@misc{ThielRomanoKurthsetal.2006,
  author    = {Thiel, Marco and Romano, Maria Carmen and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Rolfs, Martin},
  title     = {Twin Surrogates to Test for Complex Synchronisation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57231},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {We present an approach to generate (multivariate) twin surrogates (TS) based on recurrence properties. This technique generates surrogates which correspond to an independent copy of the underlying system, i. e. they induce a trajectory of the underlying system starting at different initial conditions. We show that these surrogates are well suited to test for complex synchronisation and exemplify this for the paradigmatic system of R¨ossler oscillators. The proposed test enables to assess the statistical relevance of a synchronisation analysis from passive experiments which are typical in natural systems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglNuthmannEngbert2006,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Nuthmann, Antje and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Tracking the Mind During Reading: The Influence of Past, Present, and Future Words on Fixation Durations},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57225},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Reading requires the orchestration of visual, attentional, language-related, and oculomotor processing constraints. This study replicates previous effects of frequency, predictability, and length of fixated words on fixation durations in natural reading and demonstrates new effects of these variables related to previous and next words. Results are based on fixation durations recorded from 222 persons, each reading 144 sentences. Such evidence for distributed processing of words across fixation durations challenges psycholinguistic immediacy-of-processing and eye-mind assumptions. Most of the time the mind processes several words in parallel at different perceptual and cognitive levels. Eye movements can help to unravel these processes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{DambacherKliegl2007,
  author    = {Dambacher, Michael and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Synchronizing timelines: Relations between fixation durations and N400 amplitudes during sentence reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57212},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {We examined relations between eye movements (single-fixation durations) and RSVP-based event-related potentials (ERPs; N400's) recorded during reading the same sentences in two independent experiments. Longer fixation durations correlated with larger N400 amplitudes. Word frequency and predictability of the fixated word as well as the predictability of the upcoming word accounted for this covariance in a path-analytic model. Moreover, larger N400 amplitudes entailed longer fixation durations on the next word, a relation accounted for by word frequency. This pattern offers a neurophysiological correlate for the lag-word frequency effect on fixation durations: Word processing is reliably expressed not only in fixation durations on currently fixated words, but also in those on subsequently fixated words.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{HohensteinLaubrockKliegl2010,
  author    = {Hohenstein, Sven and Laubrock, Jochen and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Semantic preview benefit in eye movements during reading: a parafoveal past-priming study},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57203},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Eye movements in reading are sensitive to foveal and parafoveal word features. Whereas the influence of orthographic or phonological parafoveal information on gaze control is undisputed, there has been no reliable evidence for early parafoveal extraction of semantic information in alphabetic script. Using a novel combination of the gaze-contingent fast-priming and boundary paradigms, we demonstrate semantic preview benefit when a semantically related parafoveal word was available during the initial 125 ms of a fixation on the pre-target word (Experiments 1 and 2). When the target location was made more salient, significant parafoveal semantic priming occurred only at 80 ms (Experiment 3). Finally, with short primes only (20, 40, 60 ms) effects were not significant but numerically in the expected direction for 40 and 60 ms (Experiment 4). In all experiments, fixation durations on the target word increased with prime durations under all conditions. The evidence for extraction of semantic information from the parafoveal word favors an explanation in terms of parallel word processing in reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Kliegl2008,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Publication Statistics Show Collaboration, Not Competition},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57198},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglRisseLaubrock2007,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Risse, Sarah and Laubrock, Jochen},
  title     = {Preview Benefit and Parafoveal-on-Foveal Effects from Word N+2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57186},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm with the boundary placed after word n, we manipulated preview of word n+2 for fixations on word n. There was no preview benefit for first-pass reading on word n+2, replicating the results of Rayner, Juhasz, and Brown (2007), but there was a preview benefit on the three-letter word n+1, that is, after the boundary, but before word n+2. Additionally, both word n+1 and word n+2 exhibited parafoveal-on-foveal effects on word n. Thus, during a fixation on word n and given a short word n+1, some information is extracted from word n+2, supporting the hypothesis of distributed processing in the perceptual span.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ValsecchiDimigenKliegletal.2009,
  author    = {Valsecchi, Matteo and Dimigen, Olaf and Kliegl, Reinhold and Sommer, Werner and Turatto, Massimo},
  title     = {Microsaccadic Inhibition and P300 Enhancement in a Visual Oddball Task},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57170},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {It has recently been demonstrated that the presentation of a rare target in a visual oddball paradigm induces a prolonged inhibition of microsaccades. In the field of electrophysiology, the amplitude of the P300 component in event-related potentials (ERP) has been shown to be sensitive to the stimulus category (target vs. non target) of the eliciting stimulus, its overall probability, and the preceding stimulus sequence. In the present study we further specify the functional underpinnings of the prolonged microsaccadic inhibition in the visual oddball task, showing that the stimulus category, the frequency of a stimulus and the preceding stimulus sequence influence microsaccade rate. Furthermore, by co-recording ERPs and eye-movements, we were able to demonstrate that, despite being largely sensitive to the same experimental manipulation, the amplitude of P300 and the microsaccadic inhibition predict each other very weakly, and thus constitute two independent measures of the brain's response to rare targets in the visual oddball paradigm.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{FanselowSchlesewskyCavaretal.1999,
  author    = {Fanselow, Gisbert and Schlesewsky, Matthias and Cavar, Damir and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Optimal parsing: syntactic parsing preferences and optimality theory},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57164},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BostonHaleVasishthetal.2011,
  author    = {Boston, Marisa Ferrara and Hale, John T. and Vasishth, Shravan and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Parallel processing and sentence comprehension difficulty},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57159},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Eye fixation durations during normal reading correlate with processing difficulty but the specific cognitive mechanisms reflected in these measures are not well understood. This study finds support in German readers' eyefixations for two distinct difficulty metrics: surprisal, which reflects the change in probabilities across syntactic analyses as new words are integrated, and retrieval, which quantifies comprehension difficulty in terms of working memory constraints. We examine the predictions of both metrics using a family of dependency parsers indexed by an upper limit on the number of candidate syntactic analyses they retain at successive words. Surprisal models all fixation measures and regression probability. By contrast, retrieval does not model any measure in serial processing. As more candidate analyses are considered in parallel at each word, retrieval can account for the same measures as surprisal. This pattern suggests an important role for ranked parallelism in theories of sentence comprehension.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{EngbertNuthmannRichteretal.2005,
  author    = {Engbert, Ralf and Nuthmann, Antje and Richter, Eike M. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {SWIFT: A Dynamical Model of Saccade Generation during Reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57145},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Mathematical models have become an important tool for understanding the control of eye movements during reading. Main goals of the development of the SWIFT model (Engbert, Longtin, \& Kliegl, 2002)were to investigate the possibility of spatially distributed processing and to implement a general mechanism for all types of eye movements we observe in reading experiments. Here, we present an advanced version of SWIFT which integrates properties of the oculomotor system and effects of word recognition to explain many of the experimental phenomena faced in reading research. We propose new procedures for the estimation of model parameters and for the test of the model's performance. A mathematical analysis of the dynamics of the SWIFT model is presented. Finally, within this framework, we present an analysis of the transition from parallel to serial processing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BostonHaleKliegletal.2008,
  author    = {Boston, Marisa Ferrara and Hale, John and Kliegl, Reinhold and Patil, Umesh and Vasishth, Shravan},
  title     = {Parsing costs as predictors of reading difficulty: An evaluation using the Potsdam Sentence Corpus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57139},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The surprisal of a word on a probabilistic grammar constitutes a promising complexity metric for human sentence comprehension difficulty. Using two different grammar types, surprisal is shown to have an effect on fixation durations and regression probabilities in a sample of German readers' eye movements, the Potsdam Sentence Corpus. A linear mixed-effects model was used to quantify the effect of surprisal while taking into account unigram and bigram frequency, word length, and empirically-derived word predictability; the so-called "early" and "late" measures of processing difficulty both showed an effect of surprisal. Surprisal is also shown to have a small but statistically non-significant effect on empirically-derived predictability itself. This work thus demonstrates the importance of including parsing costs as a predictor of comprehension difficulty in models of reading, and suggests that a simple identification of syntactic parsing costs with early measures and late measures with durations of post-syntactic events may be difficult to uphold.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{AngeleSlatteryYangetal.2008,
  author    = {Angele, Bernhard and Slattery, Timothy J. and Yang, Jinmian and Kliegl, Reinhold and Rayner, Keith},
  title     = {Parafoveal processing in reading: Manipulating n+1 and n+2 previews simultaneously},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57128},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) with a novel preview manipulation was used to examine the extent of parafoveal processing of words to the right of fixation. Words n+1 and n+2 had either correct or incorrect previews prior to fixation (prior to crossing the boundary location). In addition, the manipulation utilized either a high or low frequency word in word n+1 location on the assumption that it would be more likely that n+2 preview effects could be obtained when word n+1 was high frequency. The primary findings were that there was no evidence for a preview benefit for word n+2 and no evidence for parafoveal-on-foveal effects when word n+1 is at least four letters long. We discuss implications for models of eye-movement control in reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{MingKlieglShuetal.2010,
  author    = {Ming, Yan and Kliegl, Reinhold and Shu, Hua and Pan, Jinger and Zhou, Xiaolin},
