@misc{BorckGohl2022,
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Gohl, Niklas},
  title     = {Steigende Mieten?},
  series = {{\"O}konomenstimme},
  journal   = {{\"O}konomenstimme},
  publisher = {KOF Konjunkturforschungsstelle der ETH Z{\"u}rich},
  address   = {Z{\"u}rich},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Vor dem Hintergrund rasant steigender Mieten in deutschen Großst{\"a}dten untersuchen wir in einer neuen Studie die Auswirkungen von Gentrifizierung sowie von politischen Gegenmaßnahmen auf unterschiedliche Einkommensgruppen anhand eines quantitativen Modells f{\"u}r Berlin. Wir finden, dass eine Mietpreisbindung (wie der „Mietendeckel") allen Haushalten, vor allem aber den {\"a}rmeren Haushalten, schadet. Andere Maßnahmen wie Neubau oder direkte Subventionen schneiden besser ab.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{GiotopoulosKritikosTsakanikas2022,
  author    = {Giotopoulos, Ioannis and Kritikos, Alexander and Tsakanikas, Aggelos},
  title     = {A lasting crisis affects R\&D decisions of smaller firms},
  series = {The Journal of technology transfer},
  journal   = {The Journal of technology transfer},
  number    = {48},
  publisher = {Springer Science+Business Media},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0892-9912},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10961-022-09957-7},
  pages     = {1161 -- 1175},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We use the prolonged Greek crisis as a case study to understand how a lasting economic shock affects the innovation strategies of firms in economies with moderate innovation activities. Adopting the 3-stage CDM model, we explore the link between R\&D, innovation, and productivity for different size groups of Greek manufacturing firms during the prolonged crisis. At the first stage, we find that the continuation of the crisis is harmful for the R\&D engagement of smaller firms while it increased the willingness for R\&D activities among the larger ones. At the second stage, among smaller firms the knowledge production remains unaffected by R\&D investments, while among larger firms the R\&D decision is positively correlated with the probability of producing innovation, albeit the relationship is weakened as the crisis continues. At the third stage, innovation output benefits only larger firms in terms of labor productivity, while the innovation-productivity nexus is insignificant for smaller firms during the lasting crisis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AndresBruttelFriedrichsen2022,
  author    = {Andres, Maximilian and Bruttel, Lisa and Friedrichsen, Jana},
  title     = {How communication makes the difference between a cartel and tacit collusion},
  series = {European economic review},
  volume    = {152},
  journal   = {European economic review},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0014-2921},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104331},
  pages     = {1 -- 18},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {This paper sheds new light on the role of communication for cartel formation. Using machine learning to evaluate free-form chat communication among firms in a laboratory experiment, we identify typical communication patterns for both explicit cartel formation and indirect attempts to collude tacitly. We document that firms are less likely to communicate explicitly about price fixing and more likely to use indirect messages when sanctioning institutions are present. This effect of sanctions on communication reinforces the direct cartel-deterring effect of sanctions as collusion is more difficult to reach and sustain without an explicit agreement. Indirect messages have no, or even a negative, effect on prices.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AmannRzepka2022,
  author    = {Amann, Erwin and Rzepka, Sylvi},
  title     = {The effect of goal-setting prompts in a blended learning environment},
  series = {Economics of education review},
  volume    = {92},
  journal   = {Economics of education review},
  publisher = {Elsevier Science},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0272-7757},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.econedurev.2022.102331},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Previous literature has shown that task-based goal-setting and distributed learning is beneficial to university-level course performance. We investigate the effects of making these insights salient to students by sending out goal-setting prompts in a blended learning environment with bi-weekly quizzes. The randomized field experiment in a large mandatory economics course shows promising results: the treated students outperform the control group. They are 18.8\% (0.20 SD) more likely to pass the exam and earn 6.7\% (0.19 SD) more points on the exam. While we cannot causally disentangle the effects of goal-setting from the prompt sent, we observe that treated students use the online learning platform earlier in the semester and attempt more online exercises compared to the control group. The heterogeneity analysis suggests that higher treatment effects are associated with low performance at the beginning of the course.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HoffmannHoppeZiemann2022,
  author    = {Hoffmann, Christin and Hoppe, Julia Amelie and Ziemann, Niklas},
  title     = {Who has the future in mind?},
  series = {Environmental research letters},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Environmental research letters},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing (IOP)},
  address   = {Bristol},
  issn      = {1748-9326},
  doi       = {10.1088/1748-9326/ac9296},
  pages     = {9},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {An individual's relation to time may be an important driver of pro-environmental behaviour. We studied whether young individual's gender and time-orientation are associated with pro-environmental behaviour. In a controlled laboratory environment with students in Germany, participants earned money by performing a real-effort task and were then offered the opportunity to invest their money into an environmental project that supports climate protection. Afterwards, we controlled for their time-orientation. In this consequential behavioural setting, we find that males who scored higher on future-negative orientation showed significantly more pro-environmental behaviour compared to females who scored higher on future-negative orientation and males who scored lower on future-negative orientation. Interestingly, our results are completely reversed when it comes to past-positive orientation. These findings have practical implications regarding the most appropriate way to address individuals in order to achieve more pro-environmental behaviour.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BruttelZiemann2022,
