riguarda gli individui: la riscoperta dell'eredit{\`a} idiografica 8. II ruolo della situazione nella ricerca sulla personalit{\`a} 9. Psicologia della personalit{\`a} negli anni Novanta: uno sguardo d'insieme},
  language  = {mul}
}
@misc{Krahe1992,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Personality and social psychology : towards a synthesis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-38306},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Content: 1 Persons and Situations: Cornerstones of Modern Personality Psychology 2 The Issue of Consistency in Personality:Sixty Years of Controversy 3 In Defence of Traits: New (and Revived) Perspectives 4 Modern Interactionism: An Alternative Framework for Personality Research 5 Implementing the Interactionist Programme:Three Exemplary Areas of Research 6 Improving Personality Measurement:The Nomothetic Road to the Study of Consistency 7 Personality Psychology is about Individuals:Rediscovering the Idiographic Legacy 8 The Role of the Situation in Personality Research 9 Personality Psychology in the Nineties: An Outlook},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheKrahe1981,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Krah{\´e}, Peter},
  title     = {Vorurteilsverminderung durch Unterricht : Voraussetzungen und Grenzen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-37679},
  year      = {1981},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 1 Einleitung 2 Zur Auseinandersetzung mit sozialen Vorurteilen im Rahmen desschulischen Bildungsauftrags - 2.1 Aspekte des Vorurteilsabbaus aus p{\"a}dagogischer Sicht - 2.2 Vorurteilsfreie Erziehung als demokratisches Leitziel 3 Ergebnisse der sozialwissenschaftlichen Vorurteilsforschung - 3.1 Zur theoretischen Fundierung des Vorurteilsbegriffs - 3.2 Zur individuellen Genese sozialer Vorurteile 4 Einstellungs{\"a}nderung gegen{\"u}ber sozialen Minderheiten - 4.1 Konstituierende Elemente des Unterrichts - 4.2 Methodisch-didaktische {\"U}berlegungen zur Ver{\"a}nderung vorurteilshafterEinstellungen - 4.3 Sozialformen, Lehrerrolle und Sch{\"u}lerverhalten 5 Grenzen des Abbaus sozialer Vorurteile innerhalb der Schule - 5.1 Vorurteilsabbau als gesamtgesellschaftliches Problem - 5.2 Hemmende Faktoren innerhalb der Schulorganisation},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1982,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Motivationseinfl{\"u}sse im Attributionsprozess : zur Diskussion um den "self-serving bias" in der Attributionsforschung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-37666},
  year      = {1982},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 1 Zur alltagspsychologischen Bedeutung von Kausalinterpretationen 2 Theoretischer und empirischer Bezugsrahmen 2.1 Grundlegende Konzepte der Attributionstheorie - 2.1.1 Die klassischen Modelle der Attributionsforschung - 2.1.2 Neuere kognitive Erkl{\"a}rungsans{\"a}tze der Kausalattribution 2.2 Empirische Befunde zum Problem der selbstwertbezogenen Attribution - 2.2.1 Selbstwertbezogene Attributionen eigener Handlungsergebnisse - 2.2.2 Das Wettbewerbsparadigma - 2.2.3 Selbstwertbezogene Voreingenommenheiten aus der Beobachter-Perspektive - 2.2.4 Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei der Kausalattribution von Erfolg und Mißerfolg - 2.2.5 Zusammenfassende Bewertung der Untersuchungsergebnisse 2.3 Zum Stand der Theorie - und Methodendiskussion im Rahmen selbstwertbezogener Voreingenommenheiten - 2.3.1 Ich-Beteiligung und Zentralit{\"a}t - 2.3.2 Der informationstheoretische Erkl{\"a}rungsansatz - 2.3.3 Zur Methodik der Erfassung selbstwertbezogener Attributionen - 2.3.4 Die Bedeutung sozialer Vergleichsprozesse f{\"u}r die Kausalattribution 3 Empirische Untersuchung zur Erfassung von kausalattributionen f{\"u}r Verhaltensergebnisse anderer Personen 3.1 Darstellung des Untersuchungsansatzes 3.2 Fragestellung und Hypothesen 3.3 Ablauf der Untersuchung - 3.3.1 Aufgaben der Voruntersuchung - 3.3.2 Durchf{\"u}hrung der Hauptuntersuchung 3.4 Schritte der Datenanalyse - 3.4.1 Auswertung der Attributionsskala - 3.4.2 Uberpr{\"u}fung der Untersuchungshypothesen 3.5 Diskussion und Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MoellerKrahe2009,
  author    = {M{\"o}ller, Ingrid and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {F{\"o}rdern gewalthaltige Bildschirmspiele die Aggressionsbereitschaft?},
  series = {DIGAREC Lectures 2008/09 : Vortr{\"a}ge am Zentrum f{\"u}r Computerspielforschung mit Wissenschaftsforum der Deutschen Gamestage ; Quo Vadis 2008 und 2009},
  journal   = {DIGAREC Lectures 2008/09 : Vortr{\"a}ge am Zentrum f{\"u}r Computerspielforschung mit Wissenschaftsforum der Deutschen Gamestage ; Quo Vadis 2008 und 2009},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-004-5},
  issn      = {1867-6219},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33196},
