@article{Schwarz2010, author = {Schwarz, Wolfgang}, title = {Comparing continuous and discrete birthday coincidences : "Same-Day" versus "Within 24 Hours"}, issn = {0003-1305}, doi = {10.1198/tast.2009.09003}, year = {2010}, abstract = {In its classical form the famous birthday problem (Feller 1968; Mosteller 1987) addresses coincidences within a discrete sample space, looking at births that fall on the same calendar day. However, coincidence phenomena often arise in situations in which it is more natural to consider a continuous-time parameter. We first describe an elementary variant of the classical problem in continuous time, and then derive and illustrate close approximate relations that exist between the discrete and the continuous formulations.}, language = {en} } @article{KruegelEngbert2010, author = {Kr{\"u}gel, Andr{\´e} and Engbert, Ralf}, title = {On the launch-site effect for skipped words during reading}, issn = {0042-6989}, doi = {10.1016/j.visres.2010.05.009}, year = {2010}, abstract = {The launch-site effect, a systematic variation of within-word landing position as a function of launch-site distance, is among the most important oculomotor phenomena in reading. Here we show that the launch-site effect is strongly modulated in word skipping, a finding which is inconsistent with the view that the launch-site effect is caused by a saccadic-range error. We observe that distributions of landing positions in skipping saccades show an increased leftward shift compared to non-skipping saccades at equal launch-site distances. Using an improved algorithm for the estimation of mislocated fixations, we demonstrate the reliability of our results.}, language = {en} } @article{NuthmannSmithEngbertetal.2010, author = {Nuthmann, Antje and Smith, Tim J. and Engbert, Ralf and Henderson, John M.}, title = {CRISP: a computational model of fixation duration in scene viewing}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Eye-movement control during scene viewing can be represented as a series of individual decisions about where and when to move the eyes. While substantial behavioral and computational research has been devoted to investigating the placement of fixations in scenes, relatively little is known about the mechanisms that control fixation durations. Here, we propose a computational model (CRISP) that accounts for saccade timing and programming and thus for variations in fixation durations in scene viewing. First, timing signals are modeled as continuous-time random walks. Second, difficulties at the level of visual and cognitive processing can inhibit and thus modulate saccade timing. Inhibition generates moment-by-moment changes in the random walk's transition rate and processing-related saccade cancellation. Third, saccade programming is completed in 2 stages: an initial, labile stage that is subject to cancellation and a subsequent, nonlabile stage. Several simulation studies tested the model's adequacy and generality. An initial simulation study explored the role of cognitive factors in scene viewing by examining how fixation durations differed under different viewing task instructions. Additional simulations investigated the degree to which fixation durations were under direct moment-to-moment control of the current visual scene. The present work further supports the conclusion that fixation durations, to a certain degree, reflect perceptual and cognitive activity in scene viewing. Computational model simulations contribute to an understanding of the underlying processes of gaze control.}, language = {en} } @article{Rauh2010, author = {Rauh, Hellgard}, title = {Entwicklungspsychologische Grundlagen II : das Kleinstkind}, isbn = {978-3-17-020957-2}, year = {2010}, language = {de} } @article{SpoererGlaser2010, author = {Sp{\"o}rer, Nadine and Glaser, Cornelia}, title = {F{\"o}rderung selbstregulierten Lernens im schulischen Kontext}, issn = {1010-0652}, doi = {10.1024/1010-0652/A000014}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Selbstreguliertes Lernen umfasst gedankliche und verhaltensbezogene Aktivit{\"a}ten, die Lernende dazu bef{\"a}higen, aufgabenspezifische Fertigkeiten effizient erwerben sowie wirksam und nachhaltig einsetzen zu k{\"o}nnen. In dem vorliegenden Editorial werden einschl{\"a}gige Funktions- und Ordnungssysteme selbstregulierten Lernens sowie charakteristische Formen der Vermittlung und Anwendung strategischer Fertigkeiten gekennzeichnet, einschließlich eines {\"U}berblicks zu den Beitr{\"a}gen des Themenschwerpunktes zur «F{\"o}rderung selbstregulierten Lernens im schulischen Kontext». Als Bestandsaufnahme vorliegender Beitr{\"a}ge werden Grenzen bisheriger und Perspektiven zuk{\"u}nftiger Forschung in diesem Bereich benannt.}, language = {de} } @article{Esser2010, author = {Esser, G{\"u}nter}, title = {Verhaltenstherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen}, isbn = {978-3-932096-83-9}, year = {2010}, language = {de} } @article{EsserWyschkon2010, author = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Wyschkon, Anne}, title = {Diagnostik bei Kindern und Jugendlichen}, isbn = {978-3-932096-83-9}, year = {2010}, language = {de} } @article{JeschonekMarinovicHoehletal.2010, author = {Jeschonek, Susanna and Marinovic, Vesna and Hoehl, Stefanie and Elsner, Birgit and Pauen, Sabina}, title = {Do animals and furniture items elicit different brain responses in human infants?