@article{KaempfPlessenLauterbachetal.2019,
  author    = {K{\"a}mpf, Lucas and Plessen, Birgit and Lauterbach, Stefan and Nantke, Carla and Meyer, Hanno and Chapligin, Bernhard and Brauer, Achim},
  title     = {Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes of carbonates in lake sediments as a paleoflood proxy},
  series = {Geology / the Geological Society of America},
  volume    = {48},
  journal   = {Geology / the Geological Society of America},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {American Institute of Physics},
  address   = {Melville, NY},
  issn      = {1943-2682},
  doi       = {10.1130/G46593.1},
  pages     = {3 -- 7},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Lake sediments are increasingly explored as reliable paleoflood archives. In addition to established flood proxies including detrital layer thickness, chemical composition, and grain size, we explore stable oxygen and carbon isotope data as paleoflood proxies for lakes in catchments with carbonate bedrock geology. In a case study from Lake Mondsee (Austria), we integrate high-resolution sediment trapping at a proximal and a distal location and stable isotope analyses of varved lake sediments to investigate flood-triggered detrital sediment flux. First, we demonstrate a relation between runoff, detrital sediment flux, and isotope values in the sediment trap record covering the period 2011-2013 CE including 22 events with daily (hourly) peak runoff ranging from 10 (24) m(3) s(-1) to 79 (110) m(3) s(-1). The three- to ten-fold lower flood-triggered detrital sediment deposition in the distal trap is well reflected by attenuated peaks in the stable isotope values of trapped sediments. Next, we show that all nine flood-triggered detrital layers deposited in a sediment record from 1988 to 2013 have elevated isotope values compared with endogenic calcite. In addition, even two runoff events that did not cause the deposition of visible detrital layers are distinguished by higher isotope values. Empirical thresholds in the isotope data allow estimation of magnitudes of the majority of floods, although in some cases flood magnitudes are overestimated because local effects can result in too-high isotope values. Hence we present a proof of concept for stable isotopes as reliable tool for reconstructing flood frequency and, although with some limitations, even for flood magnitudes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EiblHainzlVeselyetal.2019,
  author    = {Eibl, Eva P. S. and Hainzl, Sebastian and Vesely, Nele I. K. and Walter, Thomas R. and Jousset, Philippe and Hersir, Gylfi Pall and Dahm, Torsten},
  title     = {Eruption interval monitoring at strokkur Geyser, Iceland},
  series = {Geophysical research letters},
  volume    = {47},
  journal   = {Geophysical research letters},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0094-8276},
  doi       = {10.1029/2019GL085266},
  pages     = {10},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Geysers are hot springs whose frequency of water eruptions remain poorly understood. We set up a local broadband seismic network for 1 year at Strokkur geyser, Iceland, and developed an unprecedented catalog of 73,466 eruptions. We detected 50,135 single eruptions but find that the geyser is also characterized by sets of up to six eruptions in quick succession. The number of single to sextuple eruptions exponentially decreased, while the mean waiting time after an eruption linearly increased (3.7 to 16.4 min). While secondary eruptions within double to sextuple eruptions have a smaller mean seismic amplitude, the amplitude of the first eruption is comparable for all eruption types. We statistically model the eruption frequency assuming discharges proportional to the eruption multiplicity and a constant probability for subsequent events within a multituple eruption. The waiting time after an eruption is predictable but not the type or amplitude of the next one. <br /> Plain Language Summary Geysers are springs that often erupt in hot water fountains. They erupt more often than volcanoes but are quite similar. Nevertheless, it is poorly understood how often volcanoes and also geysers erupt. We created a list of 73,466 eruption times of Strokkur geyser, Iceland, from 1 year of seismic data. The geyser erupted one to six times in quick succession. We found 50,135 single eruptions but only 1 sextuple eruption, while the mean waiting time increased from 3.7 min after single eruptions to 16.4 min after sextuple eruptions. Mean amplitudes of each eruption type were higher for single eruptions, but all first eruptions in a succession were similar in height. Assuming a constant heat inflow at depth, we can predict the waiting time after an eruption but not the type or amplitude of the next one.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SobczykSobelGeorgieva2019,
  author    = {Sobczyk, Artur and Sobel, Edward and Georgieva, Viktoria},
  title     = {Meso-Cenozoic cooling and exhumation history of the Orlica-snie(z) over dotnik Dome (Sudetes, NE Bohemian Massif, Central Europe)},
  series = {Terra nova},
  volume    = {32},
  journal   = {Terra nova},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0954-4879},
  doi       = {10.1111/ter.12449},
  pages     = {122 -- 133},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This study presents the first suite of apatite fission-track (AFT) ages from the SE part of the Western Sudetes. AFT cooling ages from the Orlica-snie(z) over dotnik Dome and the Upper Nysa Klodzka Graben range from Late Cretaceous (84 Ma) to Early Palaeocene-Middle Eocene (64-45 Ma). The first stage of basin evolution (similar to 100-90 Ma) was marked by the formation of a local extensional depocentre and disruption of the Mesozoic planation surface. Subsequent far-field convergence of European microplates resulted in Coniacian-Santonian (similar to 89-83 Ma) thrust faulting. AFT data from both metamorphic basement and Mesozoic sedimentary cover indicate homogenous Late Cretaceous burial of the entire Western Sudetes. Thermal history modeling suggests that the onset of cooling could be constrained between 89 and 63 Ma with a climax during the Palaeocene-Middle Eocene basin inversion phase.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WickertSchildgen2019,
  author    = {Wickert, Andrew D. and Schildgen, Taylor F.},
  title     = {Long-profile evolution of transport-limited gravel-bed rivers},
  series = {Earth surface dynamics},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Earth surface dynamics},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {2196-6311},
  doi       = {10.5194/esurf-7-17-2019},
  pages     = {17 -- 43},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Alluvial and transport-limited bedrock rivers constitute the majority of fluvial systems on Earth. Their long profiles hold clues to their present state and past evolution. We currently possess first-principles-based governing equations for flow, sediment transport, and channel morphodynamics in these systems, which we lack for detachment-limited bedrock rivers. Here we formally couple these equations for transport-limited gravel-bed river long-profile evolution. The result is a new predictive relationship whose functional form and parameters are grounded in theory and defined through experimental data. From this, we produce a power-law analytical solution and a finite-difference numerical solution to long-profile evolution. Steady-state channel concavity and steepness are diagnostic of external drivers: concavity decreases with increasing uplift rate, and steepness increases with an increasing sediment-to-water supply ratio. Constraining free parameters explains common observations of river form: to match observed channel concavities, gravel-sized sediments must weather and fine - typically rapidly - and valleys typically should widen gradually. To match the empirical square-root width-discharge scaling in equilibrium-width gravel-bed rivers, downstream fining must occur. The ability to assign a cause to such observations is the direct result of a deductive approach to developing equations for landscape evolution.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchneiderHoffmannMuenkeretal.2019,
  author    = {Schneider, K. P. and Hoffmann, J. E. and M{\"u}nker, C. and Patyniak, Magda and Sprung, P. and Roerdink, D. and Garbe-Sch{\"o}nberg, D. and Kr{\"o}ner, A.},
  title     = {Petrogenetic evolution of metabasalts and metakomatiites of the lower Onverwacht Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa)},
  series = {Chemical geology : official journal of the European Association for Geochemistry},
  volume    = {511},
  journal   = {Chemical geology : official journal of the European Association for Geochemistry},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0009-2541},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.02.020},
  pages     = {152 -- 177},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {A well-preserved sequence, by Archean standards, of mantle-derived metabasalts and metakomatiites forms large parts of the lower Onverwacht Group of the Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa). To elucidate the origin of mafic and ultramafic rocks from this 3.55 to 3.45 Ga sequence, we present a comprehensive geochemical dataset including major and trace elements as well as Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotope compositions for a variety of metavolcanic rocks. These include metabasalts of the amphibolite-facies Sandspruit and Theespruit Formations as well as metabasalts and metakomatiites of the lower greenschist-facies Komati Formation. Based on their incompatible trace element patterns, the basalts of the Sandspruit and Theespruit Formations can be subdivided into a light rare earth element (LREE) depleted group, a LREE-undepleted group, and a LREE-enriched group. Positive epsilon Hf-(t) and epsilon Nd-(t) values of ca. +3 to +4 and 0 to +2, respectively, together with depletions in Th and La-CN/Yb-CN indicate derivation of the LREE-depleted basalts from a depleted mantle source. However, chondritic epsilon Hf-(t) and epsilon Nd-(t) values combined with positive Th and La-CN/Yb-CN of the LREE-enriched samples indicate a contribution from older granitoid crust in the petrogenesis of these samples. Trace element patterns of komatiites and basalts of the Komati Formation are generally flat relative to primitive mantle with slight depletions in heavy rare earth elements and Th and overall positive epsilon Hf-(t) of + 2.5 +/- 3.5 (2 s.d.) and epsilon Nd-(t) of + 0.5 +/- 2.2 (2 s. d.). The coherence in trace element characteristics suggests a common magmatic origin for basalts and komatiites. This study reveals that the two lavas were derived from the same mantle plume, i. e. komatiites were formed by high degrees of melting of a depleted mantle source containing residual garnet and the basalts were formed by moderate degrees of partial melting in shallower regions of the mantle. Based on the current dataset, combined with published data, we propose a geodynamic model for the oldest units of the Barberton Greenstone Belt that describes the development from a submerged continental setting (for the Sandspruit and Theespruit Formations) to a submarine plateau setting (for the Komati Formation) as a consequence of continental rifting.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GreeneThirumalaiKearneyetal.2019,
  author    = {Greene, Chad A. and Thirumalai, Kaustubh and Kearney, Kelly A. and Delgado, Jose Miguel Martins and Schwanghart, Wolfgang and Wolfenbarger, Natalie S. and Thyng, Kristen M. and Gwyther, David E. and Gardner, Alex S. and Blankenship, Donald D.},
  title     = {The Climate Data Toolbox for MATLAB},
  series = {Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {1525-2027},
  doi       = {10.1029/2019GC008392},
  pages     = {3774 -- 3781},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Climate science is highly interdisciplinary by nature, so understanding interactions between Earth processes inherently warrants the use of analytical software that can operate across the disciplines of Earth science. Toward this end, we present the Climate Data Toolbox for MATLAB, which contains more than 100 functions that span the major climate-related disciplines of Earth science. The toolbox enables streamlined, entirely scriptable workflows that are intuitive to write and easy to share. Included are functions to evaluate uncertainty, perform matrix operations, calculate climate indices, and generate common data displays. Documentation is presented pedagogically, with thorough explanations of how each function works and tutorials showing how the toolbox can be used to replicate results of published studies. As a well-tested, well-documented platform for interdisciplinary collaborations, the Climate Data Toolbox for MATLAB aims to reduce time spent writing low-level code, let researchers focus on physics rather than coding and encourage more efficacious code sharing. Plain Language Summary This article describes a collection of computer code that has recently been released to help scientists analyze many types of Earth science data. The code in this toolbox makes it easy to investigate things like global warming, El Nino, or other major climate-related processes such as how winds affect ocean circulation. Although the toolbox was designed to be used by expert climate scientists, its instruction manual is well written, and beginners may be able to learn a great deal about coding and Earth science, simply by following along with the provided examples. The toolbox is intended to help scientists save time, help them ensure their analysis is accurate, and make it easy for other scientists to repeat the results of previous studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LopezAltenbergerBellosetal.2019,
  author    = {Lopez, Jose P. and Altenberger, Uwe and Bellos, Laura I. and G{\"u}nter, Christina},
  title     = {The Cumbres Calchaquies Range (NW-Argentina)},
  series = {Journal of South American earth sciences},
  volume    = {93},
  journal   = {Journal of South American earth sciences},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0895-9811},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jsames.2019.03.016},
