@techreport{ŠedovaČizmaziovaCook2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Šedov{\´a}, Barbora and Čizmaziov{\´a}, Lucia and Cook, Athene},
  title     = {A meta-analysis of climate migration literature},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {29},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-49982},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-499827},
  pages     = {83},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The large literature that aims to find evidence of climate migration delivers mixed findings. This meta-regression analysis i) summarizes direct links between adverse climatic events and migration, ii) maps patterns of climate migration, and iii) explains the variation in outcomes. Using a set of limited dependent variable models, we meta-analyze thus-far the most comprehensive sample of 3,625 estimates from 116 original studies and produce novel insights on climate migration. We find that extremely high temperatures and drying conditions increase migration. We do not find a significant effect of sudden-onset events. Climate migration is most likely to emerge due to contemporaneous events, to originate in rural areas and to take place in middle-income countries, internally, to cities. The likelihood to become trapped in affected areas is higher for women and in low-income countries, particularly in Africa. We uniquely quantify how pitfalls typical for the broader empirical climate impact literature affect climate migration findings. We also find evidence of different publication biases.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{ZimmermannBoos2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Zimmermann, Andreas and Boos, Felix},
  title     = {Bringing States to Justice for Crimes against Humanity},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {12},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42203},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-422035},
  pages     = {24},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Draft Art. 15 CCAH attempts to strike a balance between State autonomy and robust judicial supervision. It largely follows Article 22 CERD conditioning the jurisdiction of the ICJ on prior negotiations. Hence, the substance of the clause is interpreted in light of the Court's recent case law, especially Georgia v. Russia. Besides, several issues regarding the scope ratione temporis of the compromissory clause are discussed. The article advances several proposals to further improve the current draft, addressing the missing explicit reference to State responsibility, as well as the relationship between the Court and a possible treaty body, It also proposes to recalibrate the interplay of a requirement of prior negotiations respectively the seizing of a future treaty body on the one hand and provisional measures to be indicated by the Court on the other.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Ziemann2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Ziemann, Niklas},
  title     = {You will receive your money next week!},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {56},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56398},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-563983},
  pages     = {24},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Against the background of the increasingly discussed "Linguistic Saving Hypothesis" (Chen, 2013), I studied whether the targeted use of a present tense (close tense) and a future tense (distant tense) within the same language have an impact on intertemporal decision-making. In a monetarily incentivized laboratory experiment in Germany, I implemented two different treatments on intertemporal choices. The treatments differed in the tense in which I referred to future rewards. My results show that individuals prefer to a greater extent rewards which are associated with a present tense (close tense). This result is in line with my prediction and the first empirical support for the Linguistic Saving Hypothesis within one language. However, this result holds exclusively for males. Females seem to be unaffected by the linguistic manipulation. I discuss my findings in the context of "gender-as-culture" as well as their potential policy-implications.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Wagner2004,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Wagner, Wolfgang},
  title     = {A simulation of segregation in cities and its application for the analysis of rent control},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14177},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Social segregation in cities takes place where different household groups exist and when, according to Schelling, their location choice either minimizes the number of differing households in their neighborhood or maximizes their own group. In this contribution an evolutionary simulation based on a monocentric city model with externalities among households is used to discuss the spatial segregation patterns of four groups. The resulting complex spatial patterns can be shown as graphic animations. They can be applied as initial situation for the analysis of the effects a rent control has on segregation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Wagner2004,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Wagner, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Spatial patterns of segregation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14153},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Usually, in monocentric city models, the spatial patterns of segregated ethnic groups are assumed to be ring-shaped, whereas in the 1930ies Hoyt showed that empirically wedge-shaped areas predominate. In contrast to Rose-Ackerman.s discussion of the in.uence within a ring-shaped pattern which the aversion which different households in the context of racism have, Yinger showed that, depending on the population mix, a wedge-shaped pattern may arise if it is border length which causes the spatial pattern. In this contribution, a simulation based on a monocentric city model with two or more different household groups is used to derive spatial patterns. Wedge-shaped segregation is shown to be the result of positive externalities among similar households. Differences between households only lead to ring-shaped patterns if the e\iect of a city center on spatial structure dominates neighborhood e\iects. If more than two groups of households are being considered, mixed patterns of concentric and wedge-shaped areas arise.