  pages     = {60 -- 83},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Die Frage, ob gewalthaltige Bildschirmspiele die Aggressionsbereitschaft der SpielerInnen erh{\"o}ht, wird in der {\"O}ffentlichkeit kontrovers diskutiert. Demgegen{\"u}ber spricht die vorliegende Forschung mehrheitlich f{\"u}r die Annahme eines aggressionsf{\"o}rdernden Effekts, auch wenn die Gr{\"o}ßenordnung und praktische Bedeutung der gefundenen Zusammenh{\"a}nge unterschiedlich beurteilt wird. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt den aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisstand zum Zusammenhang zwischen Gewaltspielkonsum und Aggression dar, pr{\"a}sentiert Ans{\"a}tze zur Erkl{\"a}rung der Wirkmechanismen von Mediengewalt und stellt zwei eigene Untersuchungen vor, die den Zusammenhang f{\"u}r das Medium der gewalthaltigen Bildschirmspiele im Quer- und L{\"a}ngsschnitt analysieren.},
  language  = {de}
}
@book{GuenzelLiebeMerschetal.2009,
  author    = {G{\"u}nzel, Stephan and Liebe, Michael and Mersch, Dieter and Castendyk, Oliver and Lange, Andreas and M{\"o}ller, Ingrid and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Tobias, James and Spieler, Klaus and B{\"o}hme, Stefan and Glash{\"u}ttner, Robert and J{\"o}ckel, Sven and Dogruel, Leyla and Mosel, Michael and Quack, Sebastian and Rumbke, Leif and Walz, Steffen P.},
  title     = {DIGAREC Lectures 2008/09 : Vortr{\"a}ge am Zentrum f{\"u}r Computerspielforschung mit Wissenschaftsforum der Deutschen Gamestage ; Quo Vadis 2008 und 2009},
  editor    = {G{\"u}nzel, Stephan and Liebe, Michael and Mersch, Dieter},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  isbn      = {978-3-86956-004-5},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33324},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {256},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Der zweite Band der DIGAREC Series beinhaltet Beitr{\"a}ge der DIGAREC Lectures 2008/09 sowie des Wissenschaftsforums der Deutschen Gamestage 2008 und 2009. Mit Beitr{\"a}gen von Oliver Castendyk (Erich Pommer Institut), Stephan G{\"u}nzel mit Michael Liebe und Dieter Mersch (Universit{\"a}t Potsdam), Andreas Lange (Computerspielemuseum Berlin), Ingrid M{\"o}ller mit Barbara Krah{\´e} (Universit{\"a}t Potsdam), Klaus Spieler (Institut f{\"u}r digitale interaktive Kultur Berlin), James Tobias (University of California, Riverside), Stefan B{\"o}hme (HBK Braunschweig), Robert Glash{\"u}ttner (Wien), Sven J{\"o}ckel (Universit{\"a}t Erfurt) mit Leyla Dogruel (FU Berlin), Michael Mosel (Universit{\"a}t Marburg), Sebastian Quack (HTW Berlin), Leif Rumbke (Hamburg) und Steffen P. Walz (ETH Z{\"u}rich).},
  language  = {mul}
}
@misc{WardNewlonKraheetal.1992,
  author    = {Ward, Colleen and Newlon, Betty and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Myambo, Kathleen and Payne, Monica and Tastaban, Yildiz and Yuksel, Sahika and Ghadially, Rehana and Kumar, Usha and Lee, Hing-chu B and Cheung, Fanny M. and Upadhyaya, Shirpati and Patnoe, Jerry and Kirby, Carol and Gomez, Antonio Vasquez and Parra, Elena and Colosio, Laura},
  title     = {The attitudes toward rape victims scale : psychometric data from 14 countries},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34495},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Content: Synopsis The Attitudes toward Rape Victims Scale: Psychometric Data from 14 Countries Scale Construction and Validation - Study One: Preliminary Analyses - Study Two: Test-Retest Reliability - Study Three: Construct Validity Cross-cultural Extensions - United States - United Kingdom - Germany - New Zealand - Canada - West Indies - Israel - Turkey - India - Hong Kong - Malaysia - Zimbabwe - Mexico - Metric Equivalence Discussion},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1989,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Faking personality profiles on a standard personality inventory},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34486},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {A study is reported which investigates the fakeability of personality profiles as measured by a standard personality inventory, the Freiburger Pers{\"o}nlichkeitsinventar (FPI). Unlike previous studies investigating laypersons' ability to fake a global good or bad impression, the present study examined individuals' ability to fake a specific personality profile. Four groups of subjects were instructed to fake their FPI scores so as to present themselves as high vs low scorers on the "social orientation" dimension or high vs low scorers on the "achievement orientation" dimension. The results clearly demonstrate that subjects are successful in manipulating their scores on the critical dimensions according to instruction. Moreover, they also fake related scales in a way that corroborates the intended image of a person with a high (or low) achievement (or social) orientation. The overall pattern of results reveals that subjects were able to distort their responses in a way that reflects their intuitive understanding of the dimensional structure of the FPI. The implications of the present findings for