  pages     = {480 -- 494},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The Cumbres Calchaquies Range forms part of the Famatinian metamorphic basement of the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas. The sedimentary protoliths of the metamorphic sequence were deposited in a marine basin alongside the western margin of Gondwana during the Neoproterozoic. New petrologic, geochemical and thermobarometric data give insight into the evolution of the sedimentary basin, its sediment source area, its later metamorphic overprint and its regional relationship to other parts of the Famatinian basement. The metamorphic series studied here consists of banded schists and gneisses and rare calcsilcate-rocks and migmatites that have been reworked by mid-to deep-crustal metamorphic and tectonic processes. The bulk rock compositions indicate shale, wacke, marl and litharenitic protoliths. The metamorphosed elastic sediments have major and trace element compositions indicating a continental granitoid-dominated source area with low sediment recycling. Low SiO2/Al2O3 ratios suggest a relatively low maturity of the sedimentary protoliths. Therefore, the Cumbres Calchaquies section represents a sequence of turbidity currents with progressive shallowing of the depositional environment, as indicated by quartz- and carbonate-rich sediments. The overall data are consistent with the geodynamic environment of a basin adjacent to a continental magmatic arc as the most probable scenario. Whereas the sedimentary protoliths of the metamorphic basement in the Sierra de Ancasti and Sierra de Aconquija, located ca 100-300 km south of the study area are interpreted as originating in an evolving back-arc basin, our results from the Cumbres Calchaquies region indicate a sedimentary source in a felsic continental arc with no significant influx of basic rocks. The Famatinian metamorphic evolution of the Cumbres Calchaquies rocks is of typical Barrow-type, culminating in partial melting of the metasediments. Conventional thermobarometry combined with thermodynamic models (pseudosections) reveal a prograde evolution reaching peak conditions of ca 665 degrees C/6.1 Kbar. This implies a geothermal gradient of ca 35 degrees C/km, which is slightly higher than the average for continental crust and suggests a period of crustal thinning, as known from back-arc basins, or additional heat supply by voluminous intrusions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DraegerPlessenKieneletal.2019,
  author    = {Dr{\"a}ger, Nadine and Plessen, Birgit and Kienel, Ulrike and Siowinski, Michat and Ramisch, Arne and Tjallingii, Rik and Pinkerneil, Sylvia and Brauer, Achim},
  title     = {Hypolimnetic oxygen conditions influence varve preservation and delta C-13 of sediment organic matter in Lake Tiefer See, NE Germany},
  series = {Journal of paleolimnolog},
  volume    = {62},
  journal   = {Journal of paleolimnolog},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0921-2728},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10933-019-00084-2},
  pages     = {181 -- 194},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Stable carbon isotopes of sediment organic matter (delta C-13(OM)) are widely applied in paleoenvironmental studies. Interpretations of delta C-13(OM), however, remain challenging and factors that influence delta C-13(OM) may not apply across all lakes. Common explanations for stratigraphic shifts in delta C-13(OM) include changes in lake productivity or changes in inputs of allochthonous OM. We investigated the influence of different oxygen conditions (oxic versus anoxic) on the delta C-13(OM) values in the sediments of Lake Tiefer See. We analysed (1) a long sediment core from the deepest part of the lake, (2) two short, sediment-water interface cores from shallower water depths, and (3) OM in the water column, i.e. from sediment traps. Fresh OM throughout the entire water column showed a relatively constant delta C-13(OM) value of approximately -30.5 parts per thousand. Similar values, about -31 parts per thousand, were obtained for well-varved sediments in both the long and short, sediment-water interface cores. In contrast, delta C-13(OM) values from non-varved sediments in all cores were significantly less negative (-29 parts per thousand). The delta C-13(OM) values in the sediment-water interface cores from different water depths differ for sediments of the same age, if oxygen conditions at the time of deposition were different at these sites, as suggested by the state of varve preservation. Sediments deposited from AD 1924 to 1980 at 62m water depth are varved and exhibit delta C-13(OM) values around -31 parts per thousand, whereas sediments of the same age in the core from 35m water depth are not varved and show less negative delta C-13(OM) values of about -29 parts per thousand. The relation between varve occurrence and delta C-13(OM) values suggests that delta C-13(OM) is associated with oxygen conditions because varve preservation depends on hypolimnetic anoxia. A mechanism that likely influences delta C-13(OM) is selective degradation of OM under oxic conditions, such that organic components with more negative delta C-13(OM) are preferably decomposed, leading to less negative delta C-13(OM) values in the remaining, undegraded OM pool. Greater decomposition of OM in non-varved sediments is supported by lower TOC concentrations in these deposits (similar to 5\%) compared to well-varved sediments (similar to 15\%). Even in lakes that display small variations in productivity and terrestrial OM input through time, large spatial and temporal differences in hypolimnetic oxygen concentrations may be an important factor controlling sediment delta C-13(OM).},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WangFosterYanetal.2019,
  author    = {Wang, Xiaoxi and Foster, William J. and Yan, J. and Li, A. and Mutti, Maria},
  title     = {Delayed recovery of metazoan reefs on the Laibin-Heshan platform margin following the Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction},
  series = {Global and planetary change},
  volume    = {180},
  journal   = {Global and planetary change},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0921-8181},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.05.005},
  pages     = {1 -- 15},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Following the Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction there was a global 'reef eclipse', and this event had an important role in the Paleozoic-Mesozoic transition of reef ecosystems. Furthermore, the recovery pattern of reef ecosystems in the Wuchiapingian of South China, before the radiation of Changhsingian reefs, is poorly understood. Here, we present a detailed sedimentological account of the Tieqiao section, South China, which records the only known Wuchiapingian reef setting from South China. Six reef growing phases were identified within six transgressive-regressive cycles. The cycles represent changes of deposition in a shallow basin to a subtidal outer platform setting, and the reefal build-ups are recorded in the shallowest part of the cycles above wave base in the euphotic zone. Our results show that the initial reef recovery started from the shallowing up part of the 1st cycle, within the Clarkina leveni conodont zone, which is two conodont zones earlier than previously recognized. In addition, even though metazoans, such as sponges, do become important in the development of the reef bodies, they are not a major component until later in the Wuchiapingian in the 5th and 6th transgressive-regressive cycles. This suggests a delayed recovery of metazoan reef ecosystems following the Middle Permian extinction. Furthermore, even though sponges do become abundant within the reefs, it is the presence and growth of the encrusters Archaeolithoporella and Tubiphytes and abundance of microbial micrites that play an important role in stabilizing the reef structures that form topographic highs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GefenTrevesKedemWeissetal.2019,
  author    = {Gefen-Treves, Shany and Kedem, Isaac and Weiss, Gad and Wagner, Dirk and Tchernov, Dan and Kaplan, Aaron},
  title     = {Acclimation of a rocky shore algal reef builder Neogoniolithon sp. to changing illuminations},
  series = {Limnology and oceanography e-lectures / Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography},
  volume    = {65},
  journal   = {Limnology and oceanography e-lectures / Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0024-3590},
  doi       = {10.1002/lno.11245},
  pages     = {27 -- 36},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Vermetid reefs and rocky shores are hot spots of biodiversity, often referred to as the subtropical equivalent of coral reefs. The development of the ecosystem depends on the activity of several reef builders, including red crustose coralline algae (CCA) such as Neogoniolithon brassica-florida. Despite its importance, little is known about Neogoniolithon sp. acclimation to rapid changes in light intensity and corresponding photosynthetic activity. To overcome the large spatial variability in the light field (due to location and the porous nature of the rocks) we grew Neogoniolithon sp. on glass slides and characterized its photosynthetic performance in response to various light intensities by following O-2 exchange and fluorescence parameters. This was also performed on rock-inhabiting thalli collected from the east Mediterranean basin. Generally, maximal photosynthetic rate was reached when Neogoniolithon sp. thalli grown under low illumination (such as in protected niches where the light intensity can be as low as 1\% of surface illumination) were examined. When exposed to light intensities higher than those experienced during growth, Neogoniolithon sp. activates adaptive/protective mechanisms such as state transition and nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching and increases the dark respiration thereafter. We find that the Fv/Fm parameter (variable/maximal fluorescence) is not suitable to assess photosynthetic performance in Neogoniolithon sp. and propose using instead an alternative parameter recently developed. Our findings help to clarify why Neogoniolithon sp. is usually observed in shaded niches along the reef surfaces.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZhuPilzCotton2019,
  author    = {Zhu, Chuanbin and Pilz, Marco and Cotton, Fabrice},
  title     = {Which is a better proxy, site period or depth to bedrock, in modelling linear site response in addition to the average shear-wave velocity?},
  series = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1570-761X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10518-019-00738-6},
  pages     = {797 -- 820},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This study aims to identify the best-performing site characterization proxy alternative and complementary to the conventional 30 m average shear-wave velocity V-S30, as well as the optimal combination of proxies in characterizing linear site response. Investigated proxies include T-0 (site fundamental period obtained from earthquake horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios), V-Sz (measured average shear-wave velocities to depth z, z = 5, 10, 20 and 30 m), Z(0.8) and Z(1.0) (measured site depths to layers having shear-wave velocity 0.8 and 1.0 km/s, respectively), as well as Z(x-infer) (inferred site depths from a regional velocity model, x = 0.8 and 1.0, 1.5 and 2.5 km/s). To evaluate the performance of a site proxy or a combination, a total of 1840 surface-borehole recordings is selected from KiK-net database. Site amplifications are derived using surface-to-borehole response-, Fourier- and cross-spectral ratio techniques and then are compared across approaches. Next, the efficacies of 7 single-proxies and 11 proxy-pairs are quantified based on the site-to-site standard deviation of amplification residuals of observation about prediction using the proxy or the pair. Our results show that T-0 is the best-performing single-proxy among T-0, Z(0.8), Z(1.0) and V-Sz. Meanwhile, T-0 is also the best-performing proxy among T-0, Z(0.8), Z(1.0) and Z(x-infer) complementary to V-S30 in accounting for the residual amplification after V-S30-correction. Besides, T-0 alone can capture most of the site effects and should be utilized as the primary site indicator. Though (T-0, V-S30) is the best-performing proxy pair among (V-S30, T-0), (V-S30, Z(0.8)), (V-S30, Z(1.0)), (V-S30, Z(x-infer)) and (T-0, V-Sz), it is only slightly better than (T-0, V-S20). Considering both efficacy and engineering utility, the combination of T-0 (primary) and V-S20 (secondary) is recommended. Further study is needed to test the performances of various proxies on sites in deep sedimentary basins.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Herzschuh2019,
  author    = {Herzschuh, Ulrike},
  title     = {Legacy of the Last Glacial on the present-day distribution of deciduous versus evergreen boreal forests},
  series = {Global ecology and biogeography : a journal of macroecology},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Global ecology and biogeography : a journal of macroecology},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1466-822X},
  doi       = {10.1111/geb.13018},
  pages     = {198 -- 206},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Issue Despite their rather similar climatic conditions, eastern Eurasia and northern North America are largely covered by different plant functional types (deciduous or evergreen boreal forest) composed of larch or pine, spruce and fir, respectively. I propose that these deciduous and evergreen boreal forests represent alternative quasi-stable states, triggered by their different northern tree refugia that reflect the different environmental conditions experienced during the Last Glacial. Evidence This view is supported by palaeoecological and environmental evidence. Once established, Asian larch forests are likely to have stabilized through a complex vegetation-fire-permafrost soil-climate feedback system. Conclusion With respect to future forest developments, this implies that Asian larch forests are likely to be governed by long-term trajectories and are therefore largely resistant to natural climate variability on time-scales shorter than millennia. The effects of regional human impact and anthropogenic global warming might, however, cause certain stability thresholds to be crossed, meaning that irreversible transitions occur and resulting in marked consequences for ecosystem services on these human-relevant time-scales.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BarthGeertsemaBevingtonetal.2019,
  author    = {Barth, Sophia and Geertsema, Marten and Bevington, Alexandre R. and Bird, Alison L. and Clague, John J. and Millard, Tom and Bobrowsky, Peter T. and Hasler, Andreas and Liu, Hongjiang},
  title     = {Landslide response to the 27 October 2012 earthquake (M-W 7.8), southern Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, Canada},
  series = {Landslides : journal of the International Consortium on Landslides, ICL},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Landslides : journal of the International Consortium on Landslides, ICL},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg},