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Wagner2004,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Wagner, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Optimal spatial patterns of two, three and four segregated household groups in a monocentric city},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14165},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Usually, in monocentric city models the spatial patterns of segregated household groups are assumed to be ring-shaped, while early in the 1930ies Hoyt showed that wedge-shaped areas empirically predominate. This contribution presents a monocentric city model with different household groups generating positive externalities within the groups. At first, border length is founded as a criterion of optimality. Secondly, it is shown that mixed patterns of concentric and wedge-shaped areas represent multiple equilibria if more than two groups of households are being considered. The welfare optimal segregated pattern depends on the relative purchasing power of different household groups.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Verlaan2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Verlaan, Stephanie},
  title     = {Male victims of wartime sexual violence: an ignored phenomenon},
  series = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  journal   = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2509-6974},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-412632},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The phenomenon of male-to-male sexual assault undoubtedly occurs, both in domestic and conflict contexts. There is a small but growing discourse supporting the analysis of this phenomenon, however it remains significantly limited and its growth disproportionate to the concerns it warrants. The international law, NGO and State actors are largely responsible for this inhibition, predominately attributable to their intent in preserving the feminist and patriarchal values on which their institutions are founded. The strength with which the feminist discourse has embedded itself into the agendas of relevant actors is obstructing attempts at unbiased analysis of gender-based violence and the development of a discourse dedicated to understanding male sexual assault. It appears to be a prevailing sector-wide perception that females are the only victims of sexual violence and that creating space for a discussion on male-sexual assault will detract worth from the feminist discourse on female sexual assault. This paper discusses the means in which the sectors ignorance towards male sexual assault manifests and the harmful implications of ignoring this phenomenon. The author uses contextual analyses from development, international law, and cultural examples.},
  subject      = {Geschlechterrolle},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{VasquezCarruthers2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Vasquez Carruthers, Juan Francisco},
  title     = {UNHCR and the European refugee crisis},
  series = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  journal   = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  number    = {5},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-410429},
  pages     = {16},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Since 2015, the European Union has struggled to deal with the influx of refugees coming into its territories. The number of institutions involved in designing a competent response approach, com-bined with the unilateral and uncoordinated state reactions, have left unclear where to look for when searching for answers and new alternatives. Can the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) take a leading role in solving this and future crises? After a brief recapitulation of the crisis, an analysis of UNHCR's statue, relationship to international law, and doctrine will put this question to the test while exploring options that are not only available but also feasible in a system where politics trump both legality and morality. If UNHCR is to play an active role in fu-ture refugee policies and become the lead agency it once was, a new daring and innovative approach has to emerge in order to readapt to the power relations that prevail in the twenty-first century.},
  subject      = {V{\"o}lkerrecht},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{UlfsteinZimmermann2018,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Ulfstein, Geir and Zimmermann, Andreas},
  title     = {Certiorari Through the Backdoor?},
  series = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  journal   = {KFG Working Paper Series},
  number    = {13},
  issn      = {2509-3770},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42205},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-422054},
  pages     = {21},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {In its Burmych and Others v. Ukraine judgment of October 2017 the European Court of Human Rights has dismissed more than 12.000 applications due to the fact that given that they were not only repetitive in nature, but also mutatis mutandis identical to applications covered by a previous pilot judgment rendered against Ukraine. This raises fundamental issues as to the role of the Court within the human rights protection system established by the ECHR, as well as those concerning the interrelationship between the Court and the Committee of Ministers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Tuebbicke2020,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {T{\"u}bbicke, Stefan},