the use of personality inventories as valid diagnostic instruments are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1989,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Vergewaltigung : eine sozialpsychologische Analyse},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34478},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Der vorliegende Beitrag betrachtet Vergewaltigung und sexuelle N{\"o}tigung als soziale Probleme, die das Zusammenwirken von allgemeinen gesellschaftlichen Normen und vorherrschenden Einstellungen zu sexueller Gewalt gegen Frauen widerspiegeln. Ausgehend von einem kurzen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die juristischen und alltagspsychologischen Definitionen von Vergewaltigung und sexueller N{\"o}tigung stehen zwei Fragestellungen im Mittelpunkt: Zun{\"a}chst werden sozialpsychologische Befunde zur Zuschreibung von Mitverantwortung an Opfer von Vergewaltigungen diskutiert, in denen Einflußvariablen auf Opfer-, T{\"a}ter- und Beurteilerseite (z.B. sozialer Status des Opfers und Geschlechtsrollenorientierung des Beurteilers) identifiziert werden, die die Verantwortungszuschreibung an das Opfer bestimmen. Im zweiten Teil werden die psychologischen Konsequenzen einer Vergewaltigung f{\"u}r das Opfer unter Bezug auf das von Burgess und Holmstrom (1974) diagnostizierte Vergewaltigungstrauma-Syndrom diskutiert sowie neuere Ans{\"a}tze zur therapeutischen Betreuung vergewaltigter Frauen vorgestellt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1987,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Attributionsstrategien und Identit{\"a}tsdynamik},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34460},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 1 Selbstwertdienliche Attributionen von Erfolg und Mißerfolg 2 „Selbstbehinderung" zur Vorbeugung gegen Verantwortlichkeit f{\"u}r Mißerfolg 3 Attributionen in der {\"O}ffentlichkeit: Identit{\"a}tsbehauptung durch Selbstdarstellung? 4 Personale Kontrolle und Attribution 5 Geschlechtsrollen-Identit{\"a}t und Attributionen f{\"u}r Erfolg und Mißerfolg 6 Zusammenfassung},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1985,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Die Zuschreibung von Verantwortlichkeit nach Vergewaltigung : Opfer und T{\"a}ter im Dickicht der attributionstheoretischen Forschung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34454},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {Die Zuschreibung von Verantwortlichkeit an Vergewaltigungsopfer und -t{\"a}ter in sozialen Urteilsprozessen hat sich im Zuge einer st{\"a}rkeren Anwendungsorientierung der attributionstheoretischen Forschung zu einem eigenst{\"a}ndigen Themenschwerpunkt entwickelt. Vor dem Hintergrund eines zunehmenden {\"o}ffentlichen Problembewußtseins ist zu fragen, welchen Beitrag die Attributionsforschung aktuell undpotentiell zur Kl{\"a}rung der Bedingungen und Konsequenzen von Verantwortungsurteilen {\"u}ber Opfer und T{\"a}ter von Vergewaltigungsdelikten leisten kann.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1985,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Verantwortungszuschreibungen in der sozialen Eindrucksbildung {\"u}ber Vergewaltigungsopfer und-t{\"a}ter : zur Replikation einiger amerikanischer Ergebnisse an einer deutschen Stichprobe},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34446},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {Aus der Vielzahl der in amerikanischen Studien untersuchten Einflußgr{\"o}ßen auf die Verantwortungsattributionen von Beobachtern an T{\"a}ter und Opfer in Vergewaltigungsdelikten wurden die auf Opfer-, T{\"a}ter- und Beurteilerseite am besten best{\"a}tigten Variablen herausgegriffen und einer Vergleichsuntersuchung mit einer deutschen Stichprobe zugrundegelegt: der soziale Status des Opfers, der soziale Status des T{\"a}ters und die Geschlechtszugeh{\"o}rigkeit der Beurteiler. 75 Versuchspersonen sahen einen Filmausschnitt, in dem eine Frau ihre Vergewaltigung schildert. Vor der Beurteilung der Verantwortlichkeit des Opfers und des T{\"a}ters erhielten die Vpn unterschiedliche Informationen {\"u}ber den sozialen Status des Opfers und des T{\"a}ters. Die Ausgangshypothesen wurden nur zum Teil best{\"a}tigt. Dem statush{\"o}heren Opfer wurde weniger Verantwortung zugeschrieben als dem itatusniedrigen, dem statush{\"o}heren T{\"a}ter wurde mehr Verantwortung zugeschrieben als dem statusniedrigen. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede zwischen den Beurteilern wurden nicht ermittelt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1986,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Similar perceptions, similar reactions : an idiographic approach to cross-situational coherence},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34435},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {The study provides a test of the interactionist concept of behavioral coherence across situations. Following an approach suggested by D. Magnusson and B. Ekehammer (1978, Journal of Research in Personality, 12, 41-48), individual correlations between self-reported behavior patterns and perceived similarity ratings across anxiety-provoking situations are obtained as measures of coherence. Unlike the Magnusson and Ekehammar study, the present measures of situation cognition and behavior are based on an idiographic sampling of anxiety-provoking situations. As a step toward concept-based measurement of situation cognition, further measures of perceived situational similarity are derived from the script, prototype, and social episodes models in social psychology and correlated with cross-situational similarity of behavioral profiles. It is demonstrated, in comparison with the findings of Magnusson and Ekehammar, that correlations between similarity ratings and behavior patterns increase substantially as a result of an idiographic sampling of situations. Moreover, it is shown that "script," "prototype," and "social episode" measures can be utilized to investigate the covariation between situation cognition and behavior, thus contributing to the clarification of the principles of cognitive representation of situational experience.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SixKrahe1984,
  author    = {Six, Bernd and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Implicit psychologists' estimates of attitude-behaviour consistencies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34427},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {To investigate the relationship between implicit psychological hypotheses and explicit empirical findings, summaries of twenty published studies on attitude-behaviour consistency were presented to a sample of forty-eight psychology undergraduates. Subjects were asked to estimate the percentage of agreement between attitudes and behaviour obtained by each study. Correlations between subjects' covariation judgements and empirically obtained attitude-behaviour consistencies were minimal and nonsignificant. Results are discussed in the light of more recent research on attitudebehaviour relationship.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheKundrotas1992,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Kundrotas, Silvia},
  title     = {Glaubw{\"u}rdigkeitsbeurteilung bei Vergewaltigungsanzeigen : ein aussagenanalytisches Feldexperiment},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34300},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Die Studie untersucht die Frage, ob sich anhand eines bereits bei kindlichen Zeugenaussagen bew{\"a}hrten Katalogs von Glaubhaftigkeitskriterien zwischen wahren und falschen Vergewaltigungsanzeigen unterscheiden l{\"a}ßt. Das Fallmaterial bestand aus dreißig authentischen Vernehmungsprotokollen, von denen je die H{\"a}lfte eingestandene Falschaussagen bzw. anhand von T{\"a}tergest{\"a}ndnissen oder Indizien als wahr klassifizierte Aussagen waren. Erfahrene Polizeibeamte aus dem Bereich Sexualstraftaten (N = 30) beurteilten diese F{\"a}lle anhand des Kriterienkatalogs von Steiler und K{\"o}hnken (1989) und gaben ein abschließendes Urteil {\"u}ber die Glaubw{\"u}rdigkeit jedes Falles ab. Eine zweite Gruppe von Polizeibeamten (N=22) beurteilte die F{\"a}lle ohne R{\"u}ckgriff auf Realkennzeichen als wahr bzw, falsch. Die diskriminanzanalytische Auswertung der Ergebnisse zeigt, daß der Kriterienkatalog insgesamt gut dazu geeignet ist, zwischen wahren und falschen Vergewaltigungsanzeigen zu differenzieren. Die Ergebnisse der schrittweisen Diskriminanzanalyse zeigen dar{\"u}ber hinaus, welche Glaubhaftigkeitskriterien im einzelnen einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Trennung zwischen Wahr- und Falschaussagen leisten. Der h{\"o}here Prozentsatz korrekter Klassifikationen in der Gruppe, die die Realkennzeichen verwendete, erreichte allerdings nur knapp statistische Signifikanz. Insgesamt st{\"u}tzt die vorliegende Studie die Grundannahme der Aussagenanalyse, daß die Analyse der sprachlichen Merkmale einer Aussage einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Beurteilung des Wahrheitsgehalts einer Anzeige leisten kann.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1992,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Personality and language},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34073},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Content Introduction Towards a framework for personality and language Personality and language Personal pronouns Adjectives as disposilional markers Cognitive properties of trait terms Everyday language and personality Speech end personality Conclusions and directions References},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1992,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Coping with rape : a social psychological perspective},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33973},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Content Social stereotypes and responsibility