  title     = {Parafoveal Load of Word N+1 Modulates Preprocessing Effectivenessof Word N+2 in Chinese Reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57103},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Preview benefits (PBs) from two words to the right of the fixated one (i.e., word N+2)and associated parafoveal-on-foveal effects are critical for proposals of distributed lexical processing during reading. This experiment examined parafoveal processing during reading of Chinese sentences, using a boundary manipulation of N+2-word preview with low- and high-frequency words N+1. The main findings were (a) an identity PB for word N+2 that was (b) primarily observed when word N+1 was of high frequency (i.e., an interaction between frequency of word N+1 and PB for word N+2), and (c) a parafoveal-on-foveal frequency effect of word N+1 for fixation durations on word N. We discuss implications for theories of serial attention shifts and parallel distributed processing of words during reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglRolfsLaubrocketal.2009,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Rolfs, Martin and Laubrock, Jochen and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Microsaccadic Modulation of Response Times in Spatial Attention Tasks},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57098},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Covert shifts of attention are usually reflected in RT differences between responses to valid and invalid cues in the Posner spatial attention task. Such inferences about covert shifts of attention do not control for microsaccades in the cue target interval. We analyzed the effects of microsaccade orientation on RTs in four conditions, crossing peripheral visual and auditory cues with peripheral visual and auditory discrimination targets. Reaction time was generally faster on trials without microsaccades in the cue-target interval. If microsaccades occurred, the target-location congruency of the last microsaccade in the cuetarget interval interacted in a complex way with cue validity. For valid visual cues, irrespective of whether the discrimination target was visual or auditory, target-congruent microsaccades delayed RT. For invalid cues, target-incongruent microsaccades facilitated RTs for visual target discrimination, but delayed RT for auditory target discrimination. No reliable effects on RT were associated with auditory cues or with the first microsaccade in the cue-target interval. We discuss theoretical implications on the relation about spatial attention and oculomotor processes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RolfsKlieglEngbert2004,
  author    = {Rolfs, Martin and Kliegl, Reinhold and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Microsaccade orientation supports attentional enhancement opposite to a peripheral cue: Commentary on Tse, Sheinberg, and Logothetis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57081},
  year      = {2004},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglMassonRichter2009,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Masson, Michael E. J. and Richter, Eike M.},
  title     = {A linear mixed model analysis of masked repetition priming},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57073},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {We examined individual differences in masked repetition priming by re-analyzing item-level response-time (RT) data from three experiments. Using a linear mixed model (LMM) with subjects and items specified as crossed random factors, the originally reported priming and word-frequency effects were recovered. In the same LMM, we estimated parameters describing the distributions of these effects across subjects. Subjects' frequency and priming effects correlated positively with each other and negatively with mean RT. These correlation estimates, however, emerged only with a reciprocal transformation of RT (i.e., -1/RT), justified on the basis of distributional analyses. Different correlations, some with opposite sign, were obtained (1) for untransformed or logarithmic RTs or (2) when correlations were computed using within-subject analyses. We discuss the relevance of the new results for accounts of masked priming, implications of applying RT transformations, and the use of LMMs as a tool for the joint analysis of experimental effects and associated individual differences.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglPhilippLuckneretal.2001,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Philipp, Doris and Luckner, Matthias and Krampe, Ralf T.},
  title     = {Face Memory Skill Acquisition},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57067},
  year      = {2001},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{FiedlerKlieglLindenbergeretal.2005,
  author    = {Fiedler, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold and Lindenberger, Ulman and Mausfeld, Rainer and Mummendey, Am{\´e}lie and Prinz, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Psychologie im 21. Jahrhundert: F{\"u}hrende deutsche Psychologen {\"u}ber Lage und Zukunft ihres Fachs und die Rolle der psychologischen Grundlagenforschung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57051},
  year      = {2005},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{KlieglBates2011,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Bates, Douglas},
  title     = {International Collaboration in Psychology is on the Rise},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57045},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {There has been a substantial increase in the percentage for publications with co-authors located in departments from different countries in 12 major journals of psychology. The results are evidence for a remarkable internationalization of psychological research, starting in the mid 1970s and increasing in rate at the beginning of the 1990s. This growth occurs against a constant number of articles with authors from the same country; it is not due to a concomitant increase in the number of co-authors per article. Thus, international collaboration in psychology is obviously on the rise.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BohnKliegl2008,
  author    = {Bohn, Christiane and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Zur Interaktion von Verarbeitungstiefe und dem Wortvorhersagbarkeitseffekt beim Lesen von S{\"a}tzen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57036},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{RolfsLaubrockKliegl2006,
  author    = {Rolfs, Martin and Laubrock, Jochen and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Shortening and Prolongation of Saccade Latencies Following Microsaccades},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57012},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {When the eyes fixate at a point in a visual scene, small saccades rapidly shift the image on the retina. The effect of these microsaccades on the latency of subsequent large-scale saccades may be twofold. First, microsaccades are associated with an enhancement of visual perception. Their occurrence during saccade target perception should, thus, decrease saccade latencies. On the other hand, microsaccades likely indicate activity in fixation-related oculomotor neurons. These represent competitors to saccade-related cells in the interplay of gaze holding and shifting. Consequently, an increase in saccade latencies after microsaccades would be expected. Here, we present evidence for both aspects of microsaccadic impact on saccade latency. In a delayed response task, participants made saccades to visible or memorized targets. First, microsaccade occurrence up to 50 ms before target disappearance correlated with 18 ms (or 8\%) faster saccades to memorized targets. Second, if microsaccades occurred shortly (i.e., < 150 ms) before a saccade was required, saccadic reaction times in visual and memory trials were increased by about 40 ms (or 16\%). Hence, microsaccades can have opposite consequences for saccade latencies, pointing at a differential role of these fixational eye movements in preparation of motor programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RisseKliegl2011,
  author    = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Adult age differences in the perceptual span during reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56935},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, \& Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N+2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N+2 or word N+2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N+1 was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N+2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N+2 preview both for young and for old adults with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N+1. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglEngbert2003,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {How tight is the link between lexical processing and saccade programs?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56919},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {We question the assumption of serial attention shifts and the assumption that saccade programs are initiated or canceled only after stage one of word identification. Evidence: (1) Fixation durations prior to skipped words are not consistently higher compared to those prior to nonskipped words. (2) Attentional modulation of microsaccade rate might occur after early visual processing. Saccades are probably triggered by attentional selection.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ThielRomanoKurthsetal.2006,
  author    = {Thiel, Marco and Romano, Maria Carmen and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Rolfs, Martin and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Generating Surrogates from Recurrences},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56906},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {In this paper we present an approach to recover the dynamics from recurrences of a system and then generate (multivariate) twin surrogate (TS) trajectories. In contrast to other approaches, such as the linear-like surrogates, this technique produces surrogates which correspond to an independent copy of the underlying system, i. e. they induce a trajectory of the underlying system visiting the attractor in a different way. We show that these surrogates are well suited to test for complex synchronization, which makes it possible to systematically assess the reliability of synchronization analyses. We then apply the TS to study binocular fixational movements and find strong indications that the fixational movements of the left and right eye are phase synchronized. This result indicates that there might be one centre only in the brain that produces the fixational movements in both eyes or a close link between two centres.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{EngbertKliegl2003,
  author    = {Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {The game of word skipping: Who are the competitors?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56899},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {Computational models such as E-Z Reader and SWIFT are ideal theoretical tools to test quantitatively our current understanding of eye-movement control in reading. Here we present a mathematical analysis of word skipping in the E-Z Reader model by semianalytic methods, to highlight the differences in current modeling approaches. In E-Z Reader, the word identification system must outperform the oculomotor system to induce word skipping. In SWIFT, there is competition among words to be selected as a saccade target. We conclude that it is the question of competitors in the "game" of word skipping that must be solved in eye movement research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglWeiDambacheretal.2011,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Wei, Ping and Dambacher, Michael and Yan, Ming and Zhou, Xiaolin},
  title     = {Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models: Estimating the relationship between spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56859},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Linear mixed models (LMMs) provide a still underused methodological perspective on combining experimental and individual-differences research. Here we illustrate this approach with two-rectangle cueing in visual attention (Egly et al., 1994). We replicated previous experimental cue-validity effects relating to a spatial shift of attention within an object (spatial effect), to attention switch between objects (object effect), and to the attraction of attention toward the display centroid (attraction effect), also taking into account the design-inherent imbalance of valid and other trials. We simultaneously estimated variance/covariance components of subject-related random effects for these spatial, object, and attraction effects in addition to their mean reaction times (RTs). The spatial effect showed a strong positive correlation with mean RT and a strong negative correlation with the attraction effect. The analysis of individual differences suggests that slow subjects engage attention more strongly at the cued location than fast subjects. We compare this joint LMM analysis of experimental effects and associated subject-related variances and correlations with two frequently used alternative statistical procedures},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1991,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Zur Renaissance des idiographischen Ansatzes in der Pers{\"o}nlichkeitsforschung : eine Zwischenbilanz},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45607},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1984,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Wissenschaftliche Forschungspraxis und alltagspsychologische Wirklichkeit},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44157},
  pages     = {180 -- 193},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {Ausgehend von einer Kritik der vorherrschenden attributionstheoretischen Forschungspraxis werden drei methodologische Probleme der Erfassung von Kausalattributionen als laienpsychologische Erkl{\"a}rungskonzepte diskutiert: — Die Angemessenheit experimenteller Methoden zur Aktualisierung der motivationalen Voraussetzungen von Attributionsprozessen — Die Untersuchung der personalen und situativen Ausl{\"o}sebedingungen von Kausalinterpretationen — Die Erfassung und Systematisierung der Inhaltskategorien, die zur Kausalerkl{\"a}rung sozialer Ereignisse herangezogen werden. Auf der Basis weniger bisher vorliegender Untersuchungen werden theoretische und empirische L{\"o}sungsans{\"a}tze zusammengetragen, die zu einer methodologischen Neuorientierung der Attributionsforschung im Sinne einer st{\"a}rkeren Ann{\"a}herung an die alltagspsychologische Erfahrungswelt f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1984,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Der "self-serving bias" in der Attributionsforschung : theoretische Grundlagen und empirische Befunde},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44220},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 1. Zur Konzeptualisierung des bias in der Attributionstheorie 2. Self-serving bias-Hypothese und informationstheoretische Alternativerkl{\"a}rung:Theoretische Kontroverse und empirische Befunde - Selbstwertbezogene Attributionen eigener Handlungsergebnisse - Kausalattributionen von Erfolg und Mißerfolg bei Wettbewerb und Kooperation - Kausalattributionen f{\"u}r Erfolg und Mißerfolg aus der Beobachterperspektive - Kontradefensive Attributionen und Selbstdarstellungsbed{\"u}rfnisse - Zum Stand der Kognitions-Motivations-Debatte im Lichte der neueren Ergebnisse 3. Ans{\"a}tze zum Abbau des gegenw{\"a}rtigen Theoriedefizits der self-serving bias-Forschung},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{SixKrahe1980,