  issn      = {1612-510X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10346-019-01292-7},
  pages     = {517 -- 526},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In this paper, we examine the influence of the 27 October 2012, M-w 7.8 earthquake on landslide occurrence in the southern half of Haida Gwaii (formerly Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia, Canada. Our 1350 km(2) study area is undisturbed, primarily forested terrain that has not experienced road building or timber harvesting. Our inventory of landslide polygons is based on optical airborne and spaceborne images acquired between 2007 and 2018, from which we extracted and mapped 446 individual landslides (an average of 33 landslides per 100 km(2)). The landslide rate in years without major earthquakes averages 19.4 per year, or 1.4/100 km(2)/year, and the annual average area covered by non-seismically triggered landslides is 35 ha/year. The number of landslides identified in imagery closely following the 2012 earthquake, and probably triggered by it, is 244 or an average of about 18 landslides per 100 km(2). These landslides cover a total area of 461 ha. In the following years-2013-2016 and 2016-2018-the number of landslides fell, respectively, to 26 and 13.5 landslides per year. In non-earthquake years, most landslides happen on south-facing slopes, facing the prevailing winds. In contrast, during or immediately after the earthquake, up to 32\% of the landslides occurred on north and northwest-facing slopes. Although we could not find imagery from the day after the earthquake, overview reconnaissance flights 10 and 16 days later showed that most of the landslides were recent, suggesting they were co-seismic.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SublettSendulaLamadridetal.2019,
  author    = {Sublett, David Matthew and Sendula, Eszter and Lamadrid, Hector and Steele-MacInnis, Matthew and Spiekermann, Georg and Burruss, Robert C. and Bodnar, Robert J.},
  title     = {Shift in the Raman symmetric stretching band of N-2, CO2, and CH4 as a function of temperature, pressure, and density},
  series = {Journal of Raman spectroscopy : JRS},
  volume    = {51},
  journal   = {Journal of Raman spectroscopy : JRS},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0377-0486},
  doi       = {10.1002/jrs.5805},
  pages     = {555 -- 568},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The Raman spectra of pure N-2, CO2, and CH4 were analyzed over the range 10 to 500 bars and from -160 degrees C to 200 degrees C (N-2), 22 degrees C to 350 degrees C (CO2), and -100 degrees C to 450 degrees C (CH4). At constant temperature, Raman peak position, including the more intense CO2 peak (nu+), decreases (shifts to lower wave number) with increasing pressure for all three gases over the entire pressure and temperature (PT) range studied. At constant pressure, the peak position for CO2 and CH4 increases (shifts to higher wave number) with increasing temperature over the entire PT range studied. In contrast, N-2 first shows an increase in peak position with increasing temperature at constant pressure, followed by a decrease in peak position with increasing temperature. The inflection temperature at which the trend reverses for N-2 is located between 0 degrees C and 50 degrees C at pressures above similar to 50 bars and is pressure dependent. Below similar to 50 bars, the inflection temperature was observed as low as -120 degrees C. The shifts in Raman peak positions with PT are related to relative density changes, which reflect changes in intermolecular attraction and repulsion. A conceptual model relating the Raman spectral properties of N-2, CO2, and CH4 to relative density (volume) changes and attractive and repulsive forces is presented here. Additionally, reduced temperature-dependent densimeters and barometers are presented for each pure component over the respective PT ranges. The Raman spectral behavior of the pure gases as a function of temperature and pressure is assessed to provide a framework for understanding the behavior of each component in multicomponent N-2-CO2-CH4 gas systems in a future study.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PourteauSchererSchornetal.2019,
  author    = {Pourteau, Amaury and Scherer, Erik E. and Schorn, Simon and Bast, Rebecca and Schmidt, Alexander and Ebert, Lisa},
  title     = {Thermal evolution of an ancient subduction interface revealed by Lu-Hf garnet geochronology, Halilbagi Complex (Anatolia)},
  series = {Geoscience Frontiers},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Geoscience Frontiers},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1674-9871},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.gsf.2018.03.004},
  pages     = {127 -- 148},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The thermal structure of subduction zones exerts a major influence on deep-seated mechanical and chemical processes controlling arc magmatism, seismicity, and global element cycles. Accretionary complexes exposed inland may comprise tectonic blocks with contrasting pressure-temperature (P-T) histories, making it possible to investigate the dynamics and thermal evolution of former subduction interfaces. With this aim, we present new Lu-Hf geochronological results for mafic rocks of the Halilbagi Complex (Anatolia) that evolved along different thermal gradients. Samples include a lawsonite-epidote blueschist, a lawsonite-epidote eclogite, and an epidote eclogite (all with counter-clockwise P-T paths), a prograde lawsonite blueschist with a "hairpin"-type P-T path, and a garnet amphibolite from the overlying sub-ophiolitic metamorphic sole. Equilibrium phase diagrams suggest that the garnet amphibolite formed at similar to 0.6-0.7 GPa and 800-850 degrees C, whereas the prograde lawsonite blueschist records burial from 2.1 GPa and 420 degrees C to 2.6 GPa and 520 degrees C. Well-defined Lu-Hf isochrons were obtained for the epidote eclogite (92.38 +/- 0.22 Ma) and the lawsonite-epidote blueschist (90.19 +/- 0.54 Ma), suggesting rapid garnet growth. The lawsonite-epidote eclogite (87.30 +/- 0.39 Ma) and the prograde lawsonite blueschist (ca. 86 Ma) are younger, whereas the garnet amphibolite (104.5 +/- 3.5 Ma) is older. Our data reveal a consistent trend of progressively decreasing geothermal gradient from granulite-facies conditions at similar to 104 Ma to the epidote-eclogite facies around 92 Ma, and the lawsonite blueschist-facies between 90 Ma and 86 Ma. Three Lu-Hf garnet dates (between 92 Ma and 87 Ma) weighted toward the growth of post-peak rims (as indicated by Lu distribution in garnet) suggest that the HP/LT rocks were exhumed continuously and not episodically. We infer that HP/LT metamorphic rocks within the Halilbagi Complex were subjected to continuous return flow, with "warm" rocks being exhumed during the tectonic burial of "cold" ones. Our results, combined with regional geological constraints, allow us to speculate that subduction started at a transform fault near a mid-oceanic spreading centre. Following its formation, this ancient subduction interface evolved thermally over more than 15 Myr, most likely as a result of heat dissipation rather than crustal underplating. (C) 2018, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PetitgirardSahleWeisetal.2019,
  author    = {Petitgirard, Sylvian and Sahle, C. J. and Weis, C. and Gilmore, K. and Spiekermann, Georg and Tse, J. S. and Wilke, Max and Cavallari, C. and Cerantola, V and Sternemann, Christian},
  title     = {Magma properties at deep Earth's conditions from electronic structure of silica},
  series = {Geochemical perspectives letters},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Geochemical perspectives letters},
  publisher = {Association of Geochemistry},
  address   = {Paris},
  issn      = {2410-339X},
  doi       = {10.7185/geochemlet.1902},
  pages     = {32 -- 37},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {SiO(2 )is the main component of silicate melts and thus controls their network structure and physical properties. The compressibility and viscosities of melts at depth are governed by their short range atomic and electronic structure. We measured the O K-edge and the Si L-2,L-3-edge in silica up to 110 GPa using X-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy, and found a striking match to calculated spectra based on structures from molecular dynamic simulations. Between 20 and 27 GPa, Si-[4] species are converted into a mixture of Si-[5] and Si-[6] species and between 60 and 70 GPa, Si-[6] becomes dominant at the expense of Si-[5] with no further increase up to at least 110 GPa. Coordination higher than 6 is only reached beyond 140 GPa, corroborating results from Brillouin scattering. Network modifying elements in silicate melts may shift this change in coordination to lower pressures and thus magmas could be denser than residual solids at the depth of the core-mantle boundary.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LanariFerreroGoncalvesetal.2019,
  author    = {Lanari, Pierre and Ferrero, Silvio and Goncalves, Philippe and Grosch, Eugene G.},
  title     = {Metamorphic geology},
  series = {Geological Society},
  volume    = {478},
  journal   = {Geological Society},
  publisher = {Geological Society},
  address   = {London},
  isbn      = {978-1-78620-400-4},
  issn      = {0305-8719},
  doi       = {10.1144/SP478-2018-186},
  pages     = {1 -- 12},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GeisslerFiedlerNietal.2019,
  author    = {Geissler, Katja and Fiedler, Sebastian and Ni, Jian and Herzschuh, Ulrike and Jeltsch, Florian},
  title     = {Combined effects of grazing and climate warming drive shrub dominance on the Tibetan Plateau},
  series = {The Rangeland journal},
  volume    = {41},
  journal   = {The Rangeland journal},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {CSIRO Publishing},
  address   = {Collingwood},
  issn      = {1036-9872},
  doi       = {10.1071/RJ19027},
  pages     = {425 -- 439},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Encroachment of shrubs into the unique pastoral grassland ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau has significant impact on ecosystem services, especially forage production. We developed a process-based ecohydrological model to identify the relative importance of the main drivers of shrub encroachment for the alpine meadows within the Qinghai province. Specifically, we explored the effects of summer livestock grazing (intensity and type of livestock) together with the effects of climate warming, including interactions between herbaceous and woody vegetation and feedback loops between soil, water and vegetation. Under current climatic conditions and a traditional herd composition, an increasing grazing intensity above a threshold value of 0.32 +/- 0.10 large stock units (LSU) ha(-1) day(-1) changes the vegetation composition from herbaceous towards a woody and bare soil dominated system. Very high grazing intensity (above 0.8 LSU ha(-1) day(-1)) leads to a complete loss of any vegetation. Under warmer conditions, the vegetation showed a higher resilience against livestock farming. This resilience is enhanced when the herd has a higher browser : grazer ratio. A cooler climate has a shrub encroaching effect, whereas warmer conditions increase the cover of the herbaceous vegetation. This effect was primarily due to season length and an accompanied competitive loss of slower growing shrubs, rather than evaporative water loss leading to less soil water in deeper soil layers for deeper rooting shrubs. If climate warming is driving current shrub encroachment, we conclude it is only indirectly so. It would be manifest by an advancing shrubline and could be regarded as a climatic escape of specific shrub species such as Potentilla fruticosa. Under the recent high intensity of grazing, only herding by more browsing animals can potentially prevent both shrub encroachment and the complete loss of herbaceous vegetation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PereiraMedeirosFranckeetal.2019,
  author    = {Pereira, Bruno and Medeiros, Pedro Henrique Augusto and Francke, Till and Ramalho, Geraldo and F{\"o}rster, Saskia and De Araujo, Jose Carlos},
  title     = {Assessment of the geometry and volumes of small surface water reservoirs by remote sensing in a semi-arid region with high reservoir density},
  series = {Hydrological sciences journal = Journal des sciences hydrologiques},
  volume    = {64},
  journal   = {Hydrological sciences journal = Journal des sciences hydrologiques},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0262-6667},
  doi       = {10.1080/02626667.2019.1566727},
  pages     = {66 -- 79},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Water fluxes in highly impounded regions are heavily dependent on reservoir properties. However, for large and remote areas, this information is often unavailable. In this study, the geometry and volume of small surface reservoirs in the semi-arid region of Brazil were estimated using terrain and shape attributes extracted by remote sensing. Regression models and data classification were used to predict the volumes, at different water stages, of 312 reservoirs for which topographic information is available. The power function used to describe the reservoir shapes tends to overestimate the volumes; therefore, a modified shape equation was proposed. Among the methods tested, four were recommended based on performance and simplicity, for which the mean absolute percentage errors varied from 24 to 39\%, in contrast to the 94\% error achieved with the traditional method. Despite the challenge of precisely deriving the flooded areas of reservoirs, water management in highly reservoir-dense environments should benefit from volume prediction based on remote sensing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BallatoBruneStrecker2019,
  author    = {Ballato, Paolo and Brune, Sascha and Strecker, Manfred},
  title     = {Sedimentary loading-unloading cycles and faulting in intermontane basins},
  series = {Earth \& planetary science letters},
  volume    = {506},
  journal   = {Earth \& planetary science letters},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0012-821X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.epsl.2018.10.043},