}, issn = {0387-7604}, year = {2010}, abstract = {One of the earliest categorical distinctions to be made by preverbal infants is the animate-inanimate distinction. To explore the neural basis for this distinction in 7-8-month-olds, an equal number of animal and furniture pictures was presented in an ERP-paradigm. The total of 118 pictures, all looking different from each other, were presented in a semi-randomized order for 1000 ms each. Infants' brain responses to exemplars from both categories differed systematically regarding the negative central component (Nc: 400-600 ms) at anterior channels. More specifically, the Nc was enhanced for animals in one subgroup of infants, and for furniture items in another subgroup of infants. Explorative analyses related to categorical priming further revealed category-specific differences in brain responses in the late time window (650-1550 ms) at right frontal channels: Unprimed stimuli (preceded by a different-category item) elicited a more positive response as compared to primed stimuli (preceded by a same-category item). In sum, these findings suggest that the infant's brain discriminates exemplars from both global domains. Given the design of our task, we conclude that processes of category identification are more likely to account for our findings than processes of on-line category formation during the experimental session.}, language = {en} } @article{Rauh2010, author = {Rauh, Hellgard}, title = {Theorien und Konzepte der Entwicklungspsychologie}, isbn = {978-3-17-020957-2}, year = {2010}, language = {de} } @article{WittigEsser2010, author = {Wittig, Kirsten and Esser, G{\"u}nter}, title = {Erstgespr{\"a}che mit Kindern und Jugendlichen}, isbn = {978-3-456-84781-8}, year = {2010}, language = {de} } @article{LangeVerhaeghenCerella2010, author = {Lange, Elke B. and Verhaeghen, Paul and Cerella, John}, title = {Dual representations of item identity and item location in short-term memory: Evidence for two access modes}, issn = {0954-1446}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Memory sets of N=1 ~ 5 digits were exposed sequentially from left-to-right across the screen, followed by N recognition probes. Probes had to be compared to memory list items on identity only (Sternberg task) or conditional on list position. Positions were probed randomly or in left-to-right order. Search functions related probe response times to set size. Random probing led to ramped, "Sternbergian" functions whose intercepts were elevated by the location requirement. Sequential probing led to flat search functions{\`u}fast responses unaffected by set size. These results suggested that items in STM could be accessed either by a slow search-on-identity followed by recovery of an associated location tag, or in a single step by following item-to-item links in study order. It is argued that this dual coding of location information occurs spontaneously at study, and that either code can be utilised at retrieval depending on test demands.}, language = {en} } @article{MergenthalerEngbert2010, author = {Mergenthaler, Konstantin and Engbert, Ralf}, title = {Microsaccades are different from saccades in scene perception}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Eye-fixation durations are among the best and most widely used measures of ongoing cognition in visual tasks, e.g., reading, visual search or scene perception. However, fixations are characterized by ongoing motor activity (or fixational eye movements) with microsaccades as their most pronounced components. Recent work demonstrated the similarities of microsaccades and inspection saccades. Here, we show that distinct properties of microsaccades and inspection saccades can be found in a scene perception task, based on descriptive measures (e.g., a bimodal amplitude distribution) as well as functional characteristics (e.g., inter saccadic-event intervals and generating processes). Besides these specific differences, microsaccade rates produced by individual participants in a fixation paradigm are correlated with microsaccade rates extracted from fixations in scene perception, indicating a common neurophysiological basis. Finally, we observed that slow fixational eye movements, called drift, are significantly reduced during long fixations in scene viewing, which informs about the control of eye movements in scene viewing.}, language = {en} } @article{FaySonnentag2010, author = {Fay, Doris and Sonnentag, Sabine}, title = {A look back to move ahead : new directions for research on proactive performance and other discretionary work behaviours}, issn = {0269-994X}, doi = {10.1111/j.1464-0597.2009.00413.x}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Over the last two decades, the multi-dimensional notion of job performance has been fully brought to life. The differentiation between core task performance and various aspects of discretionary work behaviour is flow commonly applied. A multitude of empirical studies, enhancing our knowledge of the antecedents and consequences of the different performance aspects, have recently been summarised through various meta-analyses. We use this as all occasion for taking stock in order to identify new areas of theorising and empirical research. Focusing in particular oil proactive performance aspects, the present paper identifies three themes that could inspire new research and model development. We suggest taking a new approach to the treatment of time in order to account for the dynamic nature of performance oil the one hand, and to consider life-span changes oil the other, developing comprehensive models oil proactivity-enhancing interventions, and more strongly incorporating a cross-cultural perspective.