  author    = {Six, Bernd and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Defensiv-externe Kontroll{\"u}berzeugungen bei der Attribution von Leistungs- und Sozialverhalten},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45292},
  year      = {1980},
  abstract  = {The traditional dichotomy of internal vs. external locus of control is substituted by the more recent distinction between internals, congruent externals, and defensive externals. While internals and congruent externals are predicted to make causal attributions of other persons' performance in accordance with their locus of control irrespective of the nature of the outcome (success vs. failure in achievement situations, positive vs. negative experience in social contacts), defensive externals are expected to vary their causal attributions as a function of outcome. Personal relevance attached to achievement and social contact is included as an additional variable. The presumed correspondence between locus of control and causal attribution - as derived from the conceptualization of locus of control as a personality variable - is not confirmed by our data. The differences expected between the three groups are demonstrated only for achievement-related items. Personal relevance does not significantly modify the relationship between locus of control and causal attribution.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1983,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Zum Stand der Diskussion um den "self-serving bias" in der Attributionsforschung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45286},
  year      = {1983},
  abstract  = {The 'fact or fiction1 controversy about self-serving attributional biases is discussed under two aspects: a) The lack of a clear conceptual definition of "bias" referring to cognitive models of causal attribution which specify unbiased, rational modes of causal inference; b) The empirical evidence with regard to the decision whether attributional distortions are due to self-protective and self-enhancing motives rather than errors and biases in information processing. It is concluded that progress in self-serving bias research is conditional upon a theoretical clarification and operational definition of self-serving biases explicitly derived from a rational standard of causal inference and based on a motivational analysis of the functions of causal attributions.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Kliegl1988,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Plasticite et stimulation de l'intelligence et de la memoire chez les personnes agees},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-19951},
  year      = {1988},
  language  = {fr}
}
@misc{Kliegl1984,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Ein Beitrag zur Binnenstruktur des Freundschaftsverst{\"a}ndnisses},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-19929},
  year      = {1984},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{KlieglSmithLindenbergeretal.1993,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Smith, Jacqui and Lindenberger, Ulman and Mayr, Ulrich and Krampe, Ralf and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Bildungsforschung Berlin},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41124},
  year      = {1993},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{BaltesKliegl1986,
  author    = {Baltes, Paul B. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {On the dynamics between growth and decline in the aging of intelligence and memory},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41116},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Content: - Different Intellectual Abilities Age Differently - Cultural Change and Interindividual Variability in Aging - Cognitive Intervention Research on Plasticity in Old Age * Psychological Evidence * Brain-Physiological Evidence - Age Differences and Testing-the-Limits - Conclusions - Summary},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglVolbrechtWerner1984,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Volbrecht, Vicki J. and Werner, John S.},
  title     = {Influences of variation in lenticular and macular pigmentation on dichromatic neutral points},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41101},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {Protanopie, deuteranopic and tritanopic neutral points were computed by determining the wavelength of light that produced the same quantal-catch ratio in the photopigments as that produced by a broad-band light of specified color temperature (range: 2 800—6 600 K). The Vos-Walraven primaries were used as photopigment absorption spectra that were screened by varying densities of ocular (0.5—2.5 at 400 nm) and macular (0.0—1.0 at 460 nm) pigmentation. The computations were carried out in 1 nm steps for the wavelength range of 380 to 720 nm. Most of the empirically determined mean, neutral-point loci in the literature were predicted from these computations to within 1—2nm when average ocular and macular pigment densities were used. The neutral-point range associated with the extreme values of the prereceptoral screening pigments was up to 25 nm for protanopes and deuteranopes and up to 13 nm for tritanopes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglBaltes1987,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Das Janusgesicht des Alters : {\"u}ber Wachstum und Abbau in Intelligenz und Ged{\"a}chtnis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41096},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {Vier Forschungsans{\"a}tze im Bereich der Altersintelligenz und des Altersged{\"a}chtnisses werden referiert: Untersuchungen (1) Uber unterschiedliche Altersverl{\"a}ufe intellektueller und kognitiver Prozesse, (2) {\"u}ber interindividuelle Variabilit{\"a}t und historischen Wandel, (3) {\"u}ber Plastizit{\"a}t und Reservekapazit{\"a}t und (4) {\"u}ber Leistungsgrenzen. Das Wesen der Altersintelligenz ersch{\"o}pft sich nicht in einem Prozeß des Leistungsabfalls. Vielmehr treten sowohl Wachstum als auch Abbau und komplexe Wechselwirkungen zwischen beidem auf. Altersbedingter Abbau zeigt sich am ehesten an den Leistungsgrenzen der Grundmechanismen der Intelligenz. Wachstum kann in jenen Bereichen stattfinden, in denen Menschen Wissenssysteme weiterentwickeln und {\"u}ben (Pragmatik der Intelligenz). Die Methode des Belastungstests (Testing-the-Limits oder Grenztesten) wird als eine Strategie vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe Mechanismen positiver und negativer Ver{\"a}nderungen beim kognitiven Altern bestimmt werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Anwendung des kognitiven Belastungstests wird f{\"u}r die neuropsychologische Forschung, beispielsweise f{\"u}r Untersuchungen {\"u}ber die Altersdemenz, empfohlen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{SimonCabreraKliegl1993,
  author    = {Simon, Tony and Cabrera, Angel and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {A new approach to the study of subitizing as distinct enumeration processing},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41083},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {This paper presents a new methodology for examining the phenomenon of subitizing. Subjects were presented with a standard numerosity-detection task but for a range of presentation times to allow Task-Accuracy Functions to be computed for individual subjects. The data appear to show a continuous change in processing for numerosities from 2 to 5 when the data are aggregated across subjects. At the level of individual subjects, there appear to be qualitative shifts in enumeration processing after 3 or 4 objects. The approach used in this experiment may be used to test the claim that subitizing is a distinct enumeration process that can be used for small numbers of objects.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{OlsonKlieglDavidson1983,
  author    = {Olson, Richard K. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Davidson, Brian J.},
  title     = {Dyslexic and normal readers' eye movements},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41071},
  year      = {1983},
  abstract  = {Dyslexic and normal readers' eye movements were compared while tracking a moving fixation point and in reading. Contrary to previous reports, the dyslexic and normal readers did not differ in their number of saccades, percentage of regressions, or stability of fixations in the tracking task. Thus, defective oculomotor control was not associated with or a causal factor in dyslexia, and the dyslexics' abnormal eye movements in reading must be related to differences in higher cognitive processes. However, individual differences in oculmotor efficiency, independent of reading ability, were found within both the dyslexic and normal groups, and these differences were correlated in reading and tracking tasks.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglMayrKrampe1994,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Mayr, Ulrich and Krampe, Ralf},
  title     = {Time-accuracy functions for determining process and person differences : an application to cognitive aging},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17101},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {A paradigm for the determination of time-accuracy functions (TAFs) for individual participants is introduced for two pairs of tasks differing in cognitive complexity, that is, word scanning vs cued recognition and figural scanning vs figural reasoning. TAFs can be used to test dissociations of cognitive processes beyond scale-related ambiguities of ordinal interactions. The approach is applied to examine the cognitive-aging hypothesis that a single slowing factor can account for interactions between adult age and cognitive task complexity. Twenty young and 20 old adults participated in 17 sessions. Presentation times required for 75, 87.5, and 100\% accuracies were determined for each task with a variant of the psychophysical method of limits. Accuracy was fit by negatively accelerated functions of presentation time. State-trace analyses showed that different slowing factors are required for high- and low-complexity tasks. Relations to speed-accuracy and performance-resource functions are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Kliegl1995,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {From presentation time to processing time : a psychopchysics approach to episodic memory},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40438},
  year      = {1995},
  abstract  = {Manipulations of presentation time have a long history in research on the development of memory, with a number of paradoxical results deriving from methodological shortcomings as well as from insufficient theoretical specifications. After a look at some of the problems in earlier research, a psychophysics approach to investigate episodic memory functions is presented in which criterion-referenced manipulation of presentation time is used to estimate the effects of experimental manipulations and the effects of individual differences. Criterion'referenced presentation time (CRPT), defined as the time required to score at an a priori specified level of accuracy, is interpreted as a preliminary indicator of internal processing time. CRPTs are shown to be valid predictors of traditional measures of memory accuracy. Moreover, an extension of this psychophysics approach yields estimates of complete condition-specific timeaccuracy functions and of function-specific processing times (plus other parameters) for individual subjects. It is argued that both from a cognitive and a developmental perspective it is often advantageous to trade experimental equivalence in presentation times for functional equivalence in accuracy of performance; this applies not only to episodic memory processes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglMayrKrampe1995,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Mayr, Ulrich and Krampe, R. T.},
  title     = {Process dissociations in cognitive aging},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40428},
  year      = {1995},
  abstract  = {One undisputed finding of cognitive aging research is that the two main clusters of intellectual abilities, fluid and crystallized abilities, exhibit differential age-related trends. Healthy older adults perform less well than young adults on almost any task that requires fast responses or taps the fluid or mechanical aspects of intelligence; they show much less of a decline, if any at all, in tasks requiring the access of their crystallized knowledge (Baltes, 1987; Horn, 1970). These age-differential trends are the prototype of what we will refer to as a process dissociation. We will show how process dissociations can be established within the domain of fluid intelligence that pass more stringent tests than is customary in experimental research on cognitive aging.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{MayrKliegl1993,
