@article{GleichSpittaButleretal.2020,
  author    = {Gleich, Tobias and Spitta, Gianna and Butler, Oisin and Zacharias, Kristin and Aydin, Semiha and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Garbusow, Maria and Rapp, Michael Armin and Schubert, Florian and Buchert, Ralph and Heinz, Andreas and Gallinat, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in alcohol use disorder and individuals at high risk},
  series = {Addiction Biology},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {Addiction Biology},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1369-1600},
  doi       = {10.1111/adb.12915},
  pages     = {1 -- 10},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the most common substance use disorder worldwide. Although dopamine-related findings were often observed in AUD, associated neurobiological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigate D2/3 receptor availability in healthy participants, participants at high risk (HR) to develop addiction (not diagnosed with AUD), and AUD patients in a detoxified stage, applying F-18-fallypride positron emission tomography (F-18-PET). Specifically, D2/3 receptor availability was investigated in (1) 19 low-risk (LR) controls, (2) 19 HR participants, and (3) 20 AUD patients after alcohol detoxification. Quality and severity of addiction were assessed with clinical questionnaires and (neuro)psychological tests. PET data were corrected for age of participants and smoking status. In the dorsal striatum, we observed significant reductions of D2/3 receptor availability in AUD patients compared with LR participants. Further, receptor availability in HR participants was observed to be intermediate between LR and AUD groups (linearly decreasing). Still, in direct comparison, no group difference was observed between LR and HR groups or between HR and AUD groups. Further, the score of the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) was inversely correlated with D2/3 receptor availability in the combined sample. Thus, in line with a dimensional approach, striatal D2/3 receptor availability showed a linear decrease from LR participants to HR participants to AUD patients, which was paralleled by clinical measures. Our study shows that a core neurobiological feature in AUD seems to be detectable in an early, subclinical state, allowing more individualized alcohol prevention programs in the future.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KoesterKayhanLangelohetal.2020,
  author    = {K{\"o}ster, Moritz and Kayhan, Ezgi and Langeloh, Miriam and Hoehl, Stefanie},
  title     = {Making sense of the world},
  series = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Sage},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1745-6916},
  doi       = {10.1177/1745691619895071},
  pages     = {562 -- 571},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {For human infants, the first years after birth are a period of intense exploration-getting to understand their own competencies in interaction with a complex physical and social environment. In contemporary neuroscience, the predictive-processing framework has been proposed as a general working principle of the human brain, the optimization of predictions about the consequences of one's own actions, and sensory inputs from the environment. However, the predictive-processing framework has rarely been applied to infancy research. We argue that a predictive-processing framework may provide a unifying perspective on several phenomena of infant development and learning that may seem unrelated at first sight. These phenomena include statistical learning principles, infants' motor and proprioceptive learning, and infants' basic understanding of their physical and social environment. We discuss how a predictive-processing perspective can advance the understanding of infants' early learning processes in theory, research, and application.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PanYanLaubrock2020,
  author    = {Pan, Jinger and Yan, Ming and Laubrock, Jochen},
  title     = {Semantic preview benefit and cost},
  series = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science},
  volume    = {205},
  journal   = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0010-0277},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104452},
  pages     = {10},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {How is semantic information in the mental lexicon accessed and selected during reading? Readers process information of both the foveal and parafoveal words. Recent eye-tracking studies hint at bi-phasic lexical activation dynamics, demonstrating that semantically related parafoveal previews can either facilitate, or interfere with lexical processing of target words in comparison to unrelated previews, with the size and direction of the effect depending on exposure time to parafoveal previews. However, evidence to date is only correlational, because exposure time was determined by participants' pre-target fixation durations. Here we experimentally controlled parafoveal preview exposure duration using a combination of the gaze-contingent fast-priming and boundary paradigms. We manipulated preview duration and examined the time course of parafoveal semantic activation during the oral reading of Chinese sentences in three experiments. Semantic previews led to faster lexical access of target words than unrelated previews only when the previews were presented briefly (80 ms in Experiments 1 and 3). Longer exposure time (100 ms or 150 ms) eliminated semantic preview effects, and full preview without duration limit resulted in preview cost, i.e., a reversal of preview benefit. Our results indicate that high-level semantic information can be obtained from parafoveal words and the size and direction of the parafoveal semantic effect depends on the level of lexical activation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KwarikundaSchiefeleSsenyongaetal.2020,