}, language = {en} } @article{EngbertKruegel2010, author = {Engbert, Ralf and Kruegel, Andr{\´e}}, title = {Readers use Bayesian estimation for eye movement control}, issn = {0956-7976}, doi = {10.1177/0956797610362060}, year = {2010}, abstract = {During reading, saccadic landing positions within words show a pronounced peak close to the word center, with an additional systematic error that is modulated by the distance from the launch site and the length of the target word. Here we show that the systematic variation of fixation positions within words, the saccadic range error, can be derived from Bayesian decision theory. We present the first mathematical model for the saccadic range error; this model makes explicit assumptions regarding underlying visual and oculomotor processes. Analyzing a corpus of eye movement recordings, we obtained results that are consistent with the view that readers use Bayesian estimation for saccade planning. Furthermore, we show that alternative models fail to reproduce the experimental data.}, language = {en} } @article{SchweizerPlessnerBrand2010, author = {Schweizer, Geoffrey and Plessner, Henning and Brand, Ralf}, title = {Studying experts' intuitive decision making online using video stimuli}, isbn = {978-1-8487-2019-0}, year = {2010}, language = {en} } @article{BuchmannKopfWestphaletal.2010, author = {Buchmann, Arlette F. and Kopf, Daniel and Westphal, Sabine and Lederbogen, Florian and Banaschewski, Tobias and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Laucht, Manfred and Deuschle, Michael}, title = {Impact of early parental child-rearing behavior on young adults' cardiometabolic risk profile : a prospective study}, issn = {0033-3174}, doi = {10.1097/Psy.0b013e3181c88343}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Objective: To examine prospectively whether early parental child-rearing behavior is a predictor of cardiometabolic outcome in young adulthood when other potential risk factors are controlled. Metabolic factors associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease have been found to vary, depending on lifestyle as well as genetic predisposition. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that environmental conditions, such as stress in pre- and postnatal life, may have a sustained impact on an individual's metabolic risk profile. Methods: Participants were drawn from a prospective, epidemiological, cohort study followed up from birth into young adulthood. Parent interviews and behavioral observations at the age of 3 months were conducted to assess child-rearing practices and mother-infant interaction in the home setting and in the laboratory. In 279 participants, anthropometric characteristics, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and triglycerides were recorded at age 19 years. In addition, structured interviews were administered to the young adults to assess indicators of current lifestyle and education. Results: Adverse early-life interaction experiences were significantly associated with lower levels of high- density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 in young adulthood. Current lifestyle variables and level of education did not account for this effect, although habitual smoking and alcohol consumption also contributed significantly to cardiometabolic outcomes. Conclusions: These findings suggest that early parental child-rearing behavior may predict health outcome in later life through its impact on metabolic parameters in adulthood.}, language = {en} } @article{BuchmannLauchtSchmidetal.2010, author = {Buchmann, Arlette F. and Laucht, Manfred and Schmid, Brigitte and Wiedemann, Klaus and Mann, Karl F. and Zimmermann, Ulrich S.}, title = {Cigarette craving increases after a psychosocial stress test and is related to cortisol stress response but not to dependence scores in daily smokers}, issn = {0269-8811}, doi = {10.1177/0269881108095716}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Stress is known to induce cigarette craving in smokers, but the underlying mechanisms are widely unknown. We investigated how dependence severity, smoking habits and stress-induced cortisol secretion are associated with increased cigarette craving after a standardised laboratory stressor. Hundred and six healthy participants (50 men, age 18-19 years) underwent a standardised public speaking stress task. In all, 35 smoked daily (DS), 13 smoked occasionally (OS), and 58 never smoked (NS). Smoking was unrestricted until 2 h before stress onset. Plasma cortisol was measured before and up to 95 min after the stressor. All current smokers rated intensity of cigarette craving immediately before and immediately after the stressor using the Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (BQSU). Cortisol levels significantly increased in response to stress in all groups. The magnitude of this stress response was significantly lower in DS compared with OS and NS but did not differ between OS and NS. Baseline BQSU scores were significantly higher in DS than OS. BQSU scores increased significantly during the stress period and were positively correlated to the cortisol response in the DS but were unrelated to their nicotine dependence scores. In OS, no change in cigarette craving could be observed. In daily smokers, cigarette craving is increased after compared with before stress exposure and is related to the magnitude of cortisol stress response rather than to severity of nicotine dependence. This result supports, but does not prove, the concept that hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal stimulation is one of the mechanisms how stress can elicit cigarette craving.}, language = {en} } @article{BuchmannSchmidBlomeyeretal.2010, author = {Buchmann, Arlette F. and Schmid, Brigitte and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Banaschewski, Tobias and Mann, Karl F. and Laucht, Manfred}, title = {Drinking against unpleasant emotions : possible outcome of early onset of alcohol use?}, issn = {0145-6008}, doi = {10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01180.x}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Background: Recent animal and human studies indicate that the exposure to alcohol during early adolescence increases the risk for heavy alcohol use in response to stress. The purpose of this study was to examine whether this effect may be the consequence of a higher susceptibility to develop "drinking to cope" motives among early initiators. Methods: Data from 320 participants were collected as part of the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing epidemiological cohort study. Structured interviews at age 15 and 19 were used to assess age at first alcohol experience and drunkenness. The young adults completed questionnaires to obtain information about the occurrence of stressful life events during the past 4 years and current drinking habits. In addition, alcohol use under conditions of negative states was assessed with the Inventory of Drinking Situations. Results: The probability of young adults' alcohol use in situations characterized by unpleasant emotions was significantly increased the earlier they had initiated the use of alcohol, even when controlling for current drinking habits and stressful life events. Similar results were obtained for the age at first drunkenness. Conclusions: The findings strengthen the hypothesis that alcohol experiences during early adolescence facilitate drinking to regulate negative affect as an adverse coping strategy which may represent the starting point of a vicious circle comprising drinking to relieve stress and increased stress as a consequence of drinking.}, language = {en} } @article{BeckerBlomeyerElFaddaghetal.2010, author = {Becker, Katja and Blomeyer, Dorothea and El-Faddagh, Mahha and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and Banaschewski, Tobias and Laucht, Manfred}, title = {From regulatory problems in infancy to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood : a moderating role for the dopamine D4 receptor gene?}, issn = {0022-3476}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.005}, year = {2010}, abstract = {To examine whether the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) exon III VNTR moderates the risk of infants with regulatory disorders for developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) later in childhood. In a prospective longitudinal study of children at risk for later psychopathology, 300 participants were assessed for regulatory problems in infancy, DRD4 genotype, and ADHD symptoms and diagnoses from childhood to adolescence. To examine a potential moderating effect on ADHD measures, linear and logistic regressions were computed. Models were fit for the main effects of the DRD4 genotype (presence or absence of the 7r allele) and regulatory problems (presence or absence), with the addition of the interaction term. All models were controlled for sex, family adversity, and obstetric risk status. In children without the DRD4-7r allele, a history of regulatory problems in infancy was unrelated to later ADHD. But in children with regulatory problems in infancy, the additional presence of the DRD4-7r allele increased the risk for ADHD in childhood. The DRD4 genotype seems to moderate the association between regulatory problems in infancy and later ADHD. A replication study is needed before further conclusions can be drawn, however.}, language = {en} } @article{BelschakDenHartogFay2010, author = {Belschak, Frank D. and Den Hartog, Deanne N. and Fay, Doris}, title = {Exploring positive, negative and context-dependent aspects of proactive behaviours at work}, issn = {0963-1798}, doi = {10.1348/096317910x501143}, year = {2010}, abstract = {This article is an introduction to the Special Section entitled 'Exploring positive, negative and context- dependent aspects of proactive behaviours at work' which features in this issue of Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology.}, language = {en} }