attributions to victims of rape Atributing responsibillty to rape victims: a German study Rape myth acceptance and responsibility judgments: a British study Police officers' definitions of rape A study on cognitive prototypes of rape Conclusion References},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1991,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Police officers' definitions of rape : a prototype study},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33922},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {The study investigates police officers' definitions of different rape situations. On the basis of the concept of 'cognitive prototypes' a methodology is developed which elicits consensual feature lists describing six rape situations: the typical, i.e. most common rape, the credible, dubious, and false rape complaints as weil as the rape experiences that are particularly hard vs. relatively easy for the victim to cope with. Qualitative analysis of the data allows the identification of the characteristic features defining the prototype of each rape situation, as weil as comparisons between the situations in terms of their common and distinctive features. It is shown that police officers, while sharing some of the widely held stereotypes about rape, generally perceive rape as a serious crime with long-term negative consequences for the victim. The quantitative analysis of prototype similarity between the six situations corroborates this conclusion by demonstrating a high similarity between the prototypes of the typical and the credible rape situation: In addition, subjects' general attitude towards rape victims is measured to compare the prototypes provided by respondents holding a positive vs. negative attitude towards rape victims. Findings for the two groups, however, reveal more similarities than differences in their descriptions of rape prototypes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the feasibility of the prototype approach presented in this study as a strategy for investigating implicit or common-sense theories of rape.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1991,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Social psychological issues in the study of rape},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33903},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {The chapter presents a social psychological approach to the study of rape and sexual assault. Two issues are at the core of this approach: identifying the critical variables that affect attributions of responsibility to victims of rape. and exploring people's subjective definitions of rape, which may differ markedly from legal definitions. Following a review of the American evidence, a series of studies conductcd in two European countries is presented to address these issues.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{EckesKraheSix1989,
  author    = {Eckes, Thomas and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Six, Bernd},
  title     = {Predicting behavior in natural settings : four field studies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33862},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Content Basic Concepts and Applied Perspectives in Attitude-Behavior Research Searching for Medium-Range Models of Behavior Prediction Putting the Models to Test General Discussion References},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheSemin1989,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Semin, G{\"u}n R.},
  title     = {In search of explanations : a rejoinder to Borkenau},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33859},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {The main points raised by Borkenau against our challenge of the 'intuitive psychometrics' view of personality judgements are discussed, in particular his example of the link between school grades and intelligence. It is argued that the semantic similarity interpretation advanced in our paper is more adequate and more parsimonious than explanations in terms of psychometric reasoning.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheSemin1988,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Semin, G{\"u}n R.},
  title     = {Explaining perceived cross-situational consistency : intuitive psychometrics or semantic mediation?