  author    = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Ziemann, Niklas},
  title     = {How do people discount over spatial distance?},
  series = {German economic review},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {German economic review},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {De Gruyter},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {1465-6485},
  doi       = {10.1515/ger-2021-0106},
  pages     = {33 -- 67},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {This paper studies how individuals discount the utility they derive from their provision of goods over spatial distance. In a controlled laboratory experiment in Germany, we elicit preferences for the provision of the same good at different locations. To isolate spatial preferences from any other direct value of the goods being close to the individual, we focus on goods with "existence value." We find that individuals put special weight on the provision of these goods in their immediate vicinity. This "vicinity bias" represents a spatial analogy to the "present bias" in the time dimension.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HoffmannHoppeZiemann2022,
  author    = {Hoffmann, Christin and Hoppe, Julia Amelie and Ziemann, Niklas},
  title     = {Faster, harder, greener?},
  series = {Ecological economics},
  volume    = {191},
  journal   = {Ecological economics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0921-8009},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107212},
  pages     = {14},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Against the background of the current "Speed-Up Society," which seems to foster a trade-off between economic success and climate change, we study whether the individual Pace of Life is associated with productivity and proenvironmental behavior on the micro-level. In a controlled laboratory environment with students in Germany, we measured the productivity of participants in a real effort task, quantified their pro-environmental behavior, and recorded their individual Pace of Life. We find that individuals with a fast Pace of Life are significantly more productive. However, individuals with a fast Pace of Life behave less pro-environmentally if they are men and more pro-environmentally if they are women.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{IlievaWrohlich2022,
  author    = {Ilieva, Boryana and Wrohlich, Katharina},
  title     = {Gender gaps in employment, working hours and wages in Germany},
  series = {CESifo forum},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {CESifo forum},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Ifo},
  address   = {Munich},
  issn      = {2190-717X},
  pages     = {17 -- 19},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{MargaryanSaniterSchumannetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Margaryan, Shushanik and Saniter, Nils and Schumann, Mathias and Siedler, Thomas},
  title     = {Do internships pay off?},
  series = {Journal of human resources},
  volume    = {57},
  journal   = {Journal of human resources},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press},
  address   = {Madison},
  issn      = {0022-166X},
  doi       = {10.3368/jhr.57.4.0418-9460R2},
  pages     = {1242 -- 1275},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We study the causal effect of student internship experience in firms on earnings later in life. We use mandatory firm internships at German universities as an instrument for doing a firm internship while attending university. Employing longitudinal data from graduate surveys, we find positive and significant earnings returns of about 6 percent in both ordinary least squares (OLS) and instrumental variables (IV) regressions. The positive returns are particularly pronounced for individuals and areas of study that are characterized by a weak labor market orientation. The empirical findings show that graduates who completed a firm internship face a lower risk of unemployment during the first year of their careers, suggesting a smoother transition to the labor market.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MarcusSiedlerZiebarth2022,
  author    = {Marcus, Jan and Siedler, Thomas and Ziebarth, Nicolas R.},
  title     = {The long-run effects of sports club vouchers for primary school children},
  series = {American economic journal: economic policy},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {American economic journal: economic policy},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {American Economic Association},
  address   = {Nashville},
  issn      = {1945-7731},
  doi       = {10.1257/pol.20200431},
  pages     = {128 -- 165},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the twenty-first century. While small-scale experiments change behaviors among adults in the short run, we know little about the effectiveness of large-scale policies or the longer-run impacts. To nudge primary school children into a long-term habit of exercising, the German state of Saxony distributed sports club membership vouchers among all 33,000 third graders in 2009. In 2018, we carried out a register-based survey to evaluate the policy. Even after a decade, awareness of the voucher program was significantly higher in the treatment group. We also find that youth received and redeemed the vouchers. However, we do not find significant short- or long-term effects on sports club membership, physical activity, overweightness, or motor skills. Apparently, membership vouchers for children are not a strong enough policy tool to overcome barriers to exercise regularly.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{KellnerAmbergBergmannetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kellner, Maximilian and Amberg, Maximilian and Bergmann, Tobias and Roolfs, Christina and Kalkuhl, Matthias},