  author    = {Kwarikunda, Diana and Schiefele, Ulrich and Ssenyonga, Joseph and Muwonge, Charles Magoba},
  title     = {The Relationship between Motivation for, and Interest in, Learning Physics among Lower Secondary School Students in Uganda},
  series = {African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1811-7295},
  doi       = {10.1080/18117295.2020.1841961},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-605353},
  pages     = {435 -- 446},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Motivation and interest affect students' learning especially in Physics, a subject learners perceive as abstract. The present study was guided by three objectives: (a) to adapt and validate the Science Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ-II) for the Ugandan context; (b) to examine whether there are significant differences in motivation for learning Physics with respect to students' gender; and (c) to establish the extent to which students' interest predicts their motivation to learn Physics. The sample comprised 374 randomly selected students from five schools in central Uganda who responded to anonymous questionnaires that included scales from the SMQ-II and the Individual Interest Questionnaire. Data were analysed using confirmatory factor analyses, t-tests and structural equation modelling in SPSS-25 and Mplus-8. The five-factor model solution of the SMQ-II fitted adequately with the present data, with deletion of one item. The modified SMQ-II exhibited invariant factor loadings and intercepts (i.e. strong measurement invariance) when administered to boys and girls. Furthermore, motivation for learning Physics did not vary with gender. Students' interest was related to motivation for learning Physics. Lastly, although students' interest significantly predicted all motivational constructs, we noted considerable predictive strength of interest on students' self-efficacy and self-determination in learning Physics. Implications of these findings for the teaching and learning of Physics at lower secondary school are discussed in the paper.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RudolphSchroederAbeSchuetz2020,
  author    = {Rudolph, Almut and Schr{\"o}der-Ab{\´e}, Michela and Sch{\"u}tz, Astrid},
  title     = {I like myself, I really do (at least right now)},
  series = {European journal of psychological assessment : EJPA},
  volume    = {36},
  journal   = {European journal of psychological assessment : EJPA},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1015-5759},
  doi       = {10.1027/1015-5759/a000501},
  pages     = {196 -- 206},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In five studies, we evaluated the psychometric properties of a revised German version of the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton \& Polivy, 1991). In Study 1, the results of a confirmatory factor analysis on the original scale revealed poor model fit and poor construct validity in a student sample that resembled those in the literature; thus, a revised 15-item version was developed (i.e., the SSES-R) and thoroughly validated. Study 2 showed a valid three-factor structure (Performance, Social, and Appearance) and good internal consistency of the SSES-R. Correlations between subscales of trait and state SE empirically supported the scale's construct validity. Temporal stability and intrapersonal sensitivity of the scale to naturally occurring events were investigated in Study 3. Intrapersonat sensitivity of the scale to experimentally induced changes in state SE was uncovered in Study 4 via social feedback (acceptance vs. rejection) and performance feedback (positive vs. negative). In Study 5, the scale's interpersonal sensitivity was confirmed by comparing depressed and healthy individuals. Finally, the usefulness of the SSES-R was demonstrated by assessing SE instability as calculated from repeated measures of state SE.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JuangSchachnerPevecZimmeretal.2020,
  author    = {Juang, Linda P. and Schachner, Maja Katharina and Pevec-Zimmer, Sharleen and Moffitt, Ursula Elinor},
  title     = {The Identity Project intervention in Germany},
  series = {New directions for child and adolescent development},
  volume    = {173},
  journal   = {New directions for child and adolescent development},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1534-8687},
  doi       = {10.1002/cad.20379},
  pages     = {65 -- 82},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We examined whether German adolescents who participated in an adapted 8-week school-based intervention, the Identity Project, reported greater changes in heritage and global identities and perceptions of classroom cultural climate. We used a longitudinal, wait-list control design pooling eight classrooms across the school years of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The sample included 195 seventh graders (M-age = 12.35 years, SD =.79, 39\% female, 83\% of migration background). Findings showed moderate support for more heritage identity exploration and greater perceptions of unequal treatment and critical consciousness climate in the intervention group. There were also important differences across conditions regarding how identity and climate related to adolescent outcomes. We conclude that the Identity Project can be adapted and applied in other cultural contexts such as Germany. It provides a necessary space for adolescents to engage in discussions about diversity, cultural heritage, social inequities, and their relevance to one's identities.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FelisattiAagtenMurphyLaubrocketal.2020,