  author    = {Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Sequential and coordinative complexity : age-based processing limitations in figural transformations},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40416},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {Dimensions of cognitive complexity in figural transformations were examined in the context of adult age differences. Sequential complexity was manipulated through figural transformations of single objects in a multiple-object array. Coordinative complexity was induced through spatial or nonspatial transformations of the entire array. Results confirmed the prediction that age-related slowing is larger in coordinative complexity than in sequential complexity conditions. The effect was stable across 8 sessions (Experiment 1), was obtained when age groups were equated in accuracy with criterion-referenced testing (Experiment 2), and was corroborated by age-differential probabilities of error types (Experiments 1 and 2). A model is proposed attributing age effects under coordinative complexity to 2 factors: (a) basic-level slowing and (b) time-consuming reiterations through the processing sequence due to age-related working memory failures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{LindenbergerMayrKliegl1993,
  author    = {Lindenberger, Ulman and Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Speed and intelligence in old age},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40402},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {Past research suggests that age differences in measures of cognitive speed contribute to differences in intellectual functioning between young and old adults. To investigate whether speed also predicts age-related differences in intellectual performance beyond age 70 years, tests indicating 5 intellectual abilities—speed, reasoning, memory, knowledge, and fluency—were administered to a close-to-representative, age-stratified sample of old and very old adults. Age trends of all 5 abilities were well described by a negative linear function. The speed-mediated effect of age fully explained the relationship between age and both the common and the specific variance of the other 4 abilities. Results offer strong support for the speed hypothesis of old age cognitive decline but need to be qualified by further research on the reasons underlying age differences in measures of speed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglLindenberger1993,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Lindenberger, Ulman},
  title     = {Modeling intrusions and correct recall in episodic memory : adult age differences in encoding of list context},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40397},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {A model for correct recall and intrusions in cued recall of word lists is introduced. Intrusions are false responses that were correct in an earlier list. The model assumes 3 exclusive states for memory traces after encoding: with a list tag (i.e., with information about list origin), without list tags, and missing. Across lists, a trace can lose its list tag or its content. For retrieval, an optimal strategy of response selection was assumed. Younger and older laboratory-trained mnemonists participated in 2 experiments in which recall of permutations of a single word list across a single set of cues was held constant with individually adjusted presentation times. With correct recall equated to younger adults, older adults were more susceptible to intrusions. Age differences were restricted to model parameters estimating the probability of generation of list tags. Alternative accounts of age differences in context memory are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{LindenbergerKlieglBates1992,
  author    = {Lindenberger, Ulman and Kliegl, Reinhold and Bates, Paul B.},
  title     = {Professional expertise does not eliminate age differences in imagery-based memory performance during adulthood},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40384},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Using a testing-the-limits paradigm, the authors investigated the modulation (attenuation) o f negative adult age differences in imagery-based memory performance as a function of professional expertise. Six older graphic designers, 6 normal older adults, 6 younger graphic design students, and 6 normal younger students participated in a 19-session program with a cued-recall variant of the Method of Loci. Older graphic designers attained higher levels o f mnemonic performance than normal older adults but were not able to reach younger adults' level of performance; a perfect separation of age groups was achieved. Spatial visualization was a good predictor of mnemonic performance. Results suggest that negative adult age differences in imagery-based memory are attenuated but not eliminated by the advantages associated with criterion-relevant ability (talent) and experience.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BaltesKliegl1992,
  author    = {Baltes, Paul B. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Further testing of limits of cognitive plasticity : negative age differences in a mnemonic skill are robust},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40373},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Earlier testing-the-limits research on age differences in cognitive plasticity of a memory skill was extended by 18 additional assessment and training sessions to explore whether older adults were able to catch up with additional practice and improved training conditions. The focus was on the method of loci, which requires mental imagination to encode and retrieve lists of words from memory in serial order. Of the original 37 subjects, 35 (16 young, ranging from 20 to 30 years of age, and 19 older adults, ranging from 66 to 80 years of age) participated in the follow-up study. Older adults showed sizable performance deficits when compared with young adults and tested for limits of reserve capacity. The negative age difference was substantial, resistant to extensive practice, and applied to all subjects studied. The primary origin for this negative age difference may be a loss in the production and use of mental imagination for operations of the mind.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglBaltes1991,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Testing-the-Limits kognitiver Entwicklungskapazit{\"a}t in einer Ged{\"a}chtnisleistung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40362},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {Bisherige Ergebnisse der kognitiven Altersforschung erlauben keine Schlußfolgerung dar{\"u}ber, ob die Gr{\"o}ße und Robustheit der Altersverluste in kognitiven Basisprozessen irreversibel sind und folglich als Indikatoren neurobiologischer Grenzen des alternden Organismus interpretiert werden k{\"o}nnen: Durch die Forschungsstrategie des Testing-the-Limits wurden im Zusammenhang mit einer kognitiven Intervention zuverl{\"a}ssige Ergebnisse bez{\"u}glich alterskorrelierter Grenzen kognitiver Entwicklungskapazit{\"a}t erwartet. Gesunde {\"a}ltere und junge Erwachsene nahmen an 38 {\"u}ber ein Jahr verteilten experimentellen Sitzungen teil, in denen sie in einer Ged{\"a}chtnistechnik, der Methode der Orte, trainiert und wiederholt getestest wurden. Die Kriteriumsaufgabe war das Behalten langer Wortlisten auf der Grundlage der Erzeugung phantasievoller Gedankenbilder. Obwohl {\"a}ltere Erwachsene in der Lage waren, die Ged{\"a}chtnistechnik zu erwerben, zeigte sich unter Testing-the-Limits- Bedingungen eine nahezu vollst{\"a}ndige Entzerrung der Leistungsverteilungen junger und {\"a}lterer Erwachsener, die auch durch langfristiges Training nicht abgebaut wurde. Die Ergebnisse werden in Hinblick auf (1) die Bedeutung spezifischer kognitiver Basisprozesse, (2) Kohorten- bvs. biologische Alterseffekte und (3) m{\"o}gliche Ausnahmen vom Altersabbau diskutiert.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{DittmannKohliLachmannKliegletal.1991,
  author    = {Dittmann-Kohli, Freya and Lachmann, Margie E. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40351},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {Elderly adults (N = 116; average age = 73 years) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups varying in the amount of training and testing on fluid intelligence tests. They were compared before and after treatment on self-efficacy and utility beliefs for intelligence tests and everyday competence. Although both ability training and extended retest practice resulted in significant gains in objective test performance (Baltes, Kliegl, \& Dittmann-Kohli, 1988), only ability training resulted in positive changes in self-efficacy. However, these changes were restricted to testrelated self-efficacy. Training had no impact on perceived utility or on everyday self-efficacy beliefs. Implications of the results are discussed with regard to interventions to increase intellectual self-efficacy in elderly persons.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ThompsonKliegl1991,
  author    = {Thompson, Laura A. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Adult age effects of plausibility on memory : the role of time constraints during encoding},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40347},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {We investigated the role of training-induced knowledge Schemas and encoding time on adult age differences in recall. High-plausible (schema coherent) words were recalled better than lowplausible (schema discrepant) words in both age groups. This difference was larger for old-adults than for young adults for presentation times ranging from 3 s to 11 s per word. After equating participants in overall recall (i.e., at 50\% correct) by dynamic adjustment of presentation time, old adults again showed a stronger plausibility effect than young adults when recall was above criterion. In a second experiment with self-paced encoding, old adults used more time than young adults only for low-plausible pairs, yet they still remembered fewer of them. In a third experiment, both age groups preferred to imagine high- rather than low-plausible words, but this effect was more pronounced in old adults. The results indicate that, compared with young adults, old adults find it particularly difficult to form elaborative mental images of schema-discrepant information under a wide variety of time constraints during encoding. Results are discussed in relation to explanations based on age-related mental slowing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglSmithBaltes1990,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Smith, Jacqui and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {On the locus and process of magnification of age differences during mnemonic training},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40336},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {The focus of this study was on developmental reserve capacity in old age as revealed by testing-thelimits. We examined (a) the time course of training-related magnification of age differences in serial word recall and (b) predictability of training gains by pretest individual differences in cognitive abilities. In 20 sessions, young (n = 18) and old (n = 19) adults were taught to recall lists of 30 words using the Method of Loci. Age differences were magnified early in practice at long presentation times (20 s and 15 s per word) and later at 5 s per word. Regression of posttraining scores on various pretraining abilities revealed significant effects of digit symbol substitution. Also, consistent with the assumption of age-related decline in developmental reserve capacity, the unique variance in serial word recall associated with age group became more salient as the training unfolded.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Kliegl1989,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Kognitive Plastizit{\"a}t und altersbedingte Grenzen am Beispiel des Erwerbs einer Ged{\"a}chtnistechnik},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40321},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Die Bedeutung kognitiver Entwicklungskapazit{\"a}t (Plastizit{\"a}t) und ihrer altersabh{\"a}ngigen Grenzen f{\"u}r Theorien kognitiven Alters wird thematisiert. F{\"u}r kognitive Basisprozesse wird erwartet, daß die durch Training umgesetzte Entwicklungskapazit{\"a}t {\"a}lterer Menschen zwar ausreicht, die Ausgangsleistung junger Erwachsener zu {\"u}bertreffen, daß aber aufgrund altersbedingter Grenzen der Entwicklungskapazit{\"a}t nur sehr wenige {\"a}ltere Erwachsene das Leistungsniveau trainierter junger Erwachsener erreichen werden. Am Beispiel eines Ged{\"a}chtnistrainingsprogrammes zur Erh{\"o}hung der Merkf{\"a}higkeit f{\"u}r Wortlisten werden zwei Forschungsstrategien vorgestellt: (a) das Training von sehr leistungsf{\"a}higen {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen und (b) L{\"a}ngsschnitt-Einzelfall-Studien. Die experimentellen Befunde best{\"a}tigten die theoretischen Erwartungen. Zwar waren die Leistungen der besten {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen etwa doppelt so hoch wie die untrainierter junger Erwachsener, aber die durch das Training aufgedeckten Altersverluste konnten auch in bis zu 75 weiteren {\"U}bungsstunden nicht behoben werden.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{KlieglSmithBaltes1989,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Smith, Jacqui and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Testing-the-limits and the study of adult age differences in cognitive plasticity of a mnemonic skill},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40311},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Investigated the range and limits of cognitive reserve capacity as a general approach to the understanding of age differences in cognitive functioning. Testing-the-limits is proposed as a research strategy, Data are reported from 2 training studies involving old (65 to 83 years old) and young adults (19 to 29 years old). The training, designed to engineer an expertise in serial word recall, involved instruction and practice in the Method of Loci. Substantial plasticity was evident in pretest to posttest comparisons. Participants raised their serial word recall several times above that of pretest baseline. Age-differential limits in reserve capacity were evident in amount of training gain but not in responses to conditions of increased test difficulty (speeded stimulus presentation). Group differences were magnified by the training to such a degree that age distributions barely overlapped at posttests. Testing-the-limits offers promise in terms of understanding the extent and nature of cognitive plasticity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BaltesSowarkaKliegl1989,
