@article{KraheBergerVanwesenbeecketal.2015,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja and Vanwesenbeeck, Ine and Bianchi, Gabriel and Chliaoutakis, Joannes and Fernandez-Fuertes, Andres A. and Fuertes, Antonio and de Matos, Margarida Gaspar and Hadjigeorgiou, Eleni and Haller, Birgitt and Hellemans, Sabine and Izdebski, Zbigniew and Kouta, Christiana and Meijnckens, Dwayne and Murauskiene, Liubove and Papadakaki, Maria and Ramiro, Lucia and Reis, Marta and Symons, Katrien and Tomaszewska, Paulina and Vicario-Molina, Isabel and Zygadlo, Andrzej},
  title     = {Prevalence and correlates of young people's sexual aggression perpetration and victimisation in 10 European countries: a multi-level analysis},
  series = {Culture, health \& sexuality : a journal for research, intervention and care},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Culture, health \& sexuality : a journal for research, intervention and care},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1369-1058},
  doi       = {10.1080/13691058.2014.989265},
  pages     = {682 -- 699},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Data are presented on young people's sexual victimisation and perpetration from 10 European countries (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia and Spain) using a shared measurement tool (N = 3480 participants, aged between 18 and 27 years). Between 19.7 and 52.2\% of female and between 10.1 and 55.8\% of male respondents reported having experienced at least one incident of sexual victimisation since the age of consent. In two countries, victimisation rates were significantly higher for men than for women. Between 5.5 and 48.7\% of male and 2.6 and 14.8\% of female participants reported having engaged in a least one act of sexual aggression perpetration, with higher rates for men than for women in all countries. Victimisation rates correlated negatively with sexual assertiveness and positively with alcohol use in sexual encounters. Perpetration rates correlated positively with attitudes condoning physical dating violence and with alcohol use in men, and negatively with sexual assertiveness in women. At the country level, lower gender equality in economic power and in the work domain was related to higher male perpetration rates. Lower gender equality in political power and higher sexual assertiveness in women relative to men were linked to higher male victimisation rates.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheBerger2013,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja},
  title     = {Men and women as perpetrators and victims of sexual aggression in heterosexual and same-sex encounters : a study of first-year college students in Germany},
  series = {Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals},
  volume    = {39},
  journal   = {Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0096-140X},
  doi       = {10.1002/ab.21482},
  pages     = {391 -- 404},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {This study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a large convenience sample of N=2,149 first-year college students from different universities in Germany. Participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14. Both same-sex and heterosexual victim-perpetrator constellations were examined. Prevalence rates were established for different victim-perpetrator relationships (partners, acquaintances, strangers) and for incidents involving alcohol consumption by one or both partners. The overall perpetration rate was 13.2\%, for men and 7.6\% for women. The overall victimization rate was 35.9\% for women and 19.4\% for men. A disparity between victimization and perpetration reports was found for both men and women. Perpetration and victimization rates were highest among participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite-sex and same-sex partners. Sexual aggression and victimization rates were higher between current or former partners and acquaintances than between strangers. Alcohol consumption by one or both partners was involved in almost 75\% of all victimization and almost 70\% of all perpetration incidents. The findings portray a comprehensive picture of the scale of sexual aggression and victimization in college students with different sexual lifestyles.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheBerger2020,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja},
  title     = {Correlates of victim-perpetrator overlap in sexual aggression among men and women},
  series = {Psychology of violence},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Psychology of violence},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {2152-0828},
  doi       = {10.1037/vio0000282},
  pages     = {564 -- 574},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Objective: The study replicated and extended a study by Peterson, Beagley, McCallum, and Artime (2019), who studied differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors in men who were both victims and perpetrators of sexual assault, only victims, only perpetrators, or neither. They found a heightened rate of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and some evidence of greater traumatic sexualization in men who were both victims and perpetrators. Method: Our sample consisted of 2,149 college students (39.6\% male) in Germany. We measured sexual aggression perpetration and victimization, CSA, sexual self-esteem, depressive symptoms, risky sexual scripts, and risky sexual behavior. Results: Perpetration rates were significantly higher among victims than among nonvictims, and the victim-perpetrator group scored highest on CSA. A significant effect of group membership was found on measures of depressive symptoms, risky sexual scripts, and risky sexual behavior in both sex groups, mainly due to differences of the victim-only, perpetrator-only, and victim-perpetrator groups from the nonvictim-nonperpetrator group. The effect on sexual self-esteem was found for women only. Few differences emerged between the victim-only, perpetrator-only, and victim-perpetrator groups. Most associations remained significant when controlling for CSA. Conclusion: We found a substantial overlap between victimization and perpetration but no evidence for a special vulnerability of the victim-perpetrator group. Instead, experiences of victimization, perpetration, or both were linked to more negative correlates compared with individuals who were neither victims nor perpetrators. The findings need to be interpreted with caution due to the small number of individuals in the perpetrator-only and victim-perpetrator groups.},
  language  = {en}
}