  pages     = {388 -- 396},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The removal, redistribution, and transient storage of sediments in tectonically active mountain belts is thought to exert a first-order control on shallow crustal stresses, fault activity, and hence on the spatiotemporal pattern of regional deformation processes. Accordingly, sediment loading and unloading cycles in intermontane sedimentary basins may inhibit or promote intrabasinal faulting, respectively, but unambiguous evidence for this potential link has been elusive so far. Here we combine 2D numerical experiments that simulate contractional deformation in a broken-foreland setting (i.e., a foreland where shortening is diachronously absorbed by spatially disparate, reverse faults uplifting basement blocks) with field data from intermontane basins in the NW Argentine Andes. Our modeling results suggest that thicker sedimentary fills (>0.7-1.0 km) may suppress basinal faulting processes, while thinner fills (<0.7 km) tend to delay faulting. Conversely, the removal of sedimentary loads via fluvial incision and basin excavation promotes renewed intrabasinal faulting. These results help to better understand the tectono-sedimentary history of intermontane basins that straddle the eastern border of the Andean Plateau in northwestern Argentina. For example, the Santa Maria and the Humahuaca basins record intrabasinal deformation during or after sediment unloading, while the Quebrada del Toro Basin reflects the suppression of intrabasinal faulting due to loading by coarse conglomerates. We conclude that sedimentary loading and unloading cycles may exert a fundamental control on spatiotemporal deformation patterns in intermontane basins of tectonically active broken forelands. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MarcBehlingAndermannetal.2019,
  author    = {Marc, Odin and Behling, Robert and Andermann, Christoff and Turowski, Jens M. and Illien, Luc and Roessner, Sigrid and Hovius, Niels},
  title     = {Long-term erosion of the Nepal Himalayas by bedrock landsliding},
  series = {Earth surface dynamics},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Earth surface dynamics},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {2196-6311},
  doi       = {10.5194/esurf-7-107-2019},
  pages     = {107 -- 128},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In active mountain belts with steep terrain, bedrock landsliding is a major erosional agent. In the Himalayas, landsliding is driven by annual hydro-meteorological forcing due to the summer monsoon and by rarer, exceptional events, such as earthquakes. Independent methods yield erosion rate estimates that appear to increase with sampling time, suggesting that rare, high-magnitude erosion events dominate the erosional budget. Nevertheless, until now, neither the contribution of monsoon and earthquakes to landslide erosion nor the proportion of erosion due to rare, giant landslides have been quantified in the Himalayas. We address these challenges by combining and analysing earthquake- and monsoon-induced landslide inventories across different timescales. With time series of 5 m satellite images over four main valleys in central Nepal, we comprehensively mapped landslides caused by the monsoon from 2010 to 2018. We found no clear correlation between monsoon properties and landsliding and a similar mean landsliding rate for all valleys, except in 2015, where the valleys affected by the earthquake featured similar to 5-8 times more landsliding than the pre-earthquake mean rate. The longterm size-frequency distribution of monsoon-induced landsliding (MIL) was derived from these inventories and from an inventory of landslides larger than similar to 0.1 km(2) that occurred between 1972 and 2014. Using a published landslide inventory for the Gorkha 2015 earthquake, we derive the size-frequency distribution for earthquakeinduced landsliding (EQIL). These two distributions are dominated by infrequent, large and giant landslides but under-predict an estimated Holocene frequency of giant landslides (> 1 km(3)) which we derived from a literature compilation. This discrepancy can be resolved when modelling the effect of a full distribution of earthquakes of variable magnitude and when considering that a shallower earthquake may cause larger landslides. In this case, EQIL and MIL contribute about equally to a total long-term erosion of similar to 2 +/- 0.75 mm yr(-1) in agreement with most thermo-chronological data. Independently of the specific total and relative erosion rates, the heavy-tailed size-frequency distribution from MIL and EQIL and the very large maximal landslide size in the Himalayas indicate that mean landslide erosion rates increase with sampling time, as has been observed for independent erosion estimates. Further, we find that the sampling timescale required to adequately capture the frequency of the largest landslides, which is necessary for deriving long-term mean erosion rates, is often much longer than the averaging time of cosmogenic Be-10 methods. This observation presents a strong caveat when interpreting spatial or temporal variability in erosion rates from this method. Thus, in areas where a very large, rare landslide contributes heavily to long-term erosion (as the Himalayas), we recommend Be-10 sample in catchments with source areas > 10 000 km(2) to reduce the method mean bias to below similar to 20 \% of the long-term erosion.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KothaCottonBindi2019,
  author    = {Kotha, Sreeram Reddy and Cotton, Fabrice and Bindi, Dino},
  title     = {Empirical models of shear-wave radiation pattern derived from large datasets of ground-shaking observations},
  series = {Scientific reports},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Scientific reports},
  publisher = {Nature Publ. Group},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2045-2322},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-018-37524-4},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Shear-waves are the most energetic body-waves radiated from an earthquake, and are responsible for the destruction of engineered structures. In both short-term emergency response and long-term risk forecasting of disaster-resilient built environment, it is critical to predict spatially accurate distribution of shear-wave amplitudes. Although decades' old theory proposes a deterministic, highly anisotropic, four-lobed shear-wave radiation pattern, from lack of convincing evidence, most empirical ground-shaking prediction models settled for an oversimplified stochastic radiation pattern that is isotropic on average. Today, using the large datasets of uniformly processed seismograms from several strike, normal, reverse, and oblique-slip earthquakes across the globe, compiled specifically for engineering applications, we could reveal, quantify, and calibrate the frequency-, distance-, and style-of-faulting dependent transition of shear-wave radiation between a stochastic-isotropic and a deterministic-anisotropic phenomenon. Consequent recalibration of empirical ground-shaking models dramatically improved their predictions: with isodistant anisotropic variations of ±40\%, and 8\% reduction in uncertainty. The outcomes presented here can potentially trigger a reappraisal of several practical issues in engineering seismology, particularly in seismic ground-shaking studies and seismic hazard and risk assessment.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BoraCottonScherbaum2019,
  author    = {Bora, Sanjay Singh and Cotton, Fabrice and Scherbaum, Frank},
  title     = {NGA-West2 Empirical Fourier and Duration Models to Generate Adjustable Response Spectra},
  series = {Earthquake spectra : the professional journal of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute},
  volume    = {35},
  journal   = {Earthquake spectra : the professional journal of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks},
  issn      = {8755-2930},
  doi       = {10.1193/110317EQS228M},
  pages     = {61 -- 93},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Adjustment of median ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) from one region to another region is one of the major challenges within the current practice of seismic hazard analysis. In our approach of generating response spectra, we derive two separate empirical models for a) Fourier amplitude spectrum (FAS) and b) duration of ground motion. To calculate response spectra, the two models are combined within the random vibration theory (RVT) framework. The models are calibrated on recordings obtained from shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions. We use a subset of NGA-West2 database with M3.2-7.9 earthquakes at distances 0-300 km. The NGA-West2 database expanded over a wide magnitude and distance range facilitates a better constraint over derived models. A frequency-dependent duration model is derived to obtain adjustable response spectral ordinates. Excellent comparison of our approach with other NGA-West2 models implies that it can also be used as a stand-alone model.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RodaBoludaWhittakerGheorghiuetal.2019,
  author    = {Roda-Boluda, Duna C. and Whittaker, Alexander C. and Gheorghiu, Delia M. and Rodes, Angel and D'Arcy, Mitch},
  title     = {Be-10 erosion rates controlled by transient response to normal faulting through incision and landsliding},
  series = {Earth \& planetary science letters},
  volume    = {507},
  journal   = {Earth \& planetary science letters},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0012-821X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.epsl.2018.11.032},
  pages     = {140 -- 153},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Quantifying erosion rates, and how they compare to rock uplift rates, is fundamental for understanding landscape response to tectonics and associated sediment fluxes from upland areas. The erosional response to uplift is well-represented by river incision and the associated landslide activity. However, characterising the relationship between these processes remains a major challenge in tectonically active areas, in some cases because landslides can preclude obtaining reliable erosion rates from cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) concentrations. Here, we quantify the control of tectonics and its coupled geomorphic response on the erosion rates of catchments in southern Italy that are experiencing a transient response to normal faulting. We analyse in-situ Be-10 concentrations for detrital sediment samples, collected along the strike of faults with excellent tectonic constraints and landslide inventories. We demonstrate that Be-10-derived erosion rates are controlled by fault throw rates and the extent of transient incision and associated landsliding in the catchments. We show that the low-relief sub-catchments above knickpoints erode at uniform background rates of similar to 0.10 mm/yr, while downstream of knickpoints, erosion removes similar to 50\% of the rock uplifted by the faults, at rates of 0.10-0.64 mm/yr. Despite widespread landsliding, CRN samples provide relatively consistent and accurate erosion rates, most likely because landslides are frequent, small, and shallow, and represent the integrated record of landsliding over several seismic cycles. Consequently, we combine these validated Be-10 erosion rates and data from a geomorphological landslide inventory in a published numerical model, to gain further insight into the long-term landslide rates and sediment mixing, highlighting the potential of CRN data to study landslide dynamics. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FarkasYoonZangetal.2019,
  author    = {Farkas, M{\´a}rton P{\´a}l and Yoon, Jeoung Seok and Zang, Arno and Zimmermann, G{\"u}nter and Stephansson, Ove and Lemon, Michael and Danko, Gyula},
  title     = {Effect of foliation and fluid viscosity on hydraulic fracturing tests in mica schists investigated using distinct element modeling and field data},
  series = {Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering},
  volume    = {52},
  journal   = {Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Wien},
  issn      = {0723-2632},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00603-018-1598-7},
  pages     = {555 -- 574},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Several hydraulic fracturing tests were performed in boreholes located in central Hungary in order to determine the in-situ stress for a geological site investigation. At a depth of about 540m, the observed pressure versus time curves in mica schist with low dip angle foliation shows atypical pressure versus time results. After each pressurization cycle, the fracture breakdown pressure in the first fracturing cycle is lower than the refracturing or reopening pressure in the subsequent pressurizations. It is assumed that the viscosity of the drilling mud and observed foliation of the mica schist have a significant influence on the pressure values. In order to study this problem, numerical modeling was performed using the distinct element code particle flow code, which has been proven to be a valuable tool to investigate rock engineering problems such as hydraulic fracturing. The two-dimensional version of the code applied in this study can simulate hydro-mechanically coupled fluid flow in crystalline rock with low porosity and pre-existing fractures. In this study, the effect of foliation angle and fluid viscosity on the peak pressure is tested. The atypical characteristics of the pressure behaviour are interpreted so that mud with higher viscosity penetrates the sub-horizontal foliation plane, blocks the plane of weakness and makes the partly opened fracture tight and increase the pore pressure which decreases slowly with time. We see this viscous blocking effect as one explanation for the observed increase in fracture reopening pressure in subsequent pressurization cycles.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TomasAurellBadenasetal.2019,
  author    = {Tom{\´a}s, Sara and Aurell, Marcos and Badenas, Beatriz and Bjorge, Merle and Duaso, Maria and Mutti, Maria},
  title     = {Architecture and Paleoenvironment of Mid-Jurassic Microbial-Siliceous Sponge Mounds, Northeastern Spain},
  series = {Journal of sedimentary research},
  volume    = {89},
  journal   = {Journal of sedimentary research},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Society for Sedimentary Geology},
  address   = {Tulsa},
  issn      = {1527-1404},
  doi       = {10.2110/jsr.2019.5},