  author    = {Felisatti, Arianna and Aagten-Murphy, David and Laubrock, Jochen and Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {The brain's asymmetric frequency tuning},
  series = {Symmetry / Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Symmetry / Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2073-8994},
  doi       = {10.3390/sym12122083},
  pages     = {25},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {To construct a coherent multi-modal percept, vertebrate brains extract low-level features (such as spatial and temporal frequencies) from incoming sensory signals. However, because frequency processing is lateralized with the right hemisphere favouring low frequencies while the left favours higher frequencies, this introduces asymmetries between the hemispheres. Here, we describe how this lateralization shapes the development of several cognitive domains, ranging from visuo-spatial and numerical cognition to language, social cognition, and even aesthetic appreciation, and leads to the emergence of asymmetries in behaviour. We discuss the neuropsychological and educational implications of these emergent asymmetries and suggest future research approaches.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GamezGuadixWachsWright2020,
  author    = {Gamez-Guadix, Manuel and Wachs, Sebastian and Wright, Michelle F.},
  title     = {"Haters back off!" psychometric properties of the coping with cyberhate questionnaire and relationship with well-being in Spanish adolescents},
  series = {Psicothema},
  volume    = {32},
  journal   = {Psicothema},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Colegio oficial de psicologos de asturias},
  address   = {Oviedo},
  issn      = {0214-9915},
  doi       = {10.7334/psicothema2020.219},
  pages     = {567 -- 574},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Background: Cyberhate is a growing form of online aggression against a person or a group based on race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, gender, religion, or disability. The present study aims to examine psychometric properties of the Coping with Cyberhate Questionnaire, the prevalence of coping strategies in Spanish adolescents, differences in coping strategies based in sex, age, and victim status, and the association between coping with cyberhate and adolescents' mental well-being. Method: The sample consisted of 1,005 adolescents between 12 and 18 years old (Mage = 14.28 years, SD = 1.63; 51.9\% girls) who completed self-report measures on coping strategies, victimization status, and mental well-being. Results: The results of confirmatory factor analyses showed a structure for the Coping with Cyberhate Questionnaire composed of six factors, namely Distal advice, Assertiveness, Helplessness/Selfblame, Close support, Technical coping, and Retaliation. It demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. The three most frequently endorsed coping strategies were Technical coping, Close support, and Assertiveness. In addition, lower Helplessness/Self-blame, and higher Close-support, Assertiveness, and Distal advice were significantly related to adolescents' better mental well-being. Conclusion: Prevention programs that educate adolescents about how to deal with cyberhate are needed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PanLaubrockYan2020,
  author    = {Pan, Jinger and Laubrock, Jochen and Yan, Ming},
  title     = {Phonological consistency effects in Chinese sentence reading},
  series = {Scientific studies of reading},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {Scientific studies of reading},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1088-8438},
  doi       = {10.1080/10888438.2020.1789146},
  pages     = {335 -- 350},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In two eye-tracking experiments, we investigated the processing of information about phonological consistency of Chinese phonograms during sentence reading. In Experiment 1, we adopted the error disruption paradigm in silent reading and found significant effects of phonological consistency and homophony in the foveal vision, but only in a late processing stage. Adding oral reading to Experiment 2, we found both effects shifted to earlier indices of parafoveal processing. Specifically, low-consistency characters led to a better homophonic foveal recovery effect in Experiment 1 and stronger homophonic preview benefits in Experiment 2. These findings suggest that phonological consistency information can be obtained during sentence reading, and compared to the low-consistency previews the high-consistency previews are processed faster, which leads to greater interference to the recognition of target characters.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DolcosKatsumiBogdanetal.2020,
  author    = {Dolcos, Florin and Katsumi, Yuta and Bogdan, Paul C. and Shen, Chen and Jun, Suhnyoung and Buetti, Simona and Lleras, Alejandro and Bost, Kelly Freeman and Weymar, Mathias and Dolcos, Sanda},
  title     = {The impact of focused attention on subsequent emotional recollection},
  series = {Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience},
  volume    = {138},
