@article{BauernschusterBorck2016,
  author    = {Bauernschuster, Stefan and Borck, Rainald},
  title     = {Formal Child Care and Family Structure: Theory and Evidence},
  series = {CESifo economic studies : a joint initiative of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit{\~A}\it and Ifo Institute for Economic Research},
  volume    = {62},
  journal   = {CESifo economic studies : a joint initiative of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit{\~A}\it and Ifo Institute for Economic Research},
  publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1610-241X},
  doi       = {10.1093/cesifo/ifv025},
  pages     = {699 -- 724},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {This article studies the effect of child care provision on family structure. We present a model of a marriage market with positive assortative matching, where in equilibrium, the poorest women stay single. Couples have to decide on the number of children and spousal specialization in home production of public goods and child care. We then study how child care provision affects the equilibrium. Due to specialization in home production, the incentive to use child care is smaller for married mothers than for single mothers. We show that this increases the number of single mothers and the divorce rate. Using survey data from Germany, we present suggestive empirical evidence consistent with this finding. (JEL codes: J12 and J13).},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Borck2014,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald},
  title     = {Adieu Rabenmutter-culture, fertility, female labour supply, the gender wage gap and childcare},
  series = {Journal of population economics},
  volume    = {27},
  journal   = {Journal of population economics},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0933-1433},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00148-013-0499-z},
  pages     = {739 -- 765},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {This paper studies the effect of cultural attitudes on childcare provision, fertility, female labour supply and the gender wage gap. Cross-country data show that fertility, female labour force participation and childcare provision are positively correlated with each other, while the gender wage gap seems to be negatively correlated with these variables. The paper presents a model with endogenous fertility, female labour supply and childcare choices driven by cultural attitudes which fits these facts. There may exist multiple equilibria: one with zero childcare provision, low fertility and female labour supply and high wage gap and one with high childcare provision, high fertility and female labour supply and low wage gap.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Borck2016,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald},
  title     = {Will skyscrapers save the planet? Building height limits and urban greenhouse gas emissions},
  series = {Regional science and urban economics},
  volume    = {58},
  journal   = {Regional science and urban economics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0166-0462},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.01.004},
  pages     = {13 -- 25},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {This paper studies the effectiveness of building height limits as a policy to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It shows that building height limits lead to urban sprawl and higher emissions from commuting. On the other hand, aggregate housing consumption may decrease, which reduces emissions from residential energy use. A numerical model is used to evaluate whether total GHG emissions may be lower under building height restrictions. Welfare is not concave in the strictness of building height limits, so either no limit or a very strict one (depending on the strength of the externality) might maximize welfare. The paper discusses several extensions, such as congestion, endogenous transport mode choice, migration, and urban heat island effect. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Borck2019,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald},
  title     = {Public transport and urban pollution},
  series = {Regional science and urban economics},
  volume    = {77},
  journal   = {Regional science and urban economics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0166-0462},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2019.06.005},
  pages     = {356 -- 366},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This paper studies the effect of public transport policies on urban pollution. It uses a quantitative equilibrium model with residential choice and mode choice. Pollution comes from commuting and residential energy use. The model parameters are calibrated to replicate key variables for American metropolitan areas. In the counterfactual, I study how free public transport coupled with increasing transit speed affects the equilibrium. In the baseline simulation, total pollution falls by 0.4\%, as decreasing emissions from transport are partly offset by rising residential emissions. A second counterfactual compares a city with and without public transit. This large investment decreases pollution by 1.7\%. When jobs are decentralized, emissions fall by 0.5\% in the first and by 3\% in the second counterfactual.},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Borck2023,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald},
  title     = {Energy policies, agglomeration, and pollution},
  series = {Handbook of labor, human resources and population economics},
  booktitle = {Handbook of labor, human resources and population economics},
  editor    = {Zimmermann, Klaus F.},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  address   = {Cham},
  isbn      = {978-3-319-57365-6},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_421-1},
  pages     = {1 -- 15},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {This chapter reviews the interplay of agglomeration and pollution as well as the effect of energy policies on pollution in an urban context. It starts by describing the effect of agglomeration on pollution. While this effect is theoretically ambiguous, empirical research tends to find that larger cities are more polluted, but per capita emissions fall with city size. The chapter discusses the implications for optimal city size. Conversely, urban pollution tends to discourage agglomeration if larger cities are more exposed to pollution. The chapter then considers various energy policies and their effect on urban pollution. Specifically, it looks at the effects of energy and transport policies as well as urban policies such as zoning.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BorckBrueckner2018,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Brueckner, Jan K.},
  title     = {Optimal energy taxation in cities},
  series = {Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists : JAERE},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists : JAERE},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
  address   = {Chicago},
  issn      = {2333-5955},
  doi       = {10.1086/695614},