  pages     = {110 -- 134},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The occurrence of mounds dominated by siliceous sponges and microbialites is often related to distal, deep settings of middle ramps and shelves. This paper presents evidence for Bajocian (Garanliana garantiana Zone) microbial-siliceous sponge mounds formed in open marine but relatively shallow settings of a ramp from the Iberian Basin of eastern Spain. Marked differences in mound spacing, morphology, and composition of the related intermound facies are observed from distal to more proximal settings. The distal (below storm wave base) settings are characterized by alternating tabular-bedded marls and limestones rich in pelagic fossils (ammonites, belemnites), open-marine thin-shelled bivalves (Bositra-like), as well as peloids, which include widely or randomly spaced isolated, small (up to 0.4 m high) and larger (up to 2.5 m high) mounds with upward accretion. The intermediate (near to above storm wave base) settings show tabular, thickened beds of peloidal and/or intraclastic limestones with closely spaced mounds (similar to 1 m high), which often coalesce laterally, forming extensive lenticular structures (up to 10 m wide). The proximal (above storm wave base) depositional settings consist of tabular to irregular beds of intraclastic limestones with widely spaced small (up to 0.4 m high) mounds with mainly tabular geometries. The mound framework contains variable proportions of microbialites (dense to clotted peloidal thrombolitic fabrics) and siliceous sponges (hexactinellids and lithistids in similar proportion) ranging from planar to conic shapes. These morphological and compositional changes allow characterizing three shallowing-upward sequences (sequences 1-3) developed in the overall regressive trend of a basin-wide, upper Bajocian T-R cycle. Episodic wave reworking of the early-cemented mounds resulted in the formation of peloids, small rounded intraclasts, and large, rounded or subangular intraclasts. These nonskeletal micritic grains show internal fabrics related to those of the mound and/or microbialites. A progressive textural gradation towards greater size and lesser roundness of the nonskeletal grains in the areas in the vicinity of the main mound factory is documented (i.e., from large, subangular intraclasts in the areas close to the main mound factory to peloids in the areas that are far from it). We discuss the alternative model of internal waves (instead of storm-induced waves) as the hydrodynamic agent providing the high-energy events needed to explain the origin of the peloidal-intraclastic intermound facies and, likely, also the nutrients needed by the microbialites and siliceous sponges to grow.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KaramzadehKuehnKriegerowskietal.2019,
  author    = {Karamzadeh, Nasim Toularoud and K{\"u}hn, Daniela and Kriegerowski, Marius and L{\´o}pez-Comino, Jos{\´e} {\´A}ngel and Cesca, Simone and Dahm, Torsten},
  title     = {Small-aperture array as a tool to monitor fluid injection- and extraction-induced microseismicity},
  series = {Acta Geophysica},
  volume    = {67},
  journal   = {Acta Geophysica},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Cham},
  issn      = {1895-6572},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11600-018-0231-1},
  pages     = {311 -- 326},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The monitoring of microseismicity during temporary human activities such as fluid injections for hydrofracturing, hydrothermal stimulations or wastewater disposal is a difficult task. The seismic stations often cannot be installed on hard rock, and at quiet places, noise is strongly increased during the operation itself and the installation of sensors in deep wells is costly and often not feasible. The combination of small-aperture seismic arrays with shallow borehole sensors offers a solution. We tested this monitoring approach at two different sites: (1) accompanying a fracking experiment in sedimentary shale at 4km depth and (2) above a gas field under depletion. The small-aperture arrays were planned according to theoretical wavenumber studies combined with simulations considering the local noise conditions. We compared array recordings with recordings available from shallow borehole sensors and give examples of detection and location performance. Although the high-frequency noise on the 50-m-deep borehole sensors was smaller compared to the surface noise before the injection experiment, the signals were highly contaminated during injection by the pumping activities. Therefore, a set of three small-aperture arrays at different azimuths was more suited to detect small events, since noise recorded on these arrays is uncorrelated with each other. Further, we developed recommendations for the adaptation of the monitoring concept to other sites experiencing induced seismicity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BlayneyDupontNivetNajmanetal.2019,
  author    = {Blayney, Tamsin and Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume and Najman, Yani and Proust, Jean-Noel and Meijer, Niels and Roperch, Pierrick and Sobel, Edward and Millar, Ian and Guo, Zhaojie},
  title     = {Tectonic Evolution of the Pamir Recorded in the Western Tarim Basin (China)},
  series = {Tectonics},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {Tectonics},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0278-7407},
  doi       = {10.1029/2018TC005146},
  pages     = {492 -- 515},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The northward indentation of the Pamir salient into the Tarim basin at the western syntaxis of the India-Asia collision zone is the focus of controversial models linking lithospheric to surface and atmospheric processes. Here we report on tectonic events recorded in the most complete and best-dated sedimentary sequences from the western Tarim basin flanking the eastern Pamir (the Aertashi section), based on sedimentologic, provenance, and magnetostratigraphic analyses. Increased tectonic subsidence and a shift from marine to continental fluvio-deltaic deposition at 41Ma indicate that far-field deformation from the south started to affect the Tarim region. A sediment accumulation hiatus from 24.3 to 21.6Ma followed by deposition of proximal conglomerates is linked to fault propagation into the Tarim basin. From 21.6 to 15.0Ma, increasing accumulation rates of fining upward clastics is interpreted as the expression of a major dextral transtensional system linking the Kunlun to the Tian Shan ahead of the northward Pamir indentation. At 15.0Ma, the appearance of North Pamir-sourced conglomerates followed at 11Ma by Central Pamir-sourced volcanics coincides with a shift to E-W compression, clockwise vertical-axis rotations and the onset of growth strata associated with the activation of the local east vergent Qimugen thrust wedge. Together, this enables us to interpret that Pamir indentation into Tarim had started by 24.3Ma, reached the study location by 15.0Ma and had passed it by 11Ma, providing kinematic constraints on proposed tectonic models involving intracontinental subduction and delamination.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RipollLoridanDentonetal.2019,
  author    = {Ripoll, Jean-Francois and Loridan, Vivien and Denton, Michael H. and Cunningham, Gregory and Reeves, G. and Santolik, O. and Fennell, Joseph and Turner, Drew L. and Drozdov, Alexander and Cervantes Villa, Juan Sebastian and Shprits, Yuri Y. and Thaller, Scott A. and Kurth, William S. and Kletzing, Craig A. and Henderson, Michael G. and Ukhorskiy, Aleksandr Y.},
  title     = {Observations and Fokker-Planck Simulations of the L-Shell, Energy, and Times},
  series = {Journal of geophysical research : Space physics},
  volume    = {124},
  journal   = {Journal of geophysical research : Space physics},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {2169-9380},
  doi       = {10.1029/2018JA026111},
  pages     = {1125 -- 1142},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The evolution of the radiation belts in L-shell (L), energy (E), and equatorial pitch angle (alpha(0)) is analyzed during the calm 11-day interval (4-15 March) following the 1 March 2013 storm. Magnetic Electron and Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) observations from Van Allen Probes are interpreted alongside 1D and 3D Fokker-Planck simulations combined with consistent event-driven scattering modeling from whistler mode hiss waves. Three (L, E, alpha(0)) regions persist through 11 days of hiss wave scattering; the pitch angle-dependent inner belt core (L similar to <2.2 and E < 700 keV), pitch angle homogeneous outer belt low-energy core (L > similar to 5 and E similar to < 100 keV), and a distinct pocket of electrons (L similar to [4.5, 5.5] and E similar to [0.7, 2] MeV). The pitch angle homogeneous outer belt is explained by the diffusion coefficients that are roughly constant for alpha(0) similar to <60 degrees, E > 100 keV, 3.5 < L < L-pp similar to 6. Thus, observed unidirectional flux decays can be used to estimate local pitch angle diffusion rates in that region. Top-hat distributions are computed and observed at L similar to 3-3.5 and E = 100-300 keV.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AseevShpritsWangetal.2019,
  author    = {Aseev, Nikita and Shprits, Yuri Y. and Wang, Dedong and Wygant, John and Drozdov, Alexander and Kellerman, Adam C. and Reeves, Geoffrey D.},
  title     = {Transport and loss of ring current electrons inside geosynchronous orbit during the 17 March 2013 storm},
  series = {Journal of geophysical research : Space physics},
  volume    = {124},
  journal   = {Journal of geophysical research : Space physics},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {2169-9380},
  doi       = {10.1029/2018JA026031},
  pages     = {915 -- 933},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Ring current electrons (1-100 keV) have received significant attention in recent decades, but many questions regarding their major transport and loss mechanisms remain open. In this study, we use the four-dimensional Versatile Electron Radiation Belt code to model the enhancement of phase space density that occurred during the 17 March 2013 storm. Our model includes global convection, radial diffusion, and scattering into the Earth's atmosphere driven by whistler-mode hiss and chorus waves. We study the sensitivity of the model to the boundary conditions, global electric field, the electric field associated with subauroral polarization streams, electron loss rates, and radial diffusion coefficients. The results of the code are almost insensitive to the model parameters above 4.5 RERE, which indicates that the general dynamics of the electrons between 4.5 RE and the geostationary orbit can be explained by global convection. We found that the major discrepancies between the model and data can stem from the inaccurate electric field model and uncertainties in lifetimes. We show that additional mechanisms that are responsible for radial transport are required to explain the dynamics of ≥40-keV electrons, and the inclusion of the radial diffusion rates that are typically assumed in radiation belt studies leads to a better agreement with the data. The overall effect of subauroral polarization streams on the electron phase space density profiles seems to be smaller than the uncertainties in other input parameters. This study is an initial step toward understanding the dynamics of these particles inside the geostationary orbit.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MikolajReichGuentner2019,
  author    = {Mikolaj, Michal and Reich, Marvin and G{\"u}ntner, Andreas},
  title     = {Resolving geophysical signals by terrestrial gravimetry},
  series = {Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth},
  volume    = {124},
  journal   = {Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {2169-9313},
  doi       = {10.1029/2018JB016682},
  pages     = {2153 -- 2165},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Terrestrial gravimetry is increasingly used to monitor mass transport processes in geophysics boosted by the ongoing technological development of instruments. Resolving a particular phenomenon of interest, however, requires a set of gravity corrections of which the uncertainties have not been addressed up to now. In this study, we quantify the time domain uncertainty of tide, global atmospheric, large-scale hydrological, and nontidal ocean loading corrections. The uncertainty is assessed by comparing the majority of available global models for a suite of sites worldwide. The average uncertainty expressed as root-mean-square error equals 5.1nm/s(2), discounting local hydrology or air pressure. The correction-induced uncertainty of gravity changes over various time periods of interest ranges from 0.6nm/s(2) for hours up to a maximum of 6.7nm/s(2) for 6months. The corrections are shown to be significant and should be applied for most geophysical applications of terrestrial gravimetry. From a statistical point of view, however, resolving subtle gravity effects in the order of few nanometers per square second is challenged by the uncertainty of the corrections. Plain Language Summary Many scientists are exploring ways to benefit from gravity measurements in fields of high societal relevance such as monitoring of volcanoes or measuring the amount of water in underground. Any application of such new methods, however, requires careful preparation of the gravity measurements. The intention of the preparation process is to ensure that the measurements do not contain information about processes that are not of interest. For that reason, the influence of atmosphere, ocean, tides, and hydrology needs to be reduced from the gravity. In this study, we investigate how this reduction process influences the quality of the measurement. We found that the precision degrades especially owing to the hydrology. The ocean plays an important role at sites close to the coast and the atmosphere at sites located in mountains. The overall errors of the reductions may complicate a reliable use of gravity measurements in certain studies focusing on very small signals. Nevertheless, the precision of gravity reductions alone does not obstruct a meaningful use of gravity measurements in most research fields. Details specifying the reduction precision are provided in this study allowing scientist dealing with gravity measurements to decide if their signal of interest can be reliably resolved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BindiPicozziSpallarossaetal.2019,
  author    = {Bindi, Dino and Picozzi, Matteo and Spallarossa, Daniele and Cotton, Fabrice and Kotha, Sreeram Reddy},
  title     = {Impact of Magnitude Selection on Aleatory Variability Associated with Ground-Motion Prediction Equations},
  series = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
  volume    = {109},
  journal   = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Seismological Society of America},
  address   = {Albany},
  issn      = {0037-1106},
  doi       = {10.1785/0120180239},