  journal   = {Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0028-3932},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107338},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In his seminal works, Endel Tulving argued that functionally distinct memory systems give rise to subjective experiences of remembering and knowing (i.e., recollection- vs. familiarity-based memory, respectively). Evidence shows that emotion specifically enhances recollection, and this effect is subserved by a synergistic mechanism involving the amygdala (AMY) and hippocampus (HC). In extreme circumstances, however, uncontrolled recollection of highly distressing memories may lead to symptoms of affective disorders. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that can diminish such detrimental effects. Here, we investigated the effects of Focused Attention (FA) on emotional recollection. FA is an emotion regulation strategy that has been proven quite effective in reducing the impact of emotional responses associated with the recollection of distressing autobiographical memories, but its impact during emotional memory encoding is not known. Functional MRI and eye-tracking data were recorded while participants viewed a series of composite negative and neutral images with distinguishable foreground (FG) and background (BG) areas. Participants were instructed to focus either on the FG or BG content of the images and to rate their emotional responses. About 4 days later, participants' memory was assessed using the R/K procedure, to indicate whether they Recollected specific contextual details about the encoded images or the images were just familiar to them - i.e., participants only Knew that they saw the pictures without being able to remember specific contextual details. First, results revealed that FA was successful in decreasing memory for emotional pictures viewed in BG Focus condition, and this effect was driven by recollection-based retrieval. Second, the BG Focus condition was associated with decreased activity in the AMY, HC, and anterior parahippocampal gyrus for subsequently recollected emotional items. Moreover, correlation analyses also showed that reduced activity in these regions predicted greater reduction in emotional recollection following FA. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of FA in mitigating emotional experiences and emotional recollection associated with unpleasant emotional events.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JacobsWollnySeidleretal.2020,
  author    = {Jacobs, Ingo and Wollny, Anna and Seidler, Juliana and Wochatz, Germar},
  title     = {A trait emotional intelligence perspective on schema modes},
  series = {Scandinavian Journal of Psychology},
  volume    = {62},
  journal   = {Scandinavian Journal of Psychology},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0036-5564},
  doi       = {10.1111/sjop.12670},
  pages     = {227 -- 236},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Schema modes (ormodes) are a key concept in the theory underlying schema therapy. Modes have rarely been related to established models of personality traits. The present study thus investigates the associations between trait emotional intelligence (TEI) and 14 modes, and tests a global TEI-mode factors-general psychological distress mediation model. The study draws on self-report data from 173 inpatients from a German clinic for psychosomatic medicine. Global TEI correlated positively with both healthy modes (happy child and healthy adult) and negatively with 10 maladaptive modes. When modes were regressed on the four TEI factors, six (emotionality), five (well-being), four (sociability), and four (self-control) significant partial effects on 10 modes emerged. In the parallel mediation model, the mode factors internalization and compulsivity fully mediated the global TEI-general psychological distress link. Implications of the results for the integration of modes with traits in general and with TEI in particular as well as implications of low TEI as a transdiagnostic feature of personality malfunctioning are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RomeroSanchezSkowronskiBohneretal.2020,
  author    = {Romero-Sanchez, Monica and Skowronski, Marika and Bohner, Gerd and Megias, Jesus L.},
  title     = {Talking about 'victims', 'survivors' and 'battered women'},
  series = {International Journal of Social Psychology : Revista de Psicolog{\´i}a Social},
  volume    = {36},
  journal   = {International Journal of Social Psychology : Revista de Psicolog{\´i}a Social},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Routledge},
  issn      = {0213-4748},
  doi       = {10.1080/02134748.2020.1840232},
  pages     = {30 -- 60},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Two studies addressed effects of the labels 'victim', 'battered woman' and 'survivor' on the perception of women who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV). Spanish undergraduates provided free associations (Study 1; N = 54) and completed semantic differentials (Study 2; N = 142) regarding the labels. Results showed that the term 'survivor' evoked more positive associations and ratings than both 'victim' and 'battered woman', which did not differ from each other. At the same time, however, when asked directly, participants rated 'survivor' as the least appropriate term. These seemingly opposing findings replicate research on the terms' use in sexual aggression. Results were independent of individuals' acceptance of myths about IPV or knowing a woman who has experienced IPV. Implications for the use of specific language when communicating about IPV are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HatukaiAlgomFischer2020,
  author    = {Hatukai, Tatiana and Algom, Daniel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Rodin has it!},
  series = {Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics},
  volume    = {210},
  journal   = {Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
  issn      = {0001-6918},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103160},
