@misc{Opfer2004,
  author    = {Opfer, Bj{\"o}rn},
  title     = {Organisiertes Verbrechen und politische Transformation in Bulgarien},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-47418},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Since the late 1960s of the 20th century, Bulgaria experienced a great increase in organized crime. As a result, relations between the managers of state-owned enterprises, the state security service, party officials, and criminal actors grew and became stronger. Parts of the old network are still functioning. Through the support of governmental circles, organized crime became established and dominated essential parts of the economy, from the mid-1990s. Since 1996, however, governments tried to act against organized crime. The influence of the mafia is still an unsolved problem and a challenge to the transformation of the country.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{KoehlerZuercher2004,
  author    = {Koehler, Jan and Z{\"u}rcher, Christoph},
  title     = {Der Staat und sein Schatten : zur Institutionalisierung hybrider Staatlichkeit im S{\"u}d-Kaukasus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-47422},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {This article looks at contemporary Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan and addresses the question of how these states, which suffer from considerable institutional weaknesses, nevertheless retain the ability to control key aspects of statehood, first of all security and a measure of central authority. It is argued that these states invest only in selected aspects of statehood. The needed resources are mobilized by a system of informal taxes, which are then invested in certain selected core functions of statehood. This form of state depends on both formal and informal institutions, which are mutually supportive.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Hensell2004,
  author    = {Hensell, Stephan},
  title     = {Periphere osteurop{\"a}ische Staaten : zum patrimonialen Sozialismus und seiner Transformation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-47382},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Taking into account historical as well as sociological differences, the author distinguishes between different modes of socialism. On the periphery of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the combination of modern and traditional elements led to the establishment of hybrid political forms. They could be characterized as bureaucratic-patrimonial and associated with a specific type of state: the „peripheral socialist state".},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Geiss2004,
  author    = {Geiß, Paul Georg},
  title     = {Regionalismus und Staatlichkeit in Turkmenistan},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-11650},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Regionalism in Central Asia is often identified with the dominance of tribal affiliations in politics. This classification, however, is problematic because it neglects the extent of social change under the Soviet rule. In Soviet Turkmenistan state structures were relatively strong. However, personal relations within the Communist party had preserved patrimonial elements within the state. The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a stronger patrimonialization of authority relations. In Turkmenistan, this process led to an extreme form of a neo-patrimonial state due to the personal and arbitrary rule of its president Nijazov.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Berg2004,
  author    = {Berg, Andrea},
  title     = {Dynastie oder Demokratie? : Die Personalisierung des Staates in Zentralasien},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-47405},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The increasing concentration of power in the hands of the presidential families in all Central Asian states led to the personalisation of the state during the last years. The presidents successfully established neo-patrimonial, authoritarian regimes with a high level of consolidation but without fulfilling the criterion of democracy. The article explores the strategies the presidents use to maintain their authority and discusses which political developments can be expected concerning the question of succession.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Aphrasidze2004,
  author    = {Aphrasidze, David},
  title     = {Die Polizei in Georgien : Wandel eines Akteurs},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-47390},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {During the violent phases of transformation in post-Soviet Georgia the power of the police passed on to paramilitary groups. Under the rule of president Shevardnadze, however, the police regained a central political role, but it remained embedded in Soviet and pre-Soviet political structures. This becomes visible by looking at the political economy of the police. Informal taxes, purchase of office, and clientelism became established practices within the police. At present, the new government tries to carry out structural reforms in the police sector, which might lead to a break with the current hybrid Georgian state model.},
  language  = {de}
}