  author    = {Baltes, Paul B. and Sowarka, Doris and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Cognitive training research on fluid intelligence in old age : what can older adults achieve by themselves?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40297},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Cognitive research on the plasticity of fluid intelligence has demonstrated that older adults benefit markedly from guided practice in cognitive skills and problem-solving strategies. We examined to what degree older adults are capable by themselves of achieving similar practice gains, focusing on the fluid ability of figural relations. A sample of 72 healthy older adults was assigned randomly to three conditions: control, tutor-guided training, self-guided training. Training time and training materials were held constant for the two training conditions. Posttraining performances were analyzed using a transfer of training paradigm in terms of three indicators: correct responses, accuracy, and level of item difficulty. The training programs were effective and produced a significant but narrow band of within-ability transfer. However, there was no difference between the two training groups. Older adults were shown to be capable of producing gains by themselves that were comparable to those obtained following tutor-guided training in the nature of test-relevant cognitive skills.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BaltesKlieglDittmannKohli1988,
  author    = {Baltes, Paul B. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Dittmann-Kohli, Freya},
  title     = {On the locus of training gains in research on the plasticity of fluid intelligence in old age},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40288},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Cognitive training research has shown that many older adults have a substantial reserve capacity in fluid intelligence. Little is known, however, about the locus of plasticity. Two studies were conducted to examine whether training gains in fluid abilities are critically dependent on experimenter-guided training and/or whether older adults can achieve similar improvements by themselves on the basis of cognitive skills already available in their repertoire. Several comparisons were made: (a) between test performances after trainer-guided training in ability-specific cognitive skills and after self-guided retest practice (without feedback), (b) between performances under speeded and power conditions of assessment, (c) between performances on easy and difficult items, and (d) between the relative numbers of correct and wrong answers. Results suggest that a large share of the training improvement shown by the elderly can plausibly be explained as the result of the activation and practice of cognitive skills already available in their repertoire. The results also have implications for educational practice, pointing to the appropriateness of strategies of self-directed learning for many elderly adults.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BaltesKliegl1988,
  author    = {Baltes, Paul B. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Lernen und Ged{\"a}chtnis im Alter : {\"u}ber Plastizit{\"a}t und deren Grenzen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40277},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Ged{\"a}chtnish{\"o}chstleistungen sind auch im Alter m{\"o}glich. Dies konnte am Beispiel der »Methode der Orte« experimentell best{\"a}tigt werden. Hierbei hat sich gezeigt, daß das Gehirn {\"u}ber große kognitive Kapazit{\"a}tsreserven verf{\"u}gt. In einer speziellen Testmethode (»testing the limits«) zeigt sich aber im Hochleistungsbereich, trotz der grunds{\"a}tzlichen Plastizit{\"a}t, ein altersbezogenes Nachlassen der Ged{\"a}chtnismechanik. Offenbar gibt es biologische Grenzen in der Schnelligkeit der menschlichen Vorstellungskraft. Vielleicht gelingt es auf der Grundlage dieser Erkentnnis, einen zuverl{\"a}ssigen Markierungsindikator f{\"u}r das hirnphysiologische Altern zu finden. Daraus k{\"o}nnten sich auch neue Methoden zur Fr{\"u}herkennung von Demenzen ableiten lassen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{KlieglBaltes1987,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Theory-guided analysis of mechanisms of development and aging through testing-the-limits and research on expertise},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40265},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {Content: 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical background - Expertise and Reserve Capacity - Testing-the-Limits and Research on Expertise - Cognitive Processes and Knowledge - Age Comparisons of Peak Performance - Advantages of Constructed Versus Naturally Acquired Expertise - Hypotheses Related to Aging and Expertise: Toward Magnification and Identification of Age Differences and Aging-Sensitive Components 3 Theory-guided synthesis of memory expertise - Theoretical Framework - Procedure - Subjects - Results 4 Adaptivity testing of expert memory - Increasing Task Difficulty Within an Extant System - Selective Componential Interference - Toward the Study of Compensatory Processes 5 Conclusions},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglSmithHechhausenetal.1987,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Smith, Jacqui and Hechhausen, Jutta and Bates, Paul B.},
  title     = {Mnemonic training for the acquisition of skilled digit memory},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40252},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {This article outlines a research strategy for investigating, in a laboratory setting, the acquisition and the "limits" of a cognitive skill. Expert digit memory is used as an illustration. Two participants with initial average digit- and word-span memory were trained to memorize and reproduce strings of 80 to 90 digits presented at 10- to 1-sec rates. The instruction and training program, based on a theory of skilled memory, focused on three components: (a) acquisition of a mnemonic system (i.e., recoding digits into historical dates or concrete nouns), (b) use of a long-term memory retrieval structure (i.e., instruction in the Method of Loci), and (c) improvement in processing speed. After 86 experimental sessions, one participant recalled 90 random digits presented at a 1-sec rate. The digits were, however, constrained to be compatible with the participant's historical knowledge. The second participant recalled 80 random digits presented at a 5-sec rate after 70 sessions. Speed of encoding and retrieval processing was the only component that required extensive practice for skilled digit-memory acquisition.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglSmithBaltes1986,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Smith, Jacqui and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Testing-the-limits, expertise, and memory in adulthood and old age},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39063},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {This research has three interrelated foci: (i) engineering and testing a cognitive model of expert memory, (ii) the study of intellectual reserve capacity and (iii) the use of a testing-the-limits methodology to magnify and delineate age differences in limits of reserve capacity. The assumption is that age differences are magnified if studied at high levels of expertise or task difficulty. Results from age-comparative point training studies in expert memory are reported. Both young and elderly subjects reached high levels of skilled memory, confirming the model. However, despite this sizeable reserve capacity, when compared to IQ-eguivalent young adults, superior elderly showed decline in upper limits of function.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglSmithHeckhausenetal.1986,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Smith, Jacqui and Heckhausen, Jutta and Baltes, Paul B.},
  title     = {Ausbildung zum Ged{\"a}chtnisk{\"u}nstler : ein experimenteller Zugang zur {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung von Theorien kognitiven Lernens und Alterns},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40247},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Der hier berichtete Forschungsansatz kombiniert entwicklungs- und kognitionspsychologische Fragestellungen. Das entwicklungspsychologische Ziel war, Potential und Grenzen latenter kognitiver Leistungsreserven bei jungen und {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen sichtbar zu machen. Eine systematische Heranf{\"u}hrung an Leistungsgrenzen sollte außerdem die unterschiedliche Alterssensitivit{\"a}t kognitiver Prozesse verdeutlichen und zu einer Vergr{\"o}ßerung interindividueller Unterschiede f{\"u}hren. Das kognitionspsychologische Ziel war, die Genese kognitiver Expertise unter Laborbedingungen zu simulieren, wobei vor allem die Transformation von Laien- in Expertenwissen untersucht werden sollte. Diese {\"U}berlegungen wurden in einem Trainingsprogramm {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, in dessen Verlauf junge und {\"a}ltere Erwachsene in einer Ged{\"a}chtniskunst f{\"u}r das Behalten von Zufallszahlen und Wortlisten unterwiesen wurden. Die Brauchbarkeit dieses experimentellen Paradigmas f{\"u}r die {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der theoretischen Fragen wird durch Ergebnisse aus vier Einzelfallstudien belegt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{GlassKliegl1983,
  author    = {Glass, Gene V. and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {An apology for research integration in the study of psychotherapy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40233},
  year      = {1983},
  abstract  = {Criticisms of the integration of psychotherapy-outcome research performed by Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) are reviewed and answered. An attempt is made to account for the conflicting points of view in this disagreement in terms of certain issues that have engaged philosophers of science in the 20th century. It is hoped that, in passing, something useful is learned about research of many types on psychotherapy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BaltesDittmannKohliKliegl1986,
  author    = {Baltes, Paul B. and Dittmann-Kohli, Freya and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Reserve capacity of the elderly in aging-sensitive tests of fluid intelligence : replication and extension},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39939},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Fluid intelligence belongs to that cluster of intellectual abilities evincing aging loss. To examine further the range of intellectual reserve available to aging individuals and the question of replicability in a new cultural and laboratory setting, 204 healthy older adults (mean age = 72 years; range = 60-86) participated in a short-term longitudinal training study. For experimental subjects, 10 sessions consisted of cognitive training involving two subability tests (Figural Relations, Induction) of fluid intelligence. The pattern of outcomes replicates and expands on earlier studies. Older adults have the reserve to evince substantial increases in levels of performance in fluid intelligence tests. Transfer of training, however, is narrow in scope. Training also increases accuracy of performance and the ability to solve more difficult test items. Difficulty level was estimated in a separate study, with a comparable sample of N = 112 elderly adults. Future research is suggested to examine whether intellectual reserve extends to near-maximum levels of performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{OlsonKlieglDavidsonetal.1985,
  author    = {Olson, Richard K. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Davidson, Brian J. and Foltz, Gregory},
  title     = {Individual and developmental differences in reading disability},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39916},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {I. Introduction A. Theoretical Framework and Selection of Tests B. Related Studies of Reading Disability Subtypes C. Overview of Specific Questions and Article Outline II. Selection criteria nd performance on standardized measures III. Group differences between disabled and normal readers A. Phonetic Memory B. Picture-Naming Speed and Automatic Responses to Print C. Phonological and Orthographic Skill D. Easy Regular and Exception Word Reading E. Difficult Regular and Exception Words IV. Individual diferences in reading disability A. Phonological Skill, Orthographic Skill, and the Regularity Effect B. Phonological Skill, Orthographic Skill, and Spelling Errors V. Eye movement reading style A. The "Plodder-Explorer" Dimension of Eye Movement Reading Style B. Eye Movements, Coding Skills, and Spelling Ratings C. Verbal Intelligence and the Plodder-Explorer Dimension D. Eye Movements in a Nonreading Task and the "Visual-Spatial" Subtype VI. Distribution and etiology of reading disabilities A. Distribution Issues B. Etiology of Reading Disabilities VII. Summary and new directions in research},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Kliegl1984,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {EMAN : a modular and iterative eye-movement analysis program},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39909},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {EMAN is an eye-movement analysis program that consists of four modules. The first module rescales eye positions to coordinates of the display. The second and third modules reduce data to a fixation format and identify areas of bad measurement by means of iterative passes over the data. In the fourth module iterative algorithms are employed for the identification of line numbers and for achieving congruence between fixations and display.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglOlsonDavidson1983,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Olson, Richard K. and Davidson, Brian J.},