  pages     = {6},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We report a new discovery on the role of hands in guiding attention, using the classic Stroop effect as our assay. We show that the Stroop effect diminishes, hence selective attention improves, when observers hold their chin, emulating Rodin's famous sculpture, "The Thinker." In two experiments we show that the Rodin posture improves the selectivity of attention as efficiently as holding the hands nearby the visual stimulus (the near-hands effect). Because spatial proximity to the displayed stimulus is neither present nor intended, the presence of the Rodin effect implies that attentional prioritization by the hands is not limited to the space between the hands.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StraussBondueRoth2020,
  author    = {Strauß, Sophie and Bond{\"u}, Rebecca and Roth, Felix},
  title     = {Justice sensitivity in middle childhood},
  series = {Journal of personality assessment},
  volume    = {103},
  journal   = {Journal of personality assessment},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a]},
  issn      = {0022-3891},
  doi       = {10.1080/00223891.2020.1753754},
  pages     = {476 -- 488},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Research suggested that justice sensitivity (JS)-the tendency to perceive and negatively respond to injustice-may already manifest in middle childhood, but empirical evidence is sparse. We, therefore, examined the measurement of JS in this age range and its associations with prosocial behavior, aggressive behavior, temperamental traits, and social skills. We had 361 children between 6 and 10 years of age and/or their parents rate the children's JS and its potential correlates. We replicated the JS-factor structure with three correlated subscales in both child and parent-ratings that showed strict measurement invariance. In line with previous findings in older age groups, victim JS positively predicted aggressive and negatively predicted prosocial behavior, whereas observer and perpetrator JS positively predicted prosocial and perpetrator JS negatively predicted aggressive behavior. The JS perspectives showed expected links with temperamental traits. All three subscales were positively related to empathy and theory of mind, but victim JS was negatively related to affective self-regulation. Findings suggest that interpersonal differences in JS may reliably and validly be measured in middle childhood and that JS is associated with aggressive and prosocial behavior already in childhood. Thus, future research should consider the role of JS for moral and personality development and developmental psychopathology.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FelisattiLaubrockShakietal.2020,
  author    = {Felisatti, Arianna and Laubrock, Jochen and Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {A biological foundation for spatial-numerical associations},
  series = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
  volume    = {1477},
  journal   = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0077-8923},
  doi       = {10.1111/nyas.14418},
  pages     = {44 -- 53},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {"Left" and "right" coordinates control our spatial behavior and even influence abstract thoughts. For number concepts, horizontal spatial-numerical associations (SNAs) have been widely documented: we associate few with left and many with right. Importantly, increments are universally coded on the right side even in preverbal humans and nonhuman animals, thus questioning the fundamental role of directional cultural habits, such as reading or finger counting. Here, we propose a biological, nonnumerical mechanism for the origin of SNAs on the basis of asymmetric tuning of animal brains for different spatial frequencies (SFs). The resulting selective visual processing predicts both universal SNAs and their context-dependence. We support our proposal by analyzing the stimuli used to document SNAs in newborns for their SF content. As predicted, the SFs contained in visual patterns with few versus many elements preferentially engage right versus left brain hemispheres, respectively, thus predicting left-versus rightward behavioral biases. Our "brain's asymmetric frequency tuning" hypothesis explains the perceptual origin of horizontal SNAs for nonsymbolic visual numerosities and might be extensible to the auditory domain.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BondueBilginWarschburger2020,
  author    = {Bond{\"u}, Rebecca and Bilgin, Ayten and Warschburger, Petra},
  title     = {Justice sensitivity and rejection sensitivity as predictors and outcomes of eating disorder pathology},
  series = {The international journal of eating disorders},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {The international journal of eating disorders},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {New York, NY},
  issn      = {0276-3478},
  doi       = {10.1002/eat.23273},
  pages     = {926 -- 936},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Objective: Rejection sensitivity and justice sensitivity are personality traits that are characterized by frequent perceptions and intense adverse responses to negative social cues. Whereas there is good evidence for associations between rejection sensitivity, justice sensitivity, and internalizing problems, no longitudinal studies have investigated their association with eating disorder (ED) pathology so far. Thus, the present study examined longitudinal relations between rejection sensitivity, justice sensitivity, and ED pathology. Method: Participants (N = 769) reported on their rejection sensitivity, justice sensitivity, and ED pathology at 9-19 (T1), 11-21 (T2), and 14-22 years of age (T3). Results: Latent cross-lagged models showed longitudinal associations between ED pathology and anxious rejection sensitivity, observer and victim justice sensitivity. T1 and T2 ED pathology predicted higher T2 and T3 anxious rejection sensitivity, respectively. In turn, T2 anxious rejection sensitivity predicted more T3 ED pathology. T1 observer justice sensitivity predicted more T2 ED pathology, which predicted higher T3 observer justice sensitivity. Furthermore, T1 ED pathology predicted higher T2 victim justice sensitivity. Discussion: Rejection sensitivity-particularly anxious rejection sensitivity-and justice sensitivity may be involved in the maintenance or worsening of ED pathology and should be considered by future research and in prevention and treatment of ED pathology. Also, mental health problems may increase rejection sensitivity and justice sensitivity traits in the long term.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AyBrysonWeckHeinzeetal.2020,