  title     = {Entlastungspakete f{\"u}r Energiepreisanstiege},
  publisher = {Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gGmbH},
  address   = {Berlin},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.6617130},
  pages     = {23},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {de}
}
@techreport{SteckelMissbachOhlendorfetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Steckel, Jan Christoph and Missbach, Leonard and Ohlendorf, Nils and Feindt, Simon and Kalkuhl, Matthias},
  title     = {Effects of the energy price crisis on European households},
  publisher = {Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gGmbH},
  address   = {Berlin},
  pages     = {30},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{KalkuhlFlachslandKnopfetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kalkuhl, Matthias and Flachsland, Christian and Knopf, Brigitte and Amberg, Maximilian and Bergmann, Tobias and Kellner, Maximilian and St{\"u}ber, Sophia and Haywood, Luke and Roolfs, Christina and Edenhofer, Ottmar},
  title     = {Auswirkungen der Energiepreiskrise auf Haushalte in Deutschland},
  publisher = {Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gGmbH},
  address   = {Berlin},
  pages     = {37},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {de}
}
@techreport{KalkuhlAmbergBergmannetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kalkuhl, Matthias and Amberg, Maximilian and Bergmann, Tobias and Knopf, Brigitte and Edenhofer, Ottmar},
  title     = {Gaspreisdeckel, Mehrwertsteuersenkung, Energiepauschale},
  publisher = {Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gGmbH},
  address   = {Berlin},
  pages     = {23},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KritikosSchierschStiel2022,
  author    = {Kritikos, Alexander and Schiersch, Alexander and Stiel, Caroline},
  title     = {The productivity shock in business services},
  series = {Small business economics},
  volume    = {59},
  journal   = {Small business economics},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer Science + Business Media B.V.},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0921-898X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11187-022-00625-6},
  pages     = {1273 -- 1299},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In Germany, the productivity of professional services, a sector dominated by SME, declined by 40 percent between 1995 and 2014. Similar developments can be observed in several other European economies. Using a German dataset with 700,000 firm-level observations, we analyze this largely undiscovered phenomenon in professional services, the fourth largest sector of the business economy in the EU-15, which provides important inputs to the economy and has experienced substantial growth in both output and employment since the turn of the millennium. We find that changes in the value chain explain about half of the decline and that increases in part-time employment account for another small part. Contrary to expectations, the entry of micro and small firms is not responsible for the decline, despite their lower productivity levels. Further, we cannot confirm the conjecture that weakening competition has led to an increase in the number of unproductive firms remaining in the markets and that this has led to a lower average productivity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{KalkuhlFlachslandKnopfetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kalkuhl, Matthias and Flachsland, Christian and Knopf, Brigitte and Amberg, Maximilian and Bergmann, Tobias and Kellner, Maximilian and St{\"u}ber, Sophia and Haywood, Luke and Roolfs, Christina and Edenhofer, Ottmar},
  title     = {Effects of the energy price crisis on households in Germany},
  publisher = {Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gGmbH},
  address   = {Berlin},
  pages     = {35},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Kritikos2022,
  author    = {Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {Personality and entrepreneurship},
  series = {Handbook of labor, human resources and population economics},
  booktitle = {Handbook of labor, human resources and population economics},
  editor    = {Zimmermann, Klaus F.},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  address   = {Cham},
  isbn      = {978-3-319-57365-6},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_305-1},
  pages     = {1 -- 20},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Does personality matter? Is an individual who is open to experience more or less likely to become an entrepreneur? Is it better to score low or high in agreeableness for surviving as an entrepreneur? To the extent that personality captures one part of entrepreneurial abilities, which are usually unobservable, the analysis of traits and personality characteristics helps better understanding such abilities. This chapter reviews research on the relationship between personality and entrepreneurship since 2000 and shows that possessing certain personality characteristics will make it more likely that an individual will start an own business and hire staff. More specifically, with respect to the entry decision, research finds that nearly all so-called Big Five factors as well as several specific personality characteristics influence the entry probability into entrepreneurship. Further, entrepreneurs are more likely to hire, the higher they score in risk tolerance, trust, openness to experience, and conscientiousness. However, different factors such as low scores in agreeableness, the only Big Factor that does not affect entrepreneurial entry, influence entrepreneurial survival. And for some of characteristics that influence entrepreneurial entry, like high scores in the factor openness for experience or in risk tolerance, "revolving door effects" are found, explaining why some entrepreneurs subsequently exit again the market.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KikstraNichollsSmithetal.2022,