  pages     = {251 -- 262},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {We derive a set of regional ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) in the Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS-GMPE) and in the spectral acceleration (SA-GMPE) domains for the purpose of interpreting the between-event residuals in terms of source parameter variability. We analyze a dataset of about 65,000 recordings generated by 1400 earthquakes (moment magnitude 2: 5 <= M-w <= 6: 5, hypocentral distance R-hypo <= 150 km) that occurred in central Italy between January 2008 and October 2017. In a companion article (Bindi, Spallarossa, et al., 2018), the nonparametric acceleration source spectra were interpreted in terms of omega-square models modified to account for deviations from a high-frequency flat plateau through a parameter named k(source). Here, the GMPEs are derived considering the moment (M-w), the local (M-L), and the energy (M-e) magnitude scales, and the between-event residuals are computed as random effects. We show that the between-event residuals for the FAS-GMPE implementing M-w are correlated with stress drop, with correlation coefficients increasing with increasing frequency up to about 10 Hz. Contrariwise, the correlation is weak for the FAS-GMPEs implementing M-L and M-e, in particular between 2 and 5 Hz, where most of the corner frequencies lie. At higher frequencies, all models show a strong correlation with k(source). The correlation with the source parameters reflects in a different behavior of the standard deviation tau of the between-event residuals with frequency. Although tau is smaller for the FAS-GMPE using M-w below 1.5 Hz, at higher frequencies, the model implementing either M-L or M-e shows smaller values, with a reduction of about 30\% at 3 Hz (i.e., from 0.3 for M-w to 0.1 for M-L). We conclude that considering magnitude scales informative for the stress-drop variability allows to reduce the between-event variability with a significant impact on the hazard assessment, in particular for studies in which the ergodic assumption on site is removed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SerranoAlawideVeraetal.2019,
  author    = {Serrano, Paloma and Alawi, Mashal and de Vera, Jean-Pierre Paul and Wagner, Dirk},
  title     = {Response of Methanogenic Archaea from Siberian Permafrost and Non-permafrost Environments to Simulated Mars-like Desiccation and the Presence of Perchlorate},
  series = {Astrobiology},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {Astrobiology},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Liebert},
  address   = {New Rochelle},
  issn      = {1531-1074},
  doi       = {10.1089/ast.2018.1877},
  pages     = {197 -- 208},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Numerous preflight investigations were necessary prior to the exposure experiment BIOMEX on the International Space Station to test the basic potential of selected microorganisms to resist or even to be active under Mars-like conditions. In this study, methanogenic archaea, which are anaerobic chemolithotrophic microorganisms whose lifestyle would allow metabolism under the conditions on early and recent Mars, were analyzed. Some strains from Siberian permafrost environments have shown a particular resistance. In this investigation, we analyzed the response of three permafrost strains (Methanosarcina soligelidi SMA-21, Candidatus Methanosarcina SMA-17, Candidatus Methanobacterium SMA-27) and two related strains from non-permafrost environments (Methanosarcina mazei, Methanosarcina barkeri) to desiccation conditions (-80 degrees C for 315 days, martian regolith analog simulants S-MRS and P-MRS, a 128-day period of simulated Mars-like atmosphere). Exposure of the different methanogenic strains to increasing concentrations of magnesium perchlorate allowed for the study of their metabolic shutdown in a Mars-relevant perchlorate environment. Survival and metabolic recovery were analyzed by quantitative PCR, gas chromatography, and a new DNA-extraction method from viable cells embedded in S-MRS and P-MRS. All strains survived the two Mars-like desiccating scenarios and recovered to different extents. The permafrost strain SMA-27 showed an increased methanogenic activity by at least 10-fold after deep-freezing conditions. The methanogenic rates of all strains did not decrease significantly after 128 days S-MRS exposure, except for SMA-27, which decreased 10-fold. The activity of strains SMA-17 and SMA-27 decreased after 16 and 60 days P-MRS exposure. Non-permafrost strains showed constant survival and methane production when exposed to both desiccating scenarios. All strains showed unaltered methane production when exposed to the perchlorate concentration reported at the Phoenix landing site (2.4 mM) or even higher concentrations. We conclude that methanogens from (non-)permafrost environments are suitable candidates for potential life in the martian subsurface and therefore are worthy of study after space exposure experiments that approach Mars-like surface conditions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RodriguezZuluagaStolle2019,
  author    = {Rodriguez-Zuluaga, Juan and Stolle, Claudia},
  title     = {Interhemispheric field-aligned currents at the edges of equatorial plasma depletions},
  series = {Scientific reports},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Scientific reports},
  publisher = {Nature Publ. Group},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2045-2322},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-018-37955-z},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {A comprehensive description of electromagnetic processes related to equatorial plasma depletions (EPDs) is essential for understanding their evolution and day-to-day variability. Recently, field-aligned currents (FACs) flowing at both western and eastern edges of EPDs were observed to be interhemispheric rather than anti-parallel about the dip equator, as suggested by previous theoretical studies. In this paper, we investigate the spatial and temporal variability of the FACs orientation using simultaneous measurements of electron density and magnetic field gathered by ESA's Swarm constellation mission. By using empirical models, we assess the role of the Pedersen conductance in the preference of the FACs to close either in the northern or southern magnetic hemisphere. Here we show that the closure of the FACs agrees with an electrostatic regime determined by a hemispherical asymmetry of the Pedersen conductance. That is, the EPD-related FACs close at lower altitudes in the hemisphere with the highest conductivity. The evidence of this conclusion stands on the general agreement between the longitudinal and seasonal variability of both the conductivity and the FACs orientation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WaltherDuveillerJungetal.2019,
  author    = {Walther, Sophia and Duveiller, Gregory and Jung, Martin and Guanter, Luis and Cescatti, Alessandro and Camps-Valls, Gustau},
  title     = {Satellite Observations of the Contrasting Response of Trees and Grasses to Variations in Water Availability},
  series = {Geophysical research letters},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {Geophysical research letters},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0094-8276},
  doi       = {10.1029/2018GL080535},
  pages     = {1429 -- 1440},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Interannual variations in ecosystem primary productivity are dominated by water availability. Until recently, characterizing the photosynthetic response of different ecosystems to soil moisture anomalies was hampered by observational limitations. Here, we use a number of satellite-based proxies for productivity, including spectral indices, sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence, and data-driven estimates of gross primary production, to reevaluate the relationship between terrestrial photosynthesis and water. In contrast to nonwoody vegetation, we find a resilience of forested ecosystems to reduced soil moisture. Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and data-driven gross primary production indicate an increase in photosynthesis as a result of the accompanying higher amounts of light and temperature despite lowered light-use-efficiency. Conversely, remote sensing indicators of greenness reach their detection limit and largely remain stable. Our study thus highlights the differential responses of ecosystems along a tree cover gradient and illustrates the importance of differentiating photosynthesis indicators from those of greenness for the monitoring and understanding of ecosystems. Plain Language Summary The capacity of vegetation to thrive and to sequester carbon depends on how much water they can have access to. In this work, we evaluate how different types of satellite observations can describe the response of vegetation to changes in soil moisture over the entire planet. The first source of observation measures only the greenness of the land surface, the second measures light that is emitted by pigments in plants which are photosynthetically active (chlorophyll fluorescence), and the third are simulations of gross carbon uptake derived from machine learning techniques. For periods of water shortage all three indicate a reduction of growth in ecosystems with few trees. However, in cold boreal forests, when soil moisture is particularly low, we still detect an increase in photosynthesis due to higher light and temperature conditions, but this is not reflected in the greenness indicator. This work illustrates how lack of water is not necessarily harmful for catching carbon through photosynthesis, but to monitor this effect, we need remote sensing indicators that measure more than just how green the plants are, and fluorescence is likely a good candidate.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{UlvrovaBruneWilliams2019,
  author    = {Ulvrova, Martina M. and Brune, Sascha and Williams, Simon E.},
  title     = {Breakup Without Borders},
  series = {Geophysical research letters},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {Geophysical research letters},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0094-8276},
  doi       = {10.1029/2018GL080387},
  pages     = {1338 -- 1347},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Relative plate motions during continental rifting result from the interplay of local with far-field forces. Here we study the dynamics of rifting and breakup using large-scale numerical simulations of mantle convection with self-consistent evolution of plate boundaries. We show that continental separation follows a characteristic evolution with four distinctive phases: (1) an initial slow rifting phase with low divergence velocities and maximum tensional stresses, (2) a synrift speed-up phase featuring an abrupt increase of extension rate with a simultaneous drop of tensional stress, (3) the breakup phase with inception of fast sea-floor spreading, and (4) a deceleration phase occurring in most but not all models where extensional velocities decrease. We find that the speed-up during rifting is compensated by subduction acceleration or subduction initiation even in distant localities. Our study illustrates new links between local rift dynamics, plate motions, and subduction kinematics during times of continental separation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GailletonMuddClubbetal.2019,
  author    = {Gailleton, Boris and Mudd, Simon M. and Clubb, Fiona J. and Peifer, Daniel and Hurst, Martin D.},
  title     = {A segmentation approach for the reproducible extraction and quantification of knickpoints from river long profiles},
  series = {Earth surface dynamics},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Earth surface dynamics},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {2196-6311},
  doi       = {10.5194/esurf-7-211-2019},
  pages     = {211 -- 230},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Changes in the steepness of river profiles or abrupt vertical steps (i.e. waterfalls) are thought to be indicative of changes in erosion rates, lithology or other factors that affect landscape evolution. These changes are referred to as knickpoints or knickzones and are pervasive in bedrock river systems. Such features are thought to reveal information about landscape evolution and patterns of erosion, and therefore their locations are often reported in the geomorphic literature. It is imperative that studies reporting knickpoints and knickzones use a reproducible method of quantifying their locations, as their number and spatial distribution play an important role in interpreting tectonically active landscapes. In this contribution we introduce a reproducible knickpoint and knickzone extraction algorithm that uses river profiles transformed by integrating drainage area along channel length (the so-called integral or chi method). The profile is then statistically segmented and the differing slopes and step changes in the elevations of these segments are used to identify knickpoints, knickzones and their relative magnitudes. The output locations of identified knickpoints and knickzones compare favourably with human mapping: we test the method on Santa Cruz Island, CA, using previously reported knickzones and also test the method against a new dataset from the Quadrilatero Ferrifero in Brazil. The algorithm allows for the extraction of varying knickpoint morphologies, including stepped, positive slope-break (concave upward) and negative slope-break knickpoints. We identify parameters that most affect the resulting knickpoint and knickzone locations and provide guidance for both usage and outputs of the method to produce reproducible knickpoint datasets.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TotzPetriLehmannetal.2019,
  author    = {Totz, Sonja Juliana and Petri, Stefan and Lehmann, Jascha and Peukert, Erik and Coumou, Dim},
  title     = {Exploring the sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation to different surface temperature forcing using a statistical-dynamical atmospheric model},
  series = {Nonlinear processes in geophysics},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {Nonlinear processes in geophysics},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1023-5809},
  doi       = {10.5194/npg-26-1-2019},