  pages     = {481 -- 516},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {This paper presents the first investigation of the effects of optimal energy taxation in an urban spatial setting, where emissions are produced both by residences and commuting. When levying an optimal direct tax on energy or carbon use is not feasible, the analysis shows that exactly the same adjustments in resource allocation can be generated by the combination of a land tax, a housing tax, and a commuting tax. We then analyze the effects of these taxes on urban spatial structure, showing that they reduce the extent of commuting and the level of housing consumption while increasing building heights, generating a more-compact city with a lower level of emissions per capita.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BorckFossenFreieretal.2015,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Fossen, Frank M. and Freier, Ronny and Martin, Thorsten},
  title     = {Race to the debt trap? - Spatial econometric evidence on debt in German municipalities},
  series = {Regional science and urban economics},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {Regional science and urban economics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0166-0462},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2015.04.003},
  pages     = {20 -- 37},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Through an intertemporal budget constraint, jurisdictions may gain advantages in tax and spending competition by 'competing' on debt. While the existing spatial econometric literature focuses on tax and spending competition, very little is known about spatial interaction via public debt. If jurisdictions compete for mobile capital to finance public spending, they may compete in debt levels as well as taxes. We use a theoretical model to derive the reaction of jurisdictions' debt levels to their neighbors' debts. We then estimate the spatial interdependence of public debt among German municipalities using a panel on municipalities in the two largest German states from 1999 to 2006. We find significant and robust interaction effects between debt levels of neighboring municipalities, which we compare to spatial tax and spending interactions. The results indicate that a municipality increases its per capita debt by 16-33 Euro as a reaction to an increase of 100 Euro in neighboring municipalities. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BorckGohl2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Gohl, Niklas},
  title     = {Gentrification and Affordable Housing Policies},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {39},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-52930},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-529300},
  pages     = {51},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {We use a quantitative spatial equilibrium model to evaluate the distributional and welfare impacts of a recent temporary rent control policy in Berlin, Germany. We calibrate the model to key features of Berlin's housing market, in particular the recent gentrification of inner city locations. As expected, gentrification benefits rich homeowners, while poor renter households lose. Our counterfactual analysis mimicks the rent control policy. We find that this policy reduces welfare for rich and poor households and in fact, the percentage change in welfare is largest for the poorest households. We also study alternative affordable housing policies such as subsidies and re-zoning policies, which are better suited to address the adverse consequences of gentrification.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BorckGohl2022,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Gohl, Niklas},
  title     = {Steigende Mieten?},
  series = {{\"O}konomenstimme},
  journal   = {{\"O}konomenstimme},
  publisher = {KOF Konjunkturforschungsstelle der ETH Z{\"u}rich},
  address   = {Z{\"u}rich},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Vor dem Hintergrund rasant steigender Mieten in deutschen Großst{\"a}dten untersuchen wir in einer neuen Studie die Auswirkungen von Gentrifizierung sowie von politischen Gegenmaßnahmen auf unterschiedliche Einkommensgruppen anhand eines quantitativen Modells f{\"u}r Berlin. Wir finden, dass eine Mietpreisbindung (wie der „Mietendeckel") allen Haushalten, vor allem aber den {\"a}rmeren Haushalten, schadet. Andere Maßnahmen wie Neubau oder direkte Subventionen schneiden besser ab.},
  language  = {de}
}
@techreport{BorckOshiroSatō2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Oshiro, Jun and Satō, Yasuhiro},
  title     = {Property tax competition},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56222},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-562228},
  pages     = {71},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We develop a model of property taxation and characterize equilibria under three alternative taxa-tion regimes often used in the public finance literature: decentralized taxation, centralized taxation, and "rent seeking" regimes. We show that decentralized taxation results in inefficiently high tax rates, whereas centralized taxation yields a common optimal tax rate, and tax rates in the rent-seeking regime can be either inefficiently high or low. We quantify the effects of switching from the observed tax system to the three regimes for Japan and Germany. The decentralized or rent-seeking regime best describes the Japanese tax system, whereas the centralized regime does so for Germany. We also quantify the welfare effects of regime changes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BorckPflueger2019,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Pfl{\"u}ger, Michael},
  title     = {Green cities? Urbanization, trade, and the environment},
  series = {Journal of regional science},
  volume    = {59},
  journal   = {Journal of regional science},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0022-4146},
  doi       = {10.1111/jors.12423},
  pages     = {743 -- 766},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Is urbanization good for the environment? This paper establishes a simple core-periphery model with monocentric cities, which comprises key forces that shape the structure and interrelation of cities to study the impact of the urban evolution on the environment. We focus on global warming and the potential of unfettered market forces to economize on emissions. The model parameters are chosen to match the dichotomy between average "large" and "small" cities in the urban geography of the United States, and the sectoral greenhouse gas emissions recorded for the United States. Based on numerical analyzes we find that a forced switch to a system with equally sized cities reduces total emissions. Second, any city driver which pronounces the asymmetry between the core and the periphery drives up emissions in the total city system, too, and the endogenous adjustment of the urban system accounts for the bulk of the change in emissions. Third, none of the city drivers gives rise to an urban environmental Kuznets curve according to our numerical simulations. Finally, the welfare-maximizing allocation tends to involve dispersion of cities and the more so the higher is the marginal damage from pollution.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BorckSchrauth2020,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Schrauth, Philipp},