  title     = {On problems of unconfounding perceptual and language processes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39890},
  year      = {1983},
  abstract  = {Contents: I. Introduction II. Word Length and Word Frequency III. Preferred and Convenient Viewing Position IV. Influences across Words A. Serial Dependencies B. Lack of Saccadic Resilience V. Conclusion},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{OlsonKlieglDavidson1983,
  author    = {Olson, Richard K. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Davidson, Brian J.},
  title     = {Eye Movements in Reading Disability},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39880},
  year      = {1983},
  abstract  = {Contents: I. Introduction II. Word Coding Processes A. Word Recognition B. Orthographic Coding C. Phonological Coding III. Eye Monitor and Reading Task IV. Group Differences V. Dimensions of Individual Differences A. Regressive Fixation Index and Word Recognition B. Regressive Fixation Index and IQ C. Regressive Fixation Index and Saccade Length D. Regressive Fixation Index and Relative Phonological Skill VI. Multiple Regression Models of Individual Differences A. Disabled Readers in the Aloud Condition B. Disabled Readers in the Silent Condition C. Normal Readers in Silent and Aloud Conditions VII. Conclusions},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KlieglOlson1981,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Olson, Richard K.},
  title     = {Reduction and calibration of eye monitor data},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39875},
  year      = {1981},
  abstract  = {The present paper presents FORTRAN programs for reducing eye monitor output to fixations and for mapping these fixations to locations in the stimulus space. Flexible parameters of the fixations program allow for determination of the beginning and end of fixations under different resolution criteria and for indicating loss of accurate measurement. The calibration program is based on a rectangular 9-point fixation grid. Each fixation is rescaled within this grid by solving for a quadratic equation. The rescaled values are output in a flexibly determined rectangular coordinate system that is related to the stimulus space, such as character position on the screen. The programs were developed for the 60-Hz Applied Sciences corneal reflection eye monitor, but they may be used with a number of other systems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Kliegl1981,
  author    = {Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Automated and interactive analysis of eye fixation data in reading},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39861},
  year      = {1981},
  abstract  = {A package of five FORTRAN programs that provides for fast user-controlled analyses of reading eye fixations is described. The package requires the data to be in a fixation format and to be rescaled to screen dimensions. OLDEYE identifies six types of fixations and calculates descriptive statistics on each of them, on their associated saccades, and on their average pupil diameter. CONVRT represents the text as a string of words that can be coded according to experimentally relevant variables. PLTFIX prints fixation durations by letter position and sequence of occurrence. MODDAT is an interactive program for marking parts of the text in which the data quality is below acceptable standards. It also allows the correction of systematic errors due to calibration or drift. MATCH combines the outputs from OLDEYE, CONVRT, and MODDAT and calculates 11 dependent measures for every word. The output of MATCH is suitable for input to conventional multivariate statistical programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1994,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Psicologia della personalit{\`a} e psicologia sociale : verso una sintesi},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-38313},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Contenuto: 1. Persone e situazioni: pietre angolari nella moderna psicologiadella personalit{\`a} 2. La questione della costanza nella personalit{\`a}: sessant'anni dicontroversia 3. In difesa dei tratti: nuove (e rinnovate) prospettive 4. II «moderno interazionismo»: una cornice alternativa alla ricercasulla personalit{\`a} 5. Realizzare il programma interazionista: tre aree esemplaridi ricerca 6. Migliorare la misurazione della personalit{\`a}: la via nomoteticaallo studio della costanza 7. La psicologia della personalit{\`a} riguarda gli individui: la riscoperta dell'eredit{\`a} idiografica 8. II ruolo della situazione nella ricerca sulla personalit{\`a} 9. Psicologia della personalit{\`a} negli anni Novanta: uno sguardo d'insieme},
  language  = {mul}
}
@misc{Krahe1992,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Personality and social psychology : towards a synthesis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-38306},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Content: 1 Persons and Situations: Cornerstones of Modern Personality Psychology 2 The Issue of Consistency in Personality:Sixty Years of Controversy 3 In Defence of Traits: New (and Revived) Perspectives 4 Modern Interactionism: An Alternative Framework for Personality Research 5 Implementing the Interactionist Programme:Three Exemplary Areas of Research 6 Improving Personality Measurement:The Nomothetic Road to the Study of Consistency 7 Personality Psychology is about Individuals:Rediscovering the Idiographic Legacy 8 The Role of the Situation in Personality Research 9 Personality Psychology in the Nineties: An Outlook},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheKrahe1981,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Krah{\´e}, Peter},
  title     = {Vorurteilsverminderung durch Unterricht : Voraussetzungen und Grenzen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-37679},
  year      = {1981},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 1 Einleitung 2 Zur Auseinandersetzung mit sozialen Vorurteilen im Rahmen desschulischen Bildungsauftrags - 2.1 Aspekte des Vorurteilsabbaus aus p{\"a}dagogischer Sicht - 2.2 Vorurteilsfreie Erziehung als demokratisches Leitziel 3 Ergebnisse der sozialwissenschaftlichen Vorurteilsforschung - 3.1 Zur theoretischen Fundierung des Vorurteilsbegriffs - 3.2 Zur individuellen Genese sozialer Vorurteile 4 Einstellungs{\"a}nderung gegen{\"u}ber sozialen Minderheiten - 4.1 Konstituierende Elemente des Unterrichts - 4.2 Methodisch-didaktische {\"U}berlegungen zur Ver{\"a}nderung vorurteilshafterEinstellungen - 4.3 Sozialformen, Lehrerrolle und Sch{\"u}lerverhalten 5 Grenzen des Abbaus sozialer Vorurteile innerhalb der Schule - 5.1 Vorurteilsabbau als gesamtgesellschaftliches Problem - 5.2 Hemmende Faktoren innerhalb der Schulorganisation},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1982,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Motivationseinfl{\"u}sse im Attributionsprozess : zur Diskussion um den "self-serving bias" in der Attributionsforschung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-37666},
  year      = {1982},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 1 Zur alltagspsychologischen Bedeutung von Kausalinterpretationen 2 Theoretischer und empirischer Bezugsrahmen 2.1 Grundlegende Konzepte der Attributionstheorie - 2.1.1 Die klassischen Modelle der Attributionsforschung - 2.1.2 Neuere kognitive Erkl{\"a}rungsans{\"a}tze der Kausalattribution 2.2 Empirische Befunde zum Problem der selbstwertbezogenen Attribution - 2.2.1 Selbstwertbezogene Attributionen eigener Handlungsergebnisse - 2.2.2 Das Wettbewerbsparadigma - 2.2.3 Selbstwertbezogene Voreingenommenheiten aus der Beobachter-Perspektive - 2.2.4 Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei der Kausalattribution von Erfolg und Mißerfolg - 2.2.5 Zusammenfassende Bewertung der Untersuchungsergebnisse 2.3 Zum Stand der Theorie - und Methodendiskussion im Rahmen selbstwertbezogener Voreingenommenheiten - 2.3.1 Ich-Beteiligung und Zentralit{\"a}t - 2.3.2 Der informationstheoretische Erkl{\"a}rungsansatz - 2.3.3 Zur Methodik der Erfassung selbstwertbezogener Attributionen - 2.3.4 Die Bedeutung sozialer Vergleichsprozesse f{\"u}r die Kausalattribution 3 Empirische Untersuchung zur Erfassung von kausalattributionen f{\"u}r Verhaltensergebnisse anderer Personen 3.1 Darstellung des Untersuchungsansatzes 3.2 Fragestellung und Hypothesen 3.3 Ablauf der Untersuchung - 3.3.1 Aufgaben der Voruntersuchung - 3.3.2 Durchf{\"u}hrung der Hauptuntersuchung 3.4 Schritte der Datenanalyse - 3.4.1 Auswertung der Attributionsskala - 3.4.2 Uberpr{\"u}fung der Untersuchungshypothesen 3.5 Diskussion und Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{WardNewlonKraheetal.1992,
  author    = {Ward, Colleen and Newlon, Betty and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Myambo, Kathleen and Payne, Monica and Tastaban, Yildiz and Yuksel, Sahika and Ghadially, Rehana and Kumar, Usha and Lee, Hing-chu B and Cheung, Fanny M. and Upadhyaya, Shirpati and Patnoe, Jerry and Kirby, Carol and Gomez, Antonio Vasquez and Parra, Elena and Colosio, Laura},
  title     = {The attitudes toward rape victims scale : psychometric data from 14 countries},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34495},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Content: Synopsis The Attitudes toward Rape Victims Scale: Psychometric Data from 14 Countries Scale Construction and Validation - Study One: Preliminary Analyses - Study Two: Test-Retest Reliability - Study Three: Construct Validity Cross-cultural Extensions - United States - United Kingdom - Germany - New Zealand - Canada - West Indies - Israel - Turkey - India - Hong Kong - Malaysia - Zimbabwe - Mexico - Metric Equivalence Discussion},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1989,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Faking personality profiles on a standard personality inventory},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34486},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {A study is reported which investigates the fakeability of personality profiles as measured by a standard personality inventory, the Freiburger Pers{\"o}nlichkeitsinventar (FPI). Unlike previous studies investigating laypersons' ability to fake a global good or bad impression, the present study examined individuals' ability to fake a specific personality profile. Four groups of subjects were instructed to fake their FPI scores so as to present themselves as high vs low scorers on the "social orientation" dimension or high vs low scorers on the "achievement orientation" dimension. The results clearly demonstrate that subjects are successful in manipulating their scores on the critical dimensions according to instruction. Moreover, they also fake related scales in a way that corroborates the intended image of a person with a high (or low) achievement (or social) orientation. The overall pattern of results reveals that subjects were able to distort their responses in a way that reflects their intuitive understanding of the dimensional structure of the FPI. The implications of the present findings for the use of personality inventories as valid diagnostic instruments are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1989,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Vergewaltigung : eine sozialpsychologische Analyse},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34478},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Der vorliegende Beitrag betrachtet Vergewaltigung und sexuelle N{\"o}tigung als soziale Probleme, die das Zusammenwirken von allgemeinen gesellschaftlichen Normen und vorherrschenden Einstellungen zu sexueller Gewalt gegen Frauen widerspiegeln. Ausgehend von einem kurzen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die juristischen und alltagspsychologischen Definitionen von Vergewaltigung und sexueller N{\"o}tigung stehen zwei Fragestellungen im Mittelpunkt: Zun{\"a}chst werden sozialpsychologische Befunde zur Zuschreibung von Mitverantwortung an Opfer von Vergewaltigungen diskutiert, in denen Einflußvariablen auf Opfer-, T{\"a}ter- und Beurteilerseite (z.B. sozialer Status des Opfers und Geschlechtsrollenorientierung des Beurteilers) identifiziert werden, die die Verantwortungszuschreibung an das Opfer bestimmen. Im zweiten Teil werden die psychologischen Konsequenzen einer Vergewaltigung f{\"u}r das Opfer unter Bezug auf das von Burgess und Holmstrom (1974) diagnostizierte Vergewaltigungstrauma-Syndrom diskutiert sowie neuere Ans{\"a}tze zur therapeutischen Betreuung vergewaltigter Frauen vorgestellt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1987,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Attributionsstrategien und Identit{\"a}tsdynamik},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34460},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: 1 Selbstwertdienliche Attributionen von Erfolg und Mißerfolg 2 „Selbstbehinderung" zur Vorbeugung gegen Verantwortlichkeit f{\"u}r Mißerfolg 3 Attributionen in der {\"O}ffentlichkeit: Identit{\"a}tsbehauptung durch Selbstdarstellung? 4 Personale Kontrolle und Attribution 5 Geschlechtsrollen-Identit{\"a}t und Attributionen f{\"u}r Erfolg und Mißerfolg 6 Zusammenfassung},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1985,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Die Zuschreibung von Verantwortlichkeit nach Vergewaltigung : Opfer und T{\"a}ter im Dickicht der attributionstheoretischen Forschung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34454},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {Die Zuschreibung von Verantwortlichkeit an Vergewaltigungsopfer und -t{\"a}ter in sozialen Urteilsprozessen hat sich im Zuge einer st{\"a}rkeren Anwendungsorientierung der attributionstheoretischen Forschung zu einem eigenst{\"a}ndigen Themenschwerpunkt entwickelt. Vor dem Hintergrund eines zunehmenden {\"o}ffentlichen Problembewußtseins ist zu fragen, welchen Beitrag die Attributionsforschung aktuell undpotentiell zur Kl{\"a}rung der Bedingungen und Konsequenzen von Verantwortungsurteilen {\"u}ber Opfer und T{\"a}ter von Vergewaltigungsdelikten leisten kann.