  pages     = {1 -- 12},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Climate and weather conditions in the mid-latitudes are strongly driven by the large-scale atmosphere circulation. Observational data indicate that important components of the large-scale circulation have changed in recent decades, including the strength and the width of the Hadley cell, jets, storm tracks and planetary waves. Here, we use a new statistical-dynamical atmosphere model (SDAM) to test the individual sensitivities of the large-scale atmospheric circulation to changes in the zonal temperature gradient, meridional temperature gradient and global-mean temperature. We analyze the Northern Hemisphere Hadley circulation, jet streams, storm tracks and planetary waves by systematically altering the zonal temperature asymmetry, the meridional temperature gradient and the global-mean temperature. Our results show that the strength of the Hadley cell, storm tracks and jet streams depend, in terms of relative changes, almost linearly on both the global-mean temperature and the meridional temperature gradient, whereas the zonal temperature asymmetry has little or no influence. The magnitude of planetary waves is affected by all three temperature components, as expected from theoretical dynamical considerations. The width of the Hadley cell behaves nonlinearly with respect to all three temperature components in the SDAM. Moreover, some of these observed large-scale atmospheric changes are expected from dynamical equations and are therefore an important part of model validation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BoersGoswamiRheinwaltetal.2019,
  author    = {Boers, Niklas and Goswami, Bedartha and Rheinwalt, Aljoscha and Bookhagen, Bodo and Hoskins, Brian and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Complex networks reveal global pattern of extreme-rainfall teleconnections},
  series = {Nature : the international weekly journal of science},
  volume    = {566},
  journal   = {Nature : the international weekly journal of science},
  number    = {7744},
  publisher = {Nature Publ. Group},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0028-0836},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41586-018-0872-x},
  pages     = {373 -- 377},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Climatic observables are often correlated across long spatial distances, and extreme events, such as heatwaves or floods, are typically assumed to be related to such teleconnections(1,2). Revealing atmospheric teleconnection patterns and understanding their underlying mechanisms is of great importance for weather forecasting in general and extreme-event prediction in particular(3,4), especially considering that the characteristics of extreme events have been suggested to change under ongoing anthropogenic climate change(5-8). Here we reveal the global coupling pattern of extreme-rainfall events by applying complex-network methodology to high-resolution satellite data and introducing a technique that corrects for multiple-comparison bias in functional networks. We find that the distance distribution of significant connections (P < 0.005) around the globe decays according to a power law up to distances of about 2,500 kilometres. For longer distances, the probability of significant connections is much higher than expected from the scaling of the power law. We attribute the shorter, power-law-distributed connections to regional weather systems. The longer, super-power-law-distributed connections form a global rainfall teleconnection pattern that is probably controlled by upper-level Rossby waves. We show that extreme-rainfall events in the monsoon systems of south-central Asia, east Asia and Africa are significantly synchronized. Moreover, we uncover concise links between south-central Asia and the European and North American extratropics, as well as the Southern Hemisphere extratropics. Analysis of the atmospheric conditions that lead to these teleconnections confirms Rossby waves as the physical mechanism underlying these global teleconnection patterns and emphasizes their crucial role in dynamical tropical-extratropical couplings. Our results provide insights into the function of Rossby waves in creating stable, global-scale dependencies of extreme-rainfall events, and into the potential predictability of associated natural hazards.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PageLichtDupontNivetetal.2019,
  author    = {Page, M. and Licht, Alexis and Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume and Meijer, Niels and Barbolini, Natasha and Hoorn, C. and Schauer, A. and Huntington, K. and Bajnai, D. and Fiebig, J. and Mulch, Andreas and Guo, Z.},
  title     = {Synchronous cooling and decline in monsoonal rainfall in northeastern Tibet during the fall into the Oligocene icehouse},
  series = {Geology},
  volume    = {47},
  journal   = {Geology},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {American Institute of Physics},
  address   = {Boulder},
  issn      = {0091-7613},
  doi       = {10.1130/G45480.1},
  pages     = {203 -- 206},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The fall into the Oligocene icehouse is marked by a steady decline in global temperature with punctuated cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene transition, both of which are well documented in the marine realm. However, the chronology and mechanisms of cooling on land remain unclear. Here, we use clumped isotope thermometry on northeastern Tibetan continental carbonates to reconstruct a detailed Paleogene surface temperature record for the Asian continental interior, and correlate this to an enhanced pollen data set. Our results show two successive dramatic (>9 degrees C) temperature drops, at 37 Ma and at 33.5 Ma. These large-magnitude decreases in continental temperatures can only be explained by a combination of both regional cooling and shifts of the rainy season to cooler months, which we interpret to reflect a decline of monsoonal intensity. Our results suggest that the response of Asian surface temperatures and monsoonal rainfall to the steady decline of atmospheric CO2 and global temperature through the late Eocene was nonlinear and occurred in two steps separated by a period of climatic instability. Our results support the onset of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current coeval to the Oligocene isotope event 1 (Oi-1) glaciation at 33.5 Ma, reshaping the distribution of surface heat worldwide; however, the origin of the 37 Ma cooling event remains less clear.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PlikkEngelsLuotoetal.2019,
  author    = {Plikk, Anna and Engels, Stefan and Luoto, Tomi P. and Nazarova, Larisa B. and Salonen, J. Sakari and Helmens, Karin F.},
  title     = {Chironomid-based temperature reconstruction for the Eemian Interglacial (MIS 5e) at Sokli, northeast Finland},
  series = {Journal of paleolimnology},
  volume    = {61},
  journal   = {Journal of paleolimnology},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer Science},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0921-2728},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10933-018-00064-y},
  pages     = {355 -- 371},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The Last Interglacial (Eemian, MIS 5e) can be considered a test-bed for climate dynamics under a warmer-than-present climate. In this study we present a chironomid record from the high latitude Sokli site (N Finland), where a long continuous sediment sequence from the last interglacial has been preserved from glacial erosion. The chironomid-analysis shows a diverse fauna, with dominance of warm-water indicators and shifts in assemblage composition that can be attributed to temperature, lake depth, productivity and habitat availability. Quantitative mean July paleotemperature estimates based on the chironomid data indicate overall mean July air temperatures up to 1 degrees C warmer than present. Two cooling events can be discerned, the Tunturi event, dated to about 127.5kaBP, in the lower part of the sequence, and the Varrio event, dated to about 119kaBP, associated with the beginning of a cooling trend in the upper part of the record. Warm conditions already at the onset of the interglacial contrast with a recent chironomid-based last interglacial temperature reconstruction from Denmark, which suggests a late onset of Eemian warming. The relatively small increase in inferred temperatures compared to present day temperatures at Sokli differs from other high latitude Eemian sites, and likely reflects the influence of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in maintaining already elevated temperatures in Fennoscandia during interglacials.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TaranNunezValdezEfthimiopoulosetal.2019,
  author    = {Taran, Michail N. and Nunez Valdez, Maribel and Efthimiopoulos, Ilias and M{\"u}ller, J. and Reichmann, Hans-Josef and Wilke, Max and Koch-M{\"u}ller, Monika},
  title     = {Spectroscopic and ab initio studies of the pressure-induced Fe2+ high-spin-to-low-spin electronic transition in natural triphylite-lithiophilite},
  series = {Physics and Chemistry of Minerals},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {Physics and Chemistry of Minerals},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0342-1791},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00269-018-1001-y},
  pages     = {245 -- 258},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Using optical absorption and Raman spectroscopic measurements, in conjunction with the first-principles calculations, a pressure-induced high-spin (HS)-to-low-spin (LS) state electronic transition of Fe2+ (M2-octahedral site) was resolved around 76-80GPa in a natural triphylite-lithiophilite sample with chemical composition (LiFe0.7082+Mn0.292PO4)-Li-M1-Fe-M2 (theoretical composition (LiFe0.52+Mn0.5PO4)-Li-M1-Fe-M2). The optical absorption spectra at ambient conditions consist of a broad doublet band with two constituents (1) (similar to 9330cm(-1)) and (2) (similar to 7110cm(-1)), resulting from the electronic spin-allowed transition (T2gEg)-T-5-E-5 of octahedral (HSFe2+)-Fe-M2. Both (1) and (2) bands shift non-linearly with pressure to higher energies up to similar to 55GPa. In the optical absorption spectrum measured at similar to 81GPa, the aforementioned HS-related bands disappear, whereas a new broadband with an intensity maximum close to 16,360cm(-1) appears, superimposed on the tail of the high-energy ligand-to-metal O2-Fe2+ charge-transfer absorption edge. We assign this new band to the electronic spin-allowed dd-transition (1)A(1g)(1)T(1g) of LS Fe2+ in octahedral coordination. The high-pressure Raman spectra evidence the Fe2+ HS-to-LS transition mainly from the abrupt shift of the P-O symmetric stretching modes to lower frequencies at similar to 76GPa, the highest pressure achieved in the Raman spectroscopic experiments. Calculations indicated that the presence of Mn-M2(2+) simply shifts the isostructural HS-to-LS transition to higher pressures compared to the triphylite Fe-M2(2+) end-member, in qualitative agreement with our experimental observations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TrumbullSudoHarrisetal.2019,
  author    = {Trumbull, Robert B. and Sudo, Masafumi and Harris, C. and Armstrong, R. A. and de Beer, C. H.},
  title     = {The age of the Koegel Fontein anorogenic complex, South Africa, and its relationship to the regional timing of magmatism and breakup along the South Atlantic rifted margin},
  series = {South African Journal of Geology},
  volume    = {122},
  journal   = {South African Journal of Geology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Geological Society of South Africa},
  address   = {Marshalltown},
  issn      = {1012-0750},
  doi       = {10.25131/sajg.122.0007},
  pages     = {69 -- 78},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The early Cretaceous Koegel Fontein intrusive complex is situated near the Atlantic coast in South Africa, about 350 km northwest of Cape Town. The complex comprises felsic units of granite and syenite with compositionally related dykes, and a single intrusive plug of diorite. Existing zircon U-Pb ages of 144 +/- 2 Ma for the syenite and 133.9 +/- 1.3 Ma for the granite suggest that the emplacement of the complex took place over a period of about 10 My. This study provides additional and independent ages of the Koegel Fontein complex by Ar-40/Ar-39 dating to confirm the onset and duration of magmatism and better define the sequence of igneous units that comprise it. New laser step-heating Ar-40/Ar-3(9) ages on plagioclase and biotite from the main intrusive units in the complex are presented here, including samples previously dated by U-Pb dating. The Ar-40/Ar-39 ages for the granite and syenite units (131.1 +/- 0.9 Ma and 143.3 +/- 0.9, respectively) are in good agreement with the zircon U-Pb ages. Other units not previously dated include the Rooivleitjie alkaline granite (150.7 +/- 0.6 Ma), two quartz-porphyry dykes (143.0 +/- 0.9 and 139.4 +/- 1.7 Ma) and the Zout Rivier diorite plug (133.0 +/- 1.0 Ma). The new results confirm an early onset of magmatism at Koegel Fontein relative to that of the Etendeka Province some 1000 km to the north, which is consistent with the regional south-to-north propagation of South Atlantic rifting. The youngest Ar-40/Ar-3(9) ages at Koegel Fontein (134 to 131 Ma, Rietpoort Granite and 133 Ma, Zout Rivier diorite) correspond to the age of the first magnetic seafloor-spreading anomaly offshore, and we suggest that the longevity of Koegel Fontein magmatism relates to a superposition of pre-drift magmatism onshore and spreading-related magmatism as continental separation began.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HenschDahmRitteretal.2019,
  author    = {Hensch, Martin and Dahm, Torsten and Ritter, Joachim and Heimann, Sebastian and Schmidt, Bernd and Stange, Stefan and Lehmann, Klaus},
  title     = {Deep low-frequency earthquakes reveal ongoing magmatic recharge beneath Laacher See Volcano (Eifel, Germany)},
  series = {Geophysical journal international},
  volume    = {216},
  journal   = {Geophysical journal international},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0956-540X},
  doi       = {10.1093/gji/ggy532},
  pages     = {2025 -- 2036},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The occurrence of deep low-frequency (DLF) microearthquakes beneath volcanoes is commonly attributed to mass transport in the volcanic plumbing system and used to infer feeding channels from and into magma reservoirs. The key question is how magmas migrate from depth to the shallow crust and whether magma reservoirs are currently being recharged. For the first time since the improvement of the local seismic networks in the East Eifel region (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany), we detect and locate recurrent DLF earthquakes in the lower crust and upper mantle beneath the Laacher See Volcano (LSV), using a joint data set of permanent sensors and a temporary deployment. So far, eight DLF earthquake sequences were observed in four distinct clusters between 10 and 40 km depth. These clusters of weak events (M-L< 2) align along an approximately 80. southeast dipping line south of the LSV. Moment tensor solutions of these events have large shear components, and the irregular dispersion and long coda of body waves indicate interaction processes between shear cracks and fluids. We find a rotation of P-axes orientation for shallow tectonic earthquakes compared to DLF events, indicating that the stress field in the depth interval of DLF events might favour a vertical migration of magma or magmatic fluids. The caldera of the LSV was formed by the last major eruption of the East Eifel Volcanic Field only 12.9 kyr ago, fed by a shallow magma chamber at 5-8 km depth and erupting a total magma volume of 6.7 km(3). The observed DLF earthquake activity and continuous volcanic gas emissions around the LSV indicate an active magmatic system, possibly connected with an upper mantle melt zone.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{deGelderFernandezBlancoMelnicketal.2019,