  author    = {Ay-Bryson, Destina Sevde and Weck, Florian and Heinze, Peter Eric and Lang, Thomas and K{\"u}hne, Franziska},
  title     = {Can psychotherapy trainees distinguish standardized patients from real patients?},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie},
  volume    = {49},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1616-3443},
  doi       = {10.1026/1616-3443/a000594},
  pages     = {182 -- 190},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Background: Under the new psychotherapy law in Germany, standardized patients (SPs) are to become a standard component inpsychotherapy training, even though little is known about their authenticity.Objective:The present pilot study explored whether, followingan exhaustive two-day SP training, psychotherapy trainees can distinguish SPs from real patients. Methods: Twenty-eight psychotherapytrainees (M= 28.54 years of age,SD= 3.19) participated as blind raters. They evaluated six video-recorded therapy segments of trained SPsand real patients using the Authenticity of Patient Demonstrations Scale. Results: The authenticity scores of real patients and SPs did notdiffer (p= .43). The descriptive results indicated that the highest score of authenticity was given to an SP. Further, the real patients did notdiffer significantly from the SPs concerning perceived impairment (p= .33) and the likelihood of being a real patient (p= .52). Conclusions: The current results suggest that psychotherapy trainees were unable to distinguish the SPs from real patients. We therefore stronglyrecommend incorporating training SPs before application. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WagnerHofmannMaass2020,
  author    = {Wagner, Birgit and Hofmann, Laura and Maaß, Ulrike},
  title     = {Online-group intervention after suicide bereavement through the use of webinars},
  series = {Trials},
  volume    = {21},
  journal   = {Trials},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {BioMed Central},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1468-6694},
  doi       = {10.1186/s13063-019-3891-5},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Introduction: The death of a significant person through suicide is a very difficult experience and can have long-term impact on an individual's psychosocial and physical functioning. However, there are only few studies that have examined the effects of interventions in suicide survivors. In the present study, we examine an online-group intervention for people bereaved by suicide using a group-webinar. Methods: The intervention was developed based on focus groups with the target group. The cognitive-behavioral 12-module webinar-based group intervention focuses on suicide bereavement-related themes such as feelings of guilt, stigmatization, meaning reconstruction and the relationship to the deceased. Further, the webinar includes testimonial videos and psychoeducation. The suicide survivors are randomized to the intervention or the waiting list in a group-cluster randomized controlled trial. Primary outcomes are suicidality (Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II) and secondary outcomes are symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (Inventory of Complicated Grief-German Version ), posttraumatic stress disorder ( Revised Impact of Event Scale ), stigmatization (Stigma of Suicide and Suicide Survivor ) and posttraumatic cognitions (Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory). Discussion: Previous studies of Internet-based interventions for the bereaved were based on writing interventions showing large treatment effects. Little is known about the use of webinars as group interventions. Advantages and challenges of this novel approach of psychological interventions will be discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PhilippKristonKuehneetal.2020,
  author    = {Philipp, Rebecca and Kriston, Levente and K{\"u}hne, Franziska and Harter, Martin and Meister, Ramona},
  title     = {Concepts of metacognition in the treatment of patients with mental disorders},
  series = {Journal of rational emotive and cognitive behavior therapy},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {Journal of rational emotive and cognitive behavior therapy},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York, NY},
  issn      = {0894-9085},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10942-019-00333-3},
  pages     = {173 -- 183},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {While metacognitive interventions are gaining attention in the treatment of various mental disorders, a review of the literature showed that the term is often defined poorly and used for a variety of psychotherapeutic approaches that do not necessarily pursue the same goal. We give a summary of three metacognitive interventions which were developed within a sound theoretical framework-metacognitive therapy, metacognitive training, and metacognitively-oriented integrative psychotherapies-and discuss their similarities and distinctive features. We then offer an integrative operational definition of metacognitive interventions as goal-oriented treatments that target metacognitive content, which is characterized by the awareness and understanding of one's own thoughts and feelings as well as the thoughts and feelings of others. They aim to alleviate disorder-specific and individual symptoms by gaining more flexibility in cognitive processing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KawasakiAkamatsuOmorietal.2020,