  title     = {Population density and urban air quality},
  series = {Regional science and urban economics},
  volume    = {86},
  journal   = {Regional science and urban economics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0166-0462},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2020.103596},
  pages     = {24},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We use panel data from Germany to analyze the effect of population density on urban air pollution (nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, ozone, and an aggregate index for bad air quality [AQI]). To address unobserved heterogeneity and omitted variables, we present long difference/fixed effects estimates and instrumental variables estimates, using historical population and soil quality as instruments. Using our preferred estimates, we find that the concentration increases with density for NO2 with an elasticity of 0.25 and particulate matter with elasticity of 0.08. The O-3 concentration decreases with density with an elasticity of -0.14. The AQI increases with density, with an elasticity of 0.11-0.13. We also present a variety of robustness tests. Overall, the paper shows that higher population density worsens local air quality.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BorckSchrauth2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Schrauth, Philipp},
  title     = {Population density and urban air quality},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {8},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42771},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427719},
  pages     = {53},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {We use panel data from Germany to analyze the effect of population density on urban air pollution (nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and ozone). To address unobserved heterogeneity and omitted variables, we present long difference/fixed effects estimates and instrumental variables estimates, using historical population and soil quality as instruments. Our preferred estimates imply that a one-standard deviation increase in population density increases air pollution by 3-12\%.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BorckSchrauth2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Schrauth, Philipp},
  title     = {Urban pollution},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {60},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57204},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-572049},
  pages     = {48},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We use worldwide satellite data to analyse how population size and density affect urban pollution. We find that density significantly increases pollution exposure. Looking only at urban areas, we find that population size affects exposure more than density. Moreover, the effect is driven mostly by population commuting to core cities rather than the core city population itself. We analyse heterogeneity by geography and income levels. By and large, the influence of population on pollution is greatest in Asia and middle-income countries. A counterfactual simulation shows that PM2.5 exposure would fall by up to 36\% and NO2 exposure up to 53\% if within countries population size were equalized across all cities.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BorckTabuchi2019,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Tabuchi, Takatoshi},
  title     = {Pollution and city size: can cities be too small?},
  series = {Journal of Economic Geography},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {Journal of Economic Geography},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1468-2702},
  doi       = {10.1093/jeg/lby017},
  pages     = {995 -- 1020},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {We study optimal and equilibrium sizes of cities in a city system model with pollution. Pollution is a function of population size. If pollution is local or per-capita pollution increases with population, equilibrium cities are too large under symmetry; with asymmetric cities, the largest cities are too large and the smallest too small. When pollution is global and per-capita pollution declines with city size, cities may be too small under symmetry; with asymmetric cities, the largest cities are too small and the smallest too large if the marginal damage of pollution is large enough. We calibrate the model to US cities and find that the largest cities may be undersized by 3-4\%.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BorckWimbersky2014,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Wimbersky, Martin},
  title     = {Political economics of higher education finance},
  series = {Oxford economic papers},
  volume    = {66},
  journal   = {Oxford economic papers},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0030-7653},
  doi       = {10.1093/oep/gps042},
  pages     = {115 -- 139},
  year      = {2014},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BorckWrede2018,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Wrede, Matthias},
  title     = {Spatial and social mobility},
  series = {Journal of Regional Science},
  volume    = {58},
  journal   = {Journal of Regional Science},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0022-4146},
  doi       = {10.1111/jors.12382},
  pages     = {688 -- 704},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {This paper analyzes the relationship between spatial mobility and social mobility. It develops a two-skill-type spatial equilibrium model of two regions with location preferences where each region consists of an urban area that is home to workplaces and residences and an exclusively residential suburban area. The paper demonstrates that relative regional social mobility is negatively correlated with segregation and inequality. In the model, segregation, income inequality, and social mobility are driven by differences between urban and residential areas in commuting cost differences between high-skilled and low-skilled workers, and also by the magnitude of taste heterogeneity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BorckUebelmesserWimbersky2015,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and {\"U}belmesser, Silke and Wimbersky, Martin},
  title     = {The Political Economics of Higher-Education Finance for Mobile Individuals},
  series = {FinanzArchiv},
  volume    = {71},
  journal   = {FinanzArchiv},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Mohr Siebeck},
  address   = {T{\"u}bingen},
  issn      = {0015-2218},
  doi       = {10.1628/001522115X14206439673215},
  pages     = {82 -- 105},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {We study voting over higher-education finance in an economy with two regions and two separated labor markets. Households differ in their financial endowment and their children's ability. Nonstudents are immobile. Students decide where to study; they return home after graduation with exogenous probability. The voters of the two regions decide on whether to subsidize higher-education costs or to rely on tuition fees only. We find that in equilibrium, in both regions a majority votes for subsidies when the return probability is sufficiently small. When that probability is large, both regions opt for full tuition finance.},
  language  = {en}
}