  author    = {de Gelder, Gino and Fernandez-Blanco, David and Melnick, Daniel and Duclaux, Guillaume and Bell, Rebecca E. and Jara Mu{\~n}oz, Julius and Armijo, Rolando and Lacassin, Robin},
  title     = {Lithospheric flexure and rheology determined by climate cycle markers in the Corinth Rift},
  series = {Scientific reports},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Scientific reports},
  publisher = {Nature Publ. Group},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2045-2322},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-018-36377-1},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Geomorphic strain markers accumulating the effects of many earthquake cycles help to constrain the mechanical behaviour of continental rift systems as well as the related seismic hazards. In the Corinth Rift (Greece), the unique record of onshore and offshore markers of Pleistocene similar to 100-ka climate cycles provides an outstanding possibility to constrain rift mechanics over a range of timescales. Here we use high-resolution topography to analyse the 3D geometry of a sequence of Pleistocene emerged marine terraces associated with flexural rift-flank uplift. We integrate this onshore dataset with offshore seismic data to provide a synoptic view of the flexural deformation across the rift. This allows us to derive an average slip rate of 4.5-9.0 mm.yr(-1) on the master fault over the past similar to 610 ka and an uplift/ subsidence ratio of 1:1.1-2.4. We reproduce the observed flexure patterns, using 3 and 5-layered lithospheric scale finite element models. Modelling results imply that the observed elastic flexure is produced by coseismic slip along 40-60 degrees planar normal faults in the elastic upper crust, followed by postseismic viscous relaxation occurring within the basal lower crust or upper mantle. We suggest that such a mechanism may typify rapid localised extension of continental lithosphere.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TreatKleinenBroothaertsetal.2019,
  author    = {Treat, Claire C. and Kleinen, Thomas and Broothaerts, Nils and Dalton, April S. and Dommain, Rene and Douglas, Thomas A. and Drexler, Judith Z. and Finkelstein, Sarah A. and Grosse, Guido and Hope, Geoffrey and Hutchings, Jack and Jones, Miriam C. and Kuhry, Peter and Lacourse, Terri and Lahteenoja, Outi and Loisel, Julie and Notebaert, Bastiaan and Payne, Richard J. and Peteet, Dorothy M. and Sannel, A. Britta K. and Stelling, Jonathan M. and Strauss, Jens and Swindles, Graeme T. and Talbot, Julie and Tarnocai, Charles and Verstraeten, Gert and Williams, Christopher J. and Xia, Zhengyu and Yu, Zicheng and Valiranta, Minna and Hattestrand, Martina and Alexanderson, Helena and Brovkin, Victor},
  title     = {Widespread global peatland establishment and persistence over the last 130,000 y},
  series = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
  volume    = {116},
  journal   = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {National Acad. of Sciences},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0027-8424},
  doi       = {10.1073/pnas.1813305116},
  pages     = {4822 -- 4827},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Glacial-interglacial variations in CO2 and methane in polar ice cores have been attributed, in part, to changes in global wetland extent, but the wetland distribution before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 ka to 18 ka) remains virtually unknown. We present a study of global peatland extent and carbon (C) stocks through the last glacial cycle (130 ka to present) using a newly compiled database of 1,063 detailed stratigraphic records of peat deposits buried by mineral sediments, as well as a global peatland model. Quantitative agreement between modeling and observations shows extensive peat accumulation before the LGM in northern latitudes (> 40 degrees N), particularly during warmer periods including the last interglacial (130 ka to 116 ka, MIS 5e) and the interstadial (57 ka to 29 ka, MIS 3). During cooling periods of glacial advance and permafrost formation, the burial of northern peatlands by glaciers and mineral sediments decreased active peatland extent, thickness, and modeled C stocks by 70 to 90\% from warmer times. Tropical peatland extent and C stocks show little temporal variation throughout the study period. While the increased burial of northern peats was correlated with cooling periods, the burial of tropical peat was predominately driven by changes in sea level and regional hydrology. Peat burial by mineral sediments represents a mechanism for long-term terrestrial C storage in the Earth system. These results show that northern peatlands accumulate significant C stocks during warmer times, indicating their potential for C sequestration during the warming Anthropocene.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MartinezGarvonBohnhoffMencinetal.2019,
  author    = {Martinez-Garvon, Patricia and Bohnhoff, Marco and Mencin, David and Kwiatek, Grzegorz and Dresen, Georg and Hodgkinson, Kathleen and Nurlu, Murat and Kadirioglu, Filiz Tuba and Kartal, Recai Feyiz},
  title     = {Slow strain release along the eastern Marmara region offshore Istanbul in conjunction with enhanced local seismic moment release},
  series = {Earth \& planetary science letters},
  volume    = {510},
  journal   = {Earth \& planetary science letters},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0012-821X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.epsl.2019.01.001},
  pages     = {209 -- 218},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {We analyze a large transient strainmeter signal recorded at 62.5 m depth along the southern shore of the eastern Sea of Marmara region in northwestern Turkey. This region represents a passage of stress transfer from the Izmit rupture to the Marmara seismic gap. The strain signal was recorded at the Esenkoy site by one of the ICDP-GONAF (International Continental Drilling Programme - Geophysical Observatory at the North Anatolian Fault) strainmeters on the Armutlu peninsula with a maximum amplitude of 5 microstrain and lasting about 50 days. The onset of the strain signal coincided with the origin time of a M-w 4.4 earthquake offshore Yalova, which occurred as part of a seismic sequence including eight M-w >= 3.5 earthquakes. The Mw 4.4 event occurred at a distance of about 30 km from Esenkoy on June 25th 2016 representing the largest earthquake in this region since 2008. Before the event, the maximum horizontal strain was subparallel to the regional maximum horizontal stress derived from stress inversion of local seismicity. During the strain transient, we observe a clockwise rotation in the local horizontal strain field of about 20 degrees. The strain signal does not correlate with known environmental parameters such as annual changes of sea level, rainfall or temperature. The strain signal could indicate local slow slip on the Cinarcik fault and thus a transfer of stress to the eastern Marmara seismic gap.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MeijerDupontNivetAbelsetal.2019,
  author    = {Meijer, Niels and Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume and Abels, Hemmo A. and Kaya, Mustafa Y. and Licht, Alexis and Xiao, Meimei and Zhang, Yang and Roperch, Pierrick and Poujol, Marc and Lai, Zhongping and Guo, Zhaojie},
  title     = {Central Asian moisture modulated by proto-Paratethys Sea incursions since the early Eocene},
  series = {Earth and planetary science letters},
  volume    = {510},
  journal   = {Earth and planetary science letters},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0012-821X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.epsl.2018.12.031},
  pages     = {73 -- 84},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The establishment and evolution of the Asian monsoons and arid interior have been linked to uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, retreat of the inland proto-Paratethys Sea and global cooling during the Cenozoic. However, the respective role of these driving mechanisms remains poorly constrained. This is partly due to a lack of continental records covering the key Eocene epoch marked by the onset of Tibetan Plateau uplift, proto-Paratethys Sea incursions and long-term global cooling. In this study, we reconstruct paleoenvironments in the Xining Basin, NE Tibet, to show a long-term drying of the Asian continental interior from the early Eocene to the Oligocene. Superimposed on this trend are three alternations between arid mudflat and wetter saline lake intervals, which are interpreted to reflect atmospheric moisture fluctuations in the basin. We date these fluctuations using magnetostratigraphy and the radiometric age of an intercalated tuff layer. The first saline lake interval is tentatively constrained to the late Paleocene-early Eocene. The other two are firmly dated between similar to 46 Ma (top magnetochron C21n) and similar to 41 Ma (base C18r) and between similar to 40 Ma (base C18n) and similar to 37 Ma (top C17n). Remarkably, these phases correlate in time with highstands of the proto-Paratethys Sea. This strongly suggests that these sea incursions enhanced westerly moisture supply as far inland as the Xining Basin. We conclude that the proto-Paratethys Sea constituted a key driver of Asian climate and should be considered in model and proxy interpretations. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BoitSpencer2019,
  author    = {Boit, Alice and Spencer, Matthew},
  title     = {Equivalence and dissimilarity of ecosystem states},
  series = {Ecological modelling : international journal on ecological modelling and engineering and systems ecolog},
  volume    = {396},
  journal   = {Ecological modelling : international journal on ecological modelling and engineering and systems ecolog},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0304-3800},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.01.009},
  pages     = {12 -- 22},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Measuring (dis)similarity between ecosystem states is a key theme in ecology. Much of community and ecosystem ecology is devoted to searching for patterns in ecosystem similarity from an external observer's viewpoint, using variables such as species abundances, measures of diversity and complexity. However, from the point of view of organisms in the ecosystem, proportional population growth rates are the only relevant aspect of ecosystem state, because natural selection acts on groups of organisms with different proportional population growth rates. We therefore argue that two ecosystem states are equivalent if and only if, for each species they contain, the proportional population growth rate does not differ between the states. Based on this result, we develop species-level and aggregated summary measures of ecosystem state and discuss their ecological meaning. We illustrate our approach using a long-term dataset on the plankton community from the Central European Lake Constance. We show that the first three principal components of proportional population growth rates describe most of the variation in ecosystem state in Lake Constance. We strongly recommend using proportional population growth rates and the derived equivalence classes for comparative ecosystem studies. This opens up new perspectives on important existing topics such as alternative stable ecosystem states, community assembly, and the processes generating regularities in ecosystems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReschkeRehfeldLaepple2019,
  author    = {Reschke, Maria and Rehfeld, Kira and Laepple, Thomas},
  title     = {Empirical estimate of the signal content of Holocene temperature proxy records},
  series = {Climate of the past : an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {Climate of the past : an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1814-9324},
  doi       = {10.5194/cp-15-521-2019},
  pages     = {521 -- 537},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Proxy records from climate archives provide evidence about past climate changes, but the recorded signal is affected by non-climate-related effects as well as time uncertainty. As proxy-based climate reconstructions are frequently used to test climate models and to quantitatively infer past climate, we need to improve our understanding of the proxy record signal content as well as the uncertainties involved. In this study, we empirically estimate signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of temperature proxy records used in global compilations of the middle to late Holocene (last 6000 years). This is achieved through a comparison of the correlation of proxy time series from nearby sites of three compilations and model time series extracted at the proxy sites from two transient climate model simulations: a Holocene simulation of the ECHAM5/MPI-OM model and the Holocene part of the TraCE-21ka simulation. In all comparisons, we found the mean correlations of the proxy time series on centennial to millennial timescales to be low (R < 0.2), even for nearby sites, which resulted in low SNR estimates. The estimated SNRs depend on the assumed time uncertainty of the proxy records, the timescale analysed, and the model simulation used. Using the spatial correlation structure of the ECHAM5/MPI-OM simulation, the estimated SNRs on centennial timescales ranged from 0.05 - assuming no time uncertainty - to 0.5 for a time uncertainty of 400 years. On millennial timescales, the estimated SNRs were generally higher. Use of the TraCE-21ka correlation structure generally resulted in lower SNR estimates than for ECHAM5/MPI-OM. As the number of available high-resolution proxy records continues to grow, a more detailed analysis of the signal content of specific proxy types should become feasible in the near future. The estimated low signal content of Holocene temperature compilations should caution against over-interpretation of these multi-proxy and multisite syntheses until further studies are able to facilitate a better characterisation of the signal content in paleoclimate records.},
  language  = {en}
}