  author    = {Kikstra, Jarmo S. and Nicholls, Zebedee R. J. and Smith, Christopher J. and Lewis, Jared and Lamboll, Robin D. and Byers, Edward and Sandstad, Marit and Meinshausen, Malte and Gidden, Matthew J. and Rogelj, Joeri and Kriegler, Elmar and Peters, Glen P. and Fuglestvedt, Jan S. and Skeie, Ragnhild B. and Samset, Bj{\o}rn H. and Wienpahl, Laura and van Vuuren, Detlef P. and van der Wijst, Kaj-Ivar and Al Khourdajie, Alaa and Forster, Piers M. and Reisinger, Andy and Schaeffer, Roberto and Riahi, Keywan},
  title     = {The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report WGIII climate assessment of mitigation pathways},
  series = {Geoscientific model development},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {Geoscientific model development},
  number    = {24},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
  issn      = {1991-959X},
  doi       = {10.5194/gmd-15-9075-2022},
  pages     = {9075 -- 9109},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {While the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) physical science reports usually assess a handful of future scenarios, the Working Group III contribution on climate mitigation to the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report (AR6 WGIII) assesses hundreds to thousands of future emissions scenarios. A key task in WGIII is to assess the global mean temperature outcomes of these scenarios in a consistent manner, given the challenge that the emissions scenarios from different integrated assessment models (IAMs) come with different sectoral and gas-to-gas coverage and cannot all be assessed consistently by complex Earth system models. In this work, we describe the "climate-assessment" workflow and its methods, including infilling of missing emissions and emissions harmonisation as applied to 1202 mitigation scenarios in AR6 WGIII. We evaluate the global mean temperature projections and effective radiative forcing (ERF) characteristics of climate emulators FaIRv1.6.2 and MAGICCv7.5.3 and use the CICERO simple climate model (CICERO-SCM) for sensitivity analysis. We discuss the implied overshoot severity of the mitigation pathways using overshoot degree years and look at emissions and temperature characteristics of scenarios compatible with one possible interpretation of the Paris Agreement. We find that the lowest class of emissions scenarios that limit global warming to "1.5 ∘C (with a probability of greater than 50 \%) with no or limited overshoot" includes 97 scenarios for MAGICCv7.5.3 and 203 for FaIRv1.6.2. For the MAGICCv7.5.3 results, "limited overshoot" typically implies exceedance of median temperature projections of up to about 0.1 ∘C for up to a few decades before returning to below 1.5 ∘C by or before the year 2100. For more than half of the scenarios in this category that comply with three criteria for being "Paris-compatible", including net-zero or net-negative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, median temperatures decline by about 0.3-0.4 ∘C after peaking at 1.5-1.6 ∘C in 2035-2055. We compare the methods applied in AR6 with the methods used for SR1.5 and discuss their implications. This article also introduces a "climate-assessment" Python package which allows for fully reproducing the IPCC AR6 WGIII temperature assessment. This work provides a community tool for assessing the temperature outcomes of emissions pathways and provides a basis for further work such as extending the workflow to include downscaling of climate characteristics to a regional level and calculating impacts.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoGraeberKritikosetal.2022,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Graeber, Daniel and Kritikos, Alexander and Seebauer, Johannes},
  title     = {Pandemic depression},
  series = {Entrepreneurship theory and practice},
  volume    = {47},
  journal   = {Entrepreneurship theory and practice},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {SAGE Publishing},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks},
  issn      = {1042-2587},
  doi       = {10.1177/10422587221102106},
  pages     = {788 -- 830},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-employed people's mental health. Using representative longitudinal survey data from Germany, we reveal differential effects by gender: whereas self-employed women experienced a substantial deterioration in their mental health, self-employed men displayed no significant changes up to early 2021. Financial losses are important in explaining these differences. In addition, we find larger mental health responses among self-employed women who were directly affected by government-imposed restrictions and bore an increased childcare burden due to school and daycare closures. We also find that self-employed individuals who are more resilient coped better with the crisis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MontroneSteckelKalkuhl2022,
  author    = {Montrone, Lorenzo and Steckel, Jan Christoph and Kalkuhl, Matthias},
  title     = {The type of power capacity matters for economic development},
  series = {Resource and energy economics},
  volume    = {69},
  journal   = {Resource and energy economics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0928-7655},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.reseneeco.2022.101313},
  pages     = {17},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We examine the relationship between different types of power investments and regional economic dynamics. We construct a novel panel dataset combining data on regional GDP and power capacity additions for different technologies between 1960 and 2015, which covers 65\% of the global power capacity that has been installed in this period. We use an event study design to identify the effect of power capacity addition on GDP per capita, exploiting the fact that the exact amount of power capacity coming online each year is determined by random construction delays. We find evidence that GDP per capita increases by 0.2\% in the 6 years around the coming online of 100 MW coal-fired power capacity. We find similar effects for hydropower capacity, but not for any other type of power capacity. The positive effects are regionally bounded and stronger for projects on new sites (green-field). The magnitude of this effect might not be comparable to the total external costs of building new coal-fired power capacity, yet our results help to explain why policymakers favor coal investments for spurring regional growth.},
  language  = {en}
}