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1985,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Verantwortungszuschreibungen in der sozialen Eindrucksbildung {\"u}ber Vergewaltigungsopfer und-t{\"a}ter : zur Replikation einiger amerikanischer Ergebnisse an einer deutschen Stichprobe},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34446},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {Aus der Vielzahl der in amerikanischen Studien untersuchten Einflußgr{\"o}ßen auf die Verantwortungsattributionen von Beobachtern an T{\"a}ter und Opfer in Vergewaltigungsdelikten wurden die auf Opfer-, T{\"a}ter- und Beurteilerseite am besten best{\"a}tigten Variablen herausgegriffen und einer Vergleichsuntersuchung mit einer deutschen Stichprobe zugrundegelegt: der soziale Status des Opfers, der soziale Status des T{\"a}ters und die Geschlechtszugeh{\"o}rigkeit der Beurteiler. 75 Versuchspersonen sahen einen Filmausschnitt, in dem eine Frau ihre Vergewaltigung schildert. Vor der Beurteilung der Verantwortlichkeit des Opfers und des T{\"a}ters erhielten die Vpn unterschiedliche Informationen {\"u}ber den sozialen Status des Opfers und des T{\"a}ters. Die Ausgangshypothesen wurden nur zum Teil best{\"a}tigt. Dem statush{\"o}heren Opfer wurde weniger Verantwortung zugeschrieben als dem itatusniedrigen, dem statush{\"o}heren T{\"a}ter wurde mehr Verantwortung zugeschrieben als dem statusniedrigen. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede zwischen den Beurteilern wurden nicht ermittelt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1986,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Similar perceptions, similar reactions : an idiographic approach to cross-situational coherence},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34435},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {The study provides a test of the interactionist concept of behavioral coherence across situations. Following an approach suggested by D. Magnusson and B. Ekehammer (1978, Journal of Research in Personality, 12, 41-48), individual correlations between self-reported behavior patterns and perceived similarity ratings across anxiety-provoking situations are obtained as measures of coherence. Unlike the Magnusson and Ekehammar study, the present measures of situation cognition and behavior are based on an idiographic sampling of anxiety-provoking situations. As a step toward concept-based measurement of situation cognition, further measures of perceived situational similarity are derived from the script, prototype, and social episodes models in social psychology and correlated with cross-situational similarity of behavioral profiles. It is demonstrated, in comparison with the findings of Magnusson and Ekehammar, that correlations between similarity ratings and behavior patterns increase substantially as a result of an idiographic sampling of situations. Moreover, it is shown that "script," "prototype," and "social episode" measures can be utilized to investigate the covariation between situation cognition and behavior, thus contributing to the clarification of the principles of cognitive representation of situational experience.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SixKrahe1984,
  author    = {Six, Bernd and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Implicit psychologists' estimates of attitude-behaviour consistencies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34427},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {To investigate the relationship between implicit psychological hypotheses and explicit empirical findings, summaries of twenty published studies on attitude-behaviour consistency were presented to a sample of forty-eight psychology undergraduates. Subjects were asked to estimate the percentage of agreement between attitudes and behaviour obtained by each study. Correlations between subjects' covariation judgements and empirically obtained attitude-behaviour consistencies were minimal and nonsignificant. Results are discussed in the light of more recent research on attitudebehaviour relationship.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheKundrotas1992,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Kundrotas, Silvia},
  title     = {Glaubw{\"u}rdigkeitsbeurteilung bei Vergewaltigungsanzeigen : ein aussagenanalytisches Feldexperiment},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34300},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Die Studie untersucht die Frage, ob sich anhand eines bereits bei kindlichen Zeugenaussagen bew{\"a}hrten Katalogs von Glaubhaftigkeitskriterien zwischen wahren und falschen Vergewaltigungsanzeigen unterscheiden l{\"a}ßt. Das Fallmaterial bestand aus dreißig authentischen Vernehmungsprotokollen, von denen je die H{\"a}lfte eingestandene Falschaussagen bzw. anhand von T{\"a}tergest{\"a}ndnissen oder Indizien als wahr klassifizierte Aussagen waren. Erfahrene Polizeibeamte aus dem Bereich Sexualstraftaten (N = 30) beurteilten diese F{\"a}lle anhand des Kriterienkatalogs von Steiler und K{\"o}hnken (1989) und gaben ein abschließendes Urteil {\"u}ber die Glaubw{\"u}rdigkeit jedes Falles ab. Eine zweite Gruppe von Polizeibeamten (N=22) beurteilte die F{\"a}lle ohne R{\"u}ckgriff auf Realkennzeichen als wahr bzw, falsch. Die diskriminanzanalytische Auswertung der Ergebnisse zeigt, daß der Kriterienkatalog insgesamt gut dazu geeignet ist, zwischen wahren und falschen Vergewaltigungsanzeigen zu differenzieren. Die Ergebnisse der schrittweisen Diskriminanzanalyse zeigen dar{\"u}ber hinaus, welche Glaubhaftigkeitskriterien im einzelnen einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Trennung zwischen Wahr- und Falschaussagen leisten. Der h{\"o}here Prozentsatz korrekter Klassifikationen in der Gruppe, die die Realkennzeichen verwendete, erreichte allerdings nur knapp statistische Signifikanz. Insgesamt st{\"u}tzt die vorliegende Studie die Grundannahme der Aussagenanalyse, daß die Analyse der sprachlichen Merkmale einer Aussage einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Beurteilung des Wahrheitsgehalts einer Anzeige leisten kann.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Krahe1992,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Personality and language},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34073},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Content Introduction Towards a framework for personality and language Personality and language Personal pronouns Adjectives as disposilional markers Cognitive properties of trait terms Everyday language and personality Speech end personality Conclusions and directions References},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1991,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Police officers' definitions of rape : a prototype study},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33922},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {The study investigates police officers' definitions of different rape situations. On the basis of the concept of 'cognitive prototypes' a methodology is developed which elicits consensual feature lists describing six rape situations: the typical, i.e. most common rape, the credible, dubious, and false rape complaints as weil as the rape experiences that are particularly hard vs. relatively easy for the victim to cope with. Qualitative analysis of the data allows the identification of the characteristic features defining the prototype of each rape situation, as weil as comparisons between the situations in terms of their common and distinctive features. It is shown that police officers, while sharing some of the widely held stereotypes about rape, generally perceive rape as a serious crime with long-term negative consequences for the victim. The quantitative analysis of prototype similarity between the six situations corroborates this conclusion by demonstrating a high similarity between the prototypes of the typical and the credible rape situation: In addition, subjects' general attitude towards rape victims is measured to compare the prototypes provided by respondents holding a positive vs. negative attitude towards rape victims. Findings for the two groups, however, reveal more similarities than differences in their descriptions of rape prototypes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the feasibility of the prototype approach presented in this study as a strategy for investigating implicit or common-sense theories of rape.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1991,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Social psychological issues in the study of rape},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33903},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {The chapter presents a social psychological approach to the study of rape and sexual assault. Two issues are at the core of this approach: identifying the critical variables that affect attributions of responsibility to victims of rape. and exploring people's subjective definitions of rape, which may differ markedly from legal definitions. Following a review of the American evidence, a series of studies conductcd in two European countries is presented to address these issues.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{EckesKraheSix1989,
  author    = {Eckes, Thomas and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Six, Bernd},
  title     = {Predicting behavior in natural settings : four field studies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33862},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Content Basic Concepts and Applied Perspectives in Attitude-Behavior Research Searching for Medium-Range Models of Behavior Prediction Putting the Models to Test General Discussion References},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheSemin1989,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Semin, G{\"u}n R.},
  title     = {In search of explanations : a rejoinder to Borkenau},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33859},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {The main points raised by Borkenau against our challenge of the 'intuitive psychometrics' view of personality judgements are discussed, in particular his example of the link between school grades and intelligence. It is argued that the semantic similarity interpretation advanced in our paper is more adequate and more parsimonious than explanations in terms of psychometric reasoning.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheSemin1988,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Semin, G{\"u}n R.},
  title     = {Explaining perceived cross-situational consistency : intuitive psychometrics or semantic mediation?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33847},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Recent studies at the interface of social cognition and personality theory have stressed lay persons' ability to 'function as intuitive psychometricians' (Epstein and Teraspulsky, 1986). This research argues that lay persons not only show a substantial degree of accuracy in estimating cross-situational generality of behaviour, but also take into account principles of aggregation over time. In contrast, it is argued here that lay persons' perceptions of the degree of relatedness of different behaviours are mediated largely by the decontextualized semantic relationships between behavioural descriptions. This argument finds support in two experimental studies which demonstrate that the main source for subjects' judgments of 'cross-situational consistency' can be found in an abstracted knowledge base which is represented and mediated through language. The implications of the findings are drawn out for personality research. in particular with reference to domain and item selection in questionnaires for research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Krahe1988,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Victim and observer characteristics as determinants of responsibility attributions to victims of rape},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33833},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Two field studies were conducted lo investigate the influence of observer and victim characteristics on attributions of victim and assailant responsibility in a rape case. In the first study, male and female subjects completed a measure of rape myth acceptance and were presented with a rape account after which they were asked to attribute responsibility to victim and assailant. In the second study, a new sample was asked to attribute responsibility to victim and assailant on the basis of one of two rape accounts in which victim's pre-rape behavior was manipulated. Results showed that both rape myth acceptance and victims' pre-rape behavior in influenced the degree of responsibility attributed to victims and assailants. No significant effects of subject gender were found. A more complex conceptualization is suggested of the link between observer and victim characteristics in social reactions to and evaluations of rape victims.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheSemin1987,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Semin, G{\"u}n R.},