  title     = {Entropy Balancing for Continuous Treatments},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {21},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47895},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-478950},
  pages     = {32},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Interest in evaluating the effects of continuous treatments has been on the rise recently. To facilitate the estimation of causal effects in this setting, the present paper introduces entropy balancing for continuous treatments (EBCT) by extending the original entropy balancing methodology of Hainm{\"u}ller (2012). In order to estimate balancing weights, the proposed approach solves a globally convex constrained optimization problem, allowing for much more computationally efficient implementation compared to other available methods. EBCT weights reliably eradicate Pearson correlations between covariates and the continuous treatment variable. This is the case even when other methods based on the generalized propensity score tend to yield insufficient balance due to strong selection into different treatment intensities. Moreover, the optimization procedure is more successful in avoiding extreme weights attached to a single unit. Extensive Monte-Carlo simulations show that treatment effect estimates using EBCT display similar or lower bias and uniformly lower root mean squared error. These properties make EBCT an attractive method for the evaluation of continuous treatments. Software implementation is available for Stata and R.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{SteckelMissbachOhlendorfetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Steckel, Jan Christoph and Missbach, Leonard and Ohlendorf, Nils and Feindt, Simon and Kalkuhl, Matthias},
  title     = {Effects of the energy price crisis on European households},
  publisher = {Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gGmbH},
  address   = {Berlin},
  pages     = {30},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{SpaethGoller2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sp{\"a}th, Maximilian and Goller, Daniel},
  title     = {Gender differences in investment reactions to irrelevant information},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {67},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-60635},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-606351},
  pages     = {25, 4},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Economic agents often irrationally base their decision-making on irrelevant information. This research analyzes whether men and women react to futile information about past outcomes. For this purpose, we run a laboratory experiment (Study 1) and use field data (Study 2). In both studies, the behavior of men is consistent with falsely assumed negative autocorrelation, often referred to as gambler's fallacy Women's behavior aligns with falsely assumed positive autocorrelation, a notion of the hot hand fallacy. On the aggregate, the two fallacies cancel out. Even when individuals are, on average, rational, the biases in the decision-making of subgroups might cause inefficient outcomes. In a mediation analysis, we find that a) the agents stated perceived probabilities of future outcomes are not blurred by irrelevant information and b) about 40 \% of the observed biases are driven by differences in the perceived attractiveness of available choices caused by the irrelevant information.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Spaeth2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sp{\"a}th, Maximilian},
  title     = {It's me again… Ask Avoidance and the Dynamics of Charitable Giving},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {38},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-52099},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-520991},
  pages     = {25},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Charities typically ask potential donors repeatedly for a donation. These repeated requests might trigger avoidance behavior. Considering that, this paper analyzes the impact of offering an ask avoidance option on charitable giving. In a proposed utility framework, the avoidance option decreases the social pressure to donate. At the same time, it induces feelings of gratitude toward the fundraiser, which may lead to a reciprocal increase in donations. The results of a lab experiment designed to disentangle the two channels show no negative impact of the option to avoid repeated asking on donations. Instead, the full model indicates a positive impact of the reciprocity channel. This finding suggests that it might be beneficial for charities to introduce an ask avoidance option during high-frequency fundraising campaigns.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{SondergeldWrohlich2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sondergeld, Virginia and Wrohlich, Katharina},
  title     = {Women in management and the gender pay gap},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {66},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-60581},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-605813},