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33847},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Recent studies at the interface of social cognition and personality theory have stressed lay persons' ability to 'function as intuitive psychometricians' (Epstein and Teraspulsky, 1986). This research argues that lay persons not only show a substantial degree of accuracy in estimating cross-situational generality of behaviour, but also take into account principles of aggregation over time. In contrast, it is argued here that lay persons' perceptions of the degree of relatedness of different behaviours are mediated largely by the decontextualized semantic relationships between behavioural descriptions. This argument finds support in two experimental studies which demonstrate that the main source for subjects' judgments of 'cross-situational consistency' can be found in an abstracted knowledge base which is represented and mediated through language. The implications of the findings are drawn out for personality research. in particular with reference to domain and item selection in questionnaires for research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1988,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Victim and observer characteristics as determinants of responsibility attributions to victims of rape},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33833},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Two field studies were conducted lo investigate the influence of observer and victim characteristics on attributions of victim and assailant responsibility in a rape case. In the first study, male and female subjects completed a measure of rape myth acceptance and were presented with a rape account after which they were asked to attribute responsibility to victim and assailant. In the second study, a new sample was asked to attribute responsibility to victim and assailant on the basis of one of two rape accounts in which victim's pre-rape behavior was manipulated. Results showed that both rape myth acceptance and victims' pre-rape behavior in influenced the degree of responsibility attributed to victims and assailants. No significant effects of subject gender were found. A more complex conceptualization is suggested of the link between observer and victim characteristics in social reactions to and evaluations of rape victims.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheSemin1987,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Semin, G{\"u}n R.},
  title     = {Lay conceptions of personality : eliciting tiers of a scientific conception of personality},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33827},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {Two studies are reported which examine the availability of scientific propositions of personality in lay conceptions of personality. It is argued from a social constructivist perspective that models of personality must derive from and refer to lay conceptions of persons. Eysenck's trait-type model of introversion-extroversion, containing specific propositions about phenotypic and genotypic differences between extraverts and introverts, was utilized as the scientific model of personality and its availability in lay conceptions of personality was examined in two studies. In the first study, subjects were presented with a genotypic characterization of either an introvert or an extravert target person and asked to infer corresponding phenotypic differences. In the second study, the inference process was reversed with subjects being asked to infer genotypic characteristics of introverts versus extraverts on the basis of phenotypic target person descriptions of the two types. Results from both studies show a high degree of accuracy in subjects' inferences, suggesting that laypersons have well-formed conceptions about personality containing 'higher-order' psychogenetic propositions corresponding to Eysenck's trait-type model. The implications of the findings for theory construction are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1990,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Situation cognition and coherence in personality : an individual-centered approach},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33554},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {This volume reexamines the long-standing controversy about consistency in personality from a social psychological perspective. Barabara Krah{\´e} reconsiders the concept of consistency in terms of the systematic coherence of situation cognition and behaviour across situations. In the first part of the volume she undertakes an examination of recent social psychological models of situation cognition for their ability to clarify the principles underlying the perception of situational similarities. She then advances an individual-centred methedology in which nomothetic hypotheses about cross-situational coherence are tested on the basis of idiogrphic measurement of situation cognition and behaviour. In the second part of the volume, a series of empirical studies is reported which apply the individual-centred framework to the analysis of cross-situational coherence in the domain of anxiety-provoking situations. These studies are distinctive in that they extend over several months and use free-response data; they are based on idiographic sampling; and they employ explicit theoretical models to capture the central features of situation perception. The results demonstrate the benefits of integrating idiographic and nomothetic research strategies and exploiting the advantages of both perspectives.},
  language  = {en}
}