  title     = {Lay conceptions of personality : eliciting tiers of a scientific conception of personality},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33827},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {Two studies are reported which examine the availability of scientific propositions of personality in lay conceptions of personality. It is argued from a social constructivist perspective that models of personality must derive from and refer to lay conceptions of persons. Eysenck's trait-type model of introversion-extroversion, containing specific propositions about phenotypic and genotypic differences between extraverts and introverts, was utilized as the scientific model of personality and its availability in lay conceptions of personality was examined in two studies. In the first study, subjects were presented with a genotypic characterization of either an introvert or an extravert target person and asked to infer corresponding phenotypic differences. In the second study, the inference process was reversed with subjects being asked to infer genotypic characteristics of introverts versus extraverts on the basis of phenotypic target person descriptions of the two types. Results from both studies show a high degree of accuracy in subjects' inferences, suggesting that laypersons have well-formed conceptions about personality containing 'higher-order' psychogenetic propositions corresponding to Eysenck's trait-type model. The implications of the findings for theory construction are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Schiefele1992,
  author    = {Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {Topic interest and levels of text comprehension},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33696},
  year      = {1992},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KrappSchiefeleWinteler1988,
  author    = {Krapp, Andreas and Schiefele, Ulrich and Winteler, Adolf},
  title     = {Studieninteresse und fachbezogene Wissensstruktur},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33674},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {F{\"u}r die Konstrukte Studieninteresse und Studienerfolg werden neue Konzeptualisierungen vorgeschlagen. Studieninteresse wird als bereichsspezifischer Person-Gegenstands-Bezug definiert. Die traditionellen Kriterien des Studienerfolgs (z.B. Examensnoten) werden durch das Kriterium der Qualit{\"a}t fachbezogener Wissensstrukturen ersetzt. Die durchgef{\"u}hrte Untersuchung sollte kl{\"a}ren, ob Studieninteresse die Bildung fachbezogener Wissensstrukturen beeinflußt. Auf der Basis des „Fragebogens zum Studieninteresse" (FSI) wurden 28 P{\"a}dagogikstudenten in drei Gruppen mit unterschiedlicher Interessenauspr{\"a}gung (hoch, mittel, niedrig) eingeteilt. Zur Ermittlung von Kennwerten der Wissensstruktur wurde ein Wortassoziationstest mit neun Stimulusbegriffen durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die drei Versuchsgruppen wurden mit einer Kontrollgruppe (29 Technikstudenten) und einer Expertengruppe (5 P{\"a}dagogen) verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen belegbaren Einfluß von Studieninteresse sowohl auf die Qualit{\"a}t der Assoziationen als auch auf die strukturelle Verkn{\"u}pfung der vorgegebenen Stimulusbegriffe. Die hoch interessierten Studenten stimmen dabei mehr mit der Expertengruppe, die niedrig interessierten Studenten mehr mit der Kontrollgruppe {\"u}berein. Die Ergebnisse werden als Beleg f{\"u}r unsere theoretischen {\"U}berlegungen gewertet.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{CsikszentmihalyiSchiefele1995,
  author    = {Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly and Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {Motivation and ability as factors in mathematics experience and achievement},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33668},
  year      = {1995},
  abstract  = {This study examined relationships among interest, achievement motivation, mathematical ability, the quality of experience when doing mathematics, and mathematics achievement. One hundred eight freshmen and sophomores (41 males, 67 females) completed interest ratings, an achievement motivation questionnaire, and the Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test. These assessments were followed by 1 week of experience sampling. Mathematics grades were available from the year before the study started, from the same year, and from the following 3 years. In addition, a measure of the students' course level in mathematics was included. The results showed that quality of experience when doing mathematics was mainly related to interest. Grades and course level were most strongly predicted by level of ability. Interest was found to contribute significantly to the prediction of grades for the second year and to the prediction of course level. Quality of experience was significantly correlated with grades but not course level.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SchiefeleWildWinteler1995,
  author    = {Schiefele, Ulrich and Wild, Klaus Peter and Winteler, Adolf},
  title     = {Lernaufwand und Elaborationsstrategien als Mediatoren der Beziehung von Studieninteresse und Studienleistung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33652},
  year      = {1995},
  abstract  = {In einer zweij{\"a}hrigen L{\"a}ngsschnittstudie wurde der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern Lernaufwand und Elaborationsstrategien den vermuteten Einfluß des Studieninteresses auf die zu einem sp{\"a}teren Zeitpunkt erbrachte Studienleistung vermitteln. An der Studie nahmen 92 Studenten verschiedener Studieng{\"a}nge teil. Zum ersten Erhebungszeitpunkt wurde mit Hilfe von Fragebogenverfahren das Studieninteresse, der Lernaufwand und die Verwendung von Elaborationsstrategien erfaßt. Zwei Jahre sp{\"a}ter wurden die Noten der inzwischen absolvierten Diplomvorpr{\"u}fung erhoben. Die Ergebnisse von Pfadanalysen mit latenten Variablen zeigen, daß der Lernaufwand - im Unterschied zu Elaborationsstrategien - als signifikanter Mediator des Interesseneffekts auf die Studienleistung angesehen werden kann. Elaborationsstrategien erscheinen als ein Nebenprodukt hohen Studieninteresses ohne Auswirkung auf die erreichten Leistungsbeurteilungen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{CsikszentmihalyiSchiefele1994,
  author    = {Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly and Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {Interest and the Quality of Experience in Classrooms},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33647},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {This study investigated the relation between interest in four different subject areas (mathematics, biology, English, history) and the quality of experience in class. The strength of interest as a predictor of experience was contrasted with that of achievement motivation and scholastic ability. A total of208 highly able freshmen and sophomores completed interest ratings, an achievement motivation questionnaire, and the Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test (PSAT). These assessments were followed by one week of experience sampling. In addition, grades were available for the subject areas involved. The results showed that interest was a significant predictor of the experience of potency, intrinsic motivation, self-esteem, and perception of skill. Controlling for ability and achievement motivation did not decrease the strength of these relations. Achievement motivation and ability proved to be considerably weaker predictors of the quality of experience than was interest. In addition, interest contributed significantly to the prediction of grades in mathematics, biology, and history, but not English. The main results and some limitations of the study are discussed, and suggestions for future research are made.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SchiefeleWild1994,
  author    = {Schiefele, Ulrich and Wild, Klaus Peter},
  title     = {Lernstrategien im Studium : Ergebnisse zur Faktorenstruktur und Reliabilit{\"a}t eines neuen Fragebogens},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33638},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet {\"u}ber die Entwicklung eines Inventars zur Erfassung von Lernstrategien im Studium (LIST). Das Verfahren gliedert sich in drei Teilbereiche: (1) «Kognitive Strategien», (2) «Metakognitive Strategien» und (3) «Ressourcenbezogene Strategien». Jeder Teilbereich wird durch mehrere Einzelskalen abgebildet. Der Fragebogen wurde nach verschiedenen Pilotuntersuchungen an einer Stichprobe von 310 Studenten verschiedener Studieng{\"a}nge eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine gut interpretierbare Faktorenstruktur sowie zufriedenstellende Reliabilit{\"a}tsindizes. Das Verfahren ist in erster Linie zur Anwendung bei Studenten vorgesehen, kann aber auch bei anderen erwachsenen Lernergruppen eingesetzt werden.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{SchiefeleWild1994,
  author    = {Schiefele, Ulrich and Wild, Klaus Peter},
  title     = {Aufmerksamkeit als Mediator des Einflusses von Interesse auf die Lernleistung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33624},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Studie stellt eine konzeptuelle Replikation der Untersuchung von Shirey \& Reynolds (1988) dar. In dieser Untersuchung ergab sich unerwarteterweise ein negativer Zusammenhang zwischen Interesse und Aufmerksamkeit, w{\"a}hrend gleichzeitig ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen Interesse und Behalten bestand. Unser Ziel war es, zu pr{\"u}fen, ob sich dieser erwartungswidrige Befund auch mit einer anderen Stichprobe und anderem Lernmaterial replizieren l{\"a}ßt. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus kontrollierten wir die subjektive Wichtigkeit des Lernmaterials und unterschieden zwischen w{\"o}rtlicher und bedeutungsorientierter Lernleistung. Die Ergebnisse unserer Studie stimmen weitgehend mit denen von Shirey \& Reynolds {\"u}berein. Abschließend diskutieren wir einige Interpretationsm{\"o}glichkeiten der Befunde und geben Hinweise f{\"u}r die weitere Forschung.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{SchiefeleSchreyer1994,
  author    = {Schiefele, Ulrich and Schreyer, Inge},
  title     = {Intrinsische Lernmotivation und Lernen : ein {\"U}berblick zu Ergebnissen der Forschung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33616},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen {\"U}berblick zu Theorien der intrinsischen Lernmotivation (ILM) und berichtet von einer Metaanalyse empirischer Befunde zum Zusammenhang von ILM und Lernen anhand von vier Gruppen von Lernindikatoren: Noten, Leistungstests, spezifische Lernkriterien (z.B. Behalten eines spezifischen Textes) und Verwendung von Lernstrategien. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß ILM niedrige aber konsistent positive Korrelationen mit Noten und Tests aufweist, und daß ILM vor allem tiefergehende bzw. konzeptuelle Formen des Lernens beg{\"u}nstigt. Die Auspr{\"a}gung extrinsischer Lernmotivation (ELM) erwies sich als schwacher und meist nicht signifikanter Pr{\"a}diktor der Lernleistung. Wenn {\"u}berhaupt, so scheint ELM oberfl{\"a}chliche Formen des Lernens zu f{\"o}rdern.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{KrappSchiefeleWildetal.1993,
  author    = {Krapp, Andreas and Schiefele, Ulrich and Wild, Klaus Peter and Winteler, Adolf},
  title     = {Der „Fragebogen zum Studieninteresse" (FSI)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33601},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Arbeit berichtet {\"u}ber die Entwicklung des „Fragebogen zum Studieninteresse" (FSI) und seine testtheoretische {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung. An der Untersuchung nahmen 298 Studenten verschiedener Studieng{\"a}nge teil. Ausgehend von einer 27 Items umfassenden Version verblieben aufgrund von Faktorenanalyse und Rasch- Skalierung 18 Items, die eine eindimensionale Skala bilden. Die interne Konsistenz (Alpha) des revidierten FSI betr{\"a}gt .90, die Test-Retest-Reliabilit{\"a}t .67 (Zeitspanne: 2 Jahre). Zur Pr{\"u}fung der Validit{\"a}t des revidierten FSI wurde eine Reihe weiterer Variablen erhoben (z.B. intrinsische motivationale Orientierung, T{\"a}tigkeitszentrierung, Extraversion, Verwendung von Lernstrategien, Studienleistung). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der FSI in ausreichendem Maße konvergente, diskriminante und kriteriumsbezogene Validit{\"a}t besitzt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{SchiefeleWild1993,
  author    = {Schiefele, Ulrich and Wild, Klaus Peter},
  title     = {Induktiv versus deduktiv entwickelte Fragebogenverfahren zur Erfassung von Merkmalen des Lernverhaltens},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33596},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {Die gegenw{\"a}rtig diskutierten Verfahren zur Erfassung von Lernstrategien, Lernstilen und Lernorientierungen k{\"o}nnen in zwei Gruppen unterteilt werden. Die erste Gruppe ist induktiv konstruiert worden und hat auf der Grundlage von Interviewstudien relativ globale Lernermerkmale postuliert. Typisch f{\"u}r diese Verfahren ist auch die Integration motivationaler und kognitiver Komponenten des Lernverhaltens. Die zweite Gruppe zeichnet sich durch ein deduktives Vorgehen aus. Ausgehend von kognitionspsychologischen Modellen des Lernprozesses sowie verschiedenen Motivationstheorien wurden differenzierte Trageb{\"o}gen zu Lernstrategien undmotivationalen Merkmalen entwickelt. Die kognitiven und motivationalen Komponenten sind dabei strikt getrennt worden. Der vorliegende Artikel stellt beide Gruppen von Verfahren anhand ausgew{\"a}hlter Beispiele dar und diskutiert ihre Vor- und Nachteile.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{CsikszentmihalyiSchiefele1993,
  author    = {Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly and Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {Die Qualit{\"a}t des Erlebens und der Prozeß des Lernens},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33578},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird argumentiert, daß das Erleben von „Flow" im Prozeß des Lernens f{\"u}r das Entstehen von intrinsischer Lernmotivation und f{\"u}r die kognitive Entwicklung der Sch{\"u}ler von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. Die FIow-Theorie von M. Csikszentmihalyi wird ausf{\"u}hrlich dargestellt und ihre Relevanz f{\"u}r den Lernprozeß erl{\"a}utert. Es werden zwei empirische Studien berichtet, die die Auswirkungen des Flow-Erlebens auf schulisches Lernen belegen. Schließlich wird der Versuch gemacht, Folgerungen f{\"u}r die p{\"a}dagogische Praxis abzuleiten.},
  language  = {de}
}