  pages     = {31},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {We analyze the impact of women's managerial representation on the gender pay gap among employees on the establishment level using German Linked-Employer-Employee-Data from the years 2004 to 2018. For identification of a causal effect we employ a panel model with establishment fixed effects and industry-specific time dummies. Our results show that a higher share of women in management significantly reduces the gender pay gap within the firm. An increase in the share of women in first-level management e.g. from zero to above 33 percent decreases the adjusted gender pay gap from a baseline of 15 percent by 1.2 percentage points, i.e. to roughly 14 percent. The effect is stronger for women in second-level than first-level management, indicating that women managers with closer interactions with their subordinates have a higher impact on the gender pay gap than women on higher management levels. The results are similar for East and West Germany, despite the lower gender pay gap and more gender egalitarian social norms in East Germany. From a policy perspective, we conclude that increasing the number of women in management positions has the potential to reduce the gender pay gap to a limited extent. However, further policy measures will be needed in order to fully close the gender gap in pay.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Schoeler1999,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sch{\"o}ler, Klaus},
  title     = {Internationaler Handel und r{\"a}umliche M{\"a}rkte},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13567},
  year      = {1999},
  abstract  = {Contents - Introduction - Free trade in a spatial market - Tariff policy in a spatial market - Non-tariff barriers to trade in a spatial market - Conclusion},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Schoeler1999,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sch{\"o}ler, Klaus},
  title     = {Wohlfahrt und internationaler Handel in einem Modell der r{\"a}umlichen Preistheorie},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13590},
  year      = {1999},
  abstract  = {Contents - Introduction - Free Trade - Optimal Tariff - Import Quota - Comparison of results},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Schoeler2000,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sch{\"o}ler, Klaus},
  title     = {Regional market areas at the EU border},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13647},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {Contens - Introduction - Modell with Trade Policy - Some Numerical Results - Conclusions},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Schoeler2012,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Sch{\"o}ler, Klaus},
  title     = {Irrwege der Klimapolitik},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-63668},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Inhalt I. Einleitung II. Es gibt kein Normalklima III. Folgen des Klimawandel IV. Folgen der Klimapolitik V. Schlußfolgerungen},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{SchwabKrauseMassoud2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Schwab, Regine and Krause, Werner and Massoud, Samer},
  title     = {The bombing of hospitals and local violence dynamics in civil wars},
  series = {HiCN Working paper},
  volume    = {403},
  journal   = {HiCN Working paper},
  publisher = {Households in Conflict Network},
  address   = {Berlin},
  pages     = {89},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {The impact of civilian harm on strategic outcomes in war has been the subject of persistent debate. However, the literature has primarily focused on civilian casualties, thereby overlooking the targeting of civilian infrastructure, which is a recurrent phenomenon during war. This study fills this gap by examining the targeting of healthcare, one of the most indispensable infrastructures during war and peace time. We contend that attacks on medical facilities are distinct from direct violence against civilians. Because they are typically unrelated to military dynamics, the targeting of hospitals is a highly visible form and powerful signal of civilian victimization. To assess its effects, we analyze newly collected data on such attacks by pro-government forces and event data on combat activities in Northwest Syria (2017-2020). Applying a new approach for panel data analysis that combines matching methods with a difference-in-differences estimation, we examine the causal effect of counterinsurgent bombings on subsequent violent events. Distinguishing between regime-initiated and insurgent-initiated combat activities and their associated fatalities, we find that the targeting of hospitals increases insurgent violence. We supplement the quantitative analysis with unique qualitative evidence derived from interviews, which demonstrates that hospital bombings induce rebels to resist more fiercely through two mechanisms: intrinsic motivations and civilian pressure. The results have important implications for the effects of state-led violence and the strength of legal norms that protect noncombatants.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Schrauth2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Schrauth, Philipp},
  title     = {The Causal Effect of Cycling Infrastructure on Traffic and Accidents},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {48},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-55335},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-553359},
  pages     = {56},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {This paper analyzes the effect of new bicycle lanes on traffic volume, congestion, and accidents. Crucially, the new bike lanes replace existing car lanes thereby reducing available space for motorized traffic. In order to obtain causal estimates, I exploit the quasi-random timing and location of the newly built cycle lanes. Using an event study design, a two-way fixed effects model and the synthetic control group method on geo-coded data, I show that the construction of pop-up bike lanes significantly reduced average car speed by 8 to 12 percentage points (p.p.) and up to 16 p.p. in peak traffic hours. In contrast, the results for car volume are modest, while the data does not allow for a conclusive judgment of accidents.},
  language  = {en}
}