  author    = {Kawasaki, Yui and Akamatsu, Rie and Omori, Mika and Sugawara, Masumi and Yamazaki, Yoko and Matsumoto, Satoko and Fujiwara, Yoko and Iwakabe, Shigeru and Kobayashi, Tetsuyuki},
  title     = {Development and validation of the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale},
  series = {International journal of health care quality assurance},
  volume    = {33},
  journal   = {International journal of health care quality assurance},
  number    = {4-5},
  publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
  address   = {Bingley},
  issn      = {0952-6862},
  doi       = {10.1108/IJHCQA-01-2020-0009},
  pages     = {309 -- 321},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Purpose To develop and validate the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES), an expanded mindful eating model created for the promotion of health and sustainability. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaire surveys on Ochanomizu Health Study (OHS) was conducted. The survey was provided to 1,388 female university students in Tokyo, Japan. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and a partial correlation analysis were used to confirm construct and criterion validity. Internal consistency of the EMES was confirmed to calculate Cronbach's alpha. Findings The response rate was 38.7 \% (n = 537). Mean BMI was 20.21 +/- 2.12, and 18.8\% of them were classified as "lean" (BMI < 18.5). The authors listed 25 items and obtained a final factor structure of five factors and 20 items, as a result of EFA. Through CFA, the authors obtained the following fit indices for a final model: GFI = 0.914, AGFI = 0.890, CFI = 0.870 and RMSEA = 0.061. The total EMES score was significantly correlated with BMI, mindfulness, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness and life satisfaction (r = -0.138, -0.315, -0.339, -0.281 and 0.149,p < 0.01, respectively). Cronbach's alpha for all items in this scale was 0.687. Practical implications The authors suggest the possibility that practitioners and researchers of mindful eating that includes this new concept can use authors' novel scale as an effective measurement tool. Originality/value The EMES, which can multidimensionally measure the concept of the expanded model of mindful eating was first developed in this study.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{D'AscenzoLugliNicolettietal.2020,
  author    = {D'Ascenzo, Stefania and Lugli, Luisa and Nicoletti, Roberto and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Assessing orienting of attention to understand the time course of mental calculation},
  series = {Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science},
  volume    = {21},
  journal   = {Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg ; Berlin},
  issn      = {1612-4782},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10339-020-00970-y},
  pages     = {493 -- 500},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Number processing induces spatial attention shifts to the left or right side for small or large numbers, respectively. This spatial-numerical association (SNA) extends to mental calculation, such that subtractions and additions induce left or right biases, respectively. However, the time course of activating SNAs during mental calculation is unclear. Here, we addressed this issue by measuring visual position discrimination during auditory calculation. Thirty-four healthy adults listened in each trial to five successive elements of arithmetic facts (first operand, operator, second operand, equal and result) and verbally classified their correctness. After each element (except for the result), a fixation dot moved equally often to either the left or right side and participants pressed left or right buttons to discriminate its movement direction (four times per trial). First and second operand magnitude (small/large), operation (addition/subtraction), result correctness (right/wrong) and movement direction (left/right) were balanced across 128 trials. Manual reaction times of dot movement discriminations were considered in relation to previous arithmetic elements. We found no evidence of early attentional shifts after first operand and operator presentation. Discrimination performance was modulated consistent with SNAs after the second operand, suggesting that attentional shifts occur once there is access to all elements necessary to complete an arithmetic operation. Such late-occurring attention shifts may reflect a combination of multiple element-specific biases and confirm their functional role in mental calculation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShakiFischer2020,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Nothing to dance about: unclear evidence for symbolic representations and numerical competence in honeybees},
  series = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London : B, Biological sciences},
  volume    = {287},
  journal   = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London : B, Biological sciences},
  number    = {1925},
  publisher = {Royal Society},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0962-8452},
  doi       = {10.1098/rspb.2019.2840},
  pages     = {2},
  year      = {2020},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KoenigAblerAgartzetal.2020,
  author    = {Koenig, Julian and Abler, Birgit and Agartz, Ingrid and akerstedt, Torbjorn and Andreassen, Ole A. and Anthony, Mia and