@article{AndersArnrich2022,
  author    = {Anders, Christoph and Arnrich, Bert},
  title     = {Wearable electroencephalography and multi-modal mental state classification: a systematic literature review},
  series = {Computers in biology and medicine : an international journal},
  volume    = {150},
  journal   = {Computers in biology and medicine : an international journal},
  publisher = {Elsevier Science},
  address   = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
  issn      = {0010-4825},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106088},
  pages     = {18},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Background: Wearable multi-modal time-series classification applications outperform their best uni-modal counterparts and hold great promise. A modality that directly measures electrical correlates from the brain is electroencephalography. Due to varying noise sources, different key brain regions, key frequency bands, and signal characteristics like non-stationarity, techniques for data pre-processing and classification algorithms are task-dependent. Method: Here, a systematic literature review on mental state classification for wearable electroencephalog-raphy is presented. Four search terms in different combinations were used for an in-title search. The search was executed on the 29th of June 2022, across Google Scholar, PubMed, IEEEXplore, and ScienceDirect. 76 most relevant publications were set into context as the current state-of-the-art in mental state time-series classification. Results: Pre-processing techniques, features, and time-series classification models were analyzed. Across publications, a window length of one second was mainly chosen for classification and spectral features were utilized the most. The achieved performance per time-series classification model is analyzed, finding linear discriminant analysis, decision trees, and k-nearest neighbors models outperform support-vector machines by a factor of up to 1.5. A historical analysis depicts future trends while under-reported aspects relevant to practical applications are discussed. Conclusions: Five main conclusions are given, covering utilization of available area for electrode placement on the head, most often or scarcely utilized features and time-series classification model architectures, baseline reporting practices, as well as explainability and interpretability of Deep Learning. The importance of a 'test battery' assessing the influence of data pre-processing and multi-modality on time-series classification performance is emphasized.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReineckeTrautmannWageneretal.2022,
  author    = {Reinecke, Robert and Trautmann, Tim and Wagener, Thorsten and Sch{\"u}ler, Katja},
  title     = {The critical need to foster computational reproducibility},
  series = {Environmental research letters},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Environmental research letters},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {IOP Publ. Ltd.},
  address   = {Bristol},
  issn      = {1748-9326},
  doi       = {10.1088/1748-9326/ac5cf8},
  pages     = {5},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DeutschmannRoggenbuckSchieracketal.2020,
  author    = {Deutschmann, Claudia and Roggenbuck, Dirk and Schierack, Peter and R{\"o}diger, Stefan},
  title     = {Autoantibody testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-a case in which the solid phase decides on success and failure},
  series = {Heliyon},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Heliyon},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {London [u.a.]},
  issn      = {2405-8440},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03270},
  pages     = {6},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Background: The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an indispensable tool for clinical diagnostics to identify or differentiate diseases such as autoimmune illnesses, but also to monitor their progression or control the efficacy of drugs. One use case of ELISA is to differentiate between different states (e.g. healthy vs. diseased). Another goal is to quantitatively assess the biomarker in question, like autoantibodies. Thus, the ELISA technology is used for the discovery and verification of new autoantibodies, too. Of key interest, however, is the development of immunoassays for the sensitive and specific detection of such biomarkers at early disease stages. Therefore, users have to deal with many parameters, such as buffer systems or antigen-autoantibody interactions, to successfully establish an ELISA. Often, fine-tuning like testing of several blocking substances is performed to yield high signal-to-noise ratios. <br /> Methods: We developed an ELISA to detect IgA and IgG autoantibodies against chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), a newly identified autoantigen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in the serum of control and disease groups (n = 23, respectively). Microwell plates with different surface modifications (PolySorp and MaxiSorp coating) were tested to detect reproducibility problems. <br /> Results: We found a significant impact of the surface properties of the microwell plates. IgA antibody reactivity was significantly lower, since it was in the range of background noise, when measured on MaxiSorp coated plates (p < 0.0001). The IgG antibody reactivity did not differ on the diverse plates, but the plate surface had a significant influence on the test result (p = 0.0005). <br /> Conclusion: With this report, we want to draw readers' attention to the properties of solid phases and their effects on the detection of autoantibodies by ELISA. We want to sensitize the reader to the fact that the choice of the wrong plate can lead to a false negative test result, which in turn has serious consequences for the discovery of autoantibodies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RectorIntziegianniMuelleretal.2017,
  author    = {Rector, Michael V. and Intziegianni, Konstantina and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Mayer, Frank and Cassel, Michael},
  title     = {Reproducibility of an ankle joint rotation correction method for assessment of Achilles tendon elongation},
  series = {Isokinetics and exercise science : official journal of the European Isokinetic Society},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {Isokinetics and exercise science : official journal of the European Isokinetic Society},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {IOS Press},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0959-3020},
  doi       = {10.3233/IES-160644},
  pages     = {47 -- 52},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {BACKGROUND: The Achilles tendon (AT) requires optimal material and mechanical properties to function properly. Calculation of these properties depends on accurate measurement of input parameters (i.e. tendon elongation). However, the measurement of AT elongation with ultrasound during maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) is overestimated by ankle joint rotation (AJR). Methods to correct the influence of this rotation on AT elongation exist, yet their reproducibility in clinical settings is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the test-retest reproducibility of AT elongation during MVIC after AJR correction. METHODS: Ten participants attended test and retest measurements where they performed plantar-flexion MVIC on a dynamometer. Simultaneously, ultrasound recorded AT elongation as the displacement of the medial gastrocnemius-myotendinous junction, while an electrogoniometer measured AJR. The ankle was then passively rotated to the AJR achieved during MVIC and AT elongation again determined. Elongation was corrected by subtracting this passive AT elongation from the total AT elongation during MVIC. Reproducibility was evaluated using ICC (2.1), test-retest variability (TRV, \%), Bland-Altman analyses (Bias +/- LoA [1.96*SD]) and standard error of the measurement (SEM). RESULTS: Corrected AT elongation reproducibility exhibited an ICC = 0.79, SEM = 0.2 cm and TRV = 20 +/- 19\%. Bias +/- LoA were determined to be 0.0 +/- 0.8 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Using this ultrasound and electrogoniometer-based method, corrected AT elongation can be assessed reproducibly.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchenkEichelmannSchulzeetal.2019,
  author    = {Schenk, Matthew and Eichelmann, Fabian and Schulze, Matthias Bernd and Rudovich, Natalia and Pfeiffer, Andreas F. H. and di Giuseppe, Romina and B{\"o}ing, Heiner and Aleksandrova, Krasimira},
  title     = {Reproducibility of novel immune-inflammatory biomarkers over 4 months},
  series = {Biomarkers in medicine},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Biomarkers in medicine},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Future Medicine},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1752-0363},
  doi       = {10.2217/bmm-2018-0351},
  pages     = {639 -- 648},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Aim: Assessment of the feasibility and reliability of immune-inflammatory biomarker measurements. Methods: The following biomarkers were assessed in 207 predominantly healthy participants at baseline and after 4 months: MMF, TGF-beta, suPAR and clusterin. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients (95\% CIs) ranged from good for TGF-beta (0.75 [95\% CI: 0.33-0.90]) to excellent for MMF (0.81 [95\% CI: 0.64-0.90]), clusterin (0.83 [95\% CI: 0.78-0.87]) and suPAR (0.91 [95\% CI: 0.88-0.93]). Measurement of TGF-beta was challenged by the large number of values below the detection limit. Conclusion: Single measurements of suPAR, clusterin and MMF could serve as feasible and reliable biomarkers of immune-inflammatory pathways in biomedical research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BittmannDechAehleetal.2020,
  author    = {Bittmann, Frank and Dech, Silas and Aehle, Markus and Schaefer, Laura},
  title     = {Manual Muscle Testing—Force Profiles and Their Reproducibility},
  series = {Diagnostics},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Diagnostics},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2075-4418},
  doi       = {10.3390/diagnostics10120996},
  pages     = {30},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The manual muscle test (MMT) is a flexible diagnostic tool, which is used in many disciplines, applied in several ways. The main problem is the subjectivity of the test. The MMT in the version of a "break test" depends on the tester's force rise and the patient's ability to resist the applied force. As a first step, the investigation of the reproducibility of the testers' force profile is required for valid application. The study examined the force profiles of n = 29 testers (n = 9 experiences (Exp), n = 8 little experienced (LitExp), n = 12 beginners (Beg)). The testers performed 10 MMTs according to the test of hip flexors, but against a fixed leg to exclude the patient's reaction. A handheld device recorded the temporal course of the applied force. The results show significant differences between Exp and Beg concerning the starting force (padj = 0.029), the ratio of starting to maximum force (padj = 0.005) and the normalized mean Euclidean distances between the 10 trials (padj = 0.015). The slope is significantly higher in Exp vs. LitExp (p = 0.006) and Beg (p = 0.005). The results also indicate that experienced testers show inter-tester differences and partly even a low intra-tester reproducibility. This highlights the necessity of an objective MMT-assessment. Furthermore, an agreement on a standardized force profile is required. A suggestion for this is given.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{IntziegianniCasselKoenigetal.2015,
  author    = {Intziegianni, Konstantina and Cassel, Michael and K{\"o}nig, Niklas and M{\"u}ller, Steffen and Fr{\"o}hlich, Katja and Mayer, Frank},
  title     = {Ultrasonography for the assessment of the structural properties of the Achilles tendon in asymptomatic individuals: An intra-rater reproducibility study},
  series = {Isokinetics and exercise science : official journal of the European Isokinetic Society},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Isokinetics and exercise science : official journal of the European Isokinetic Society},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {IOS Press},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0959-3020},
  doi       = {10.3233/IES-150586},
  pages     = {263 -- 270},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {BACKGROUND: Reproducible measurements of tendon structural properties are a prerequisite for accurate diagnosis of tendon disorders and for determination of their mechanical properties. Despite the widely used application of Ultrasonography (US) in musculoskeletal assessment, its operator dependency and lack of standardization influences the consistency of the measurement. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intra-rater reproducibility of a standardized US method assessing the structural properties of the Achilles tendon (AT). METHODS: Sixteen asymptomatic participants were positioned prone on an isokinetic dynamometer with the knee extended and ankle at 90. flexion. US was used to assess AT-length, cross-sectional area (CSA), and AT-elongation during isometric plantarflexion contraction. The intra-rater reproducibility was assessed by ICC (2.1), Test-Retest Variability (TRV, \%), Bland-Altman analyses (Bias +/- LoA [1.96*SD]), and Standard-Error of Measurement (SEM). RESULTS: Measurements of AT-length demonstrated an ICC of 0.93, TRV of 4.5 +/- 3.9\%, Bias +/- LoA of -2.8 +/- 25.0 mm and SEM of 6.6 mm. AT-CSA showed an ICC of 0.79, TRV of 8.7 +/- 9.6\%, Bias +/- LoA of 1.7 +/- 19.4 mm(2) and SEM of 5.3 mm(2). AT-elongation revealed an ICC of 0.92, TRV of 12.9 +/- 8.9\%, Bias +/- LoA of 0.3 +/- 5.7 mm and SEM of 1.5 mm. CONCLUSIONS: The presented methodology allows a reproducible assessment of Achilles tendon structural properties when performed by a single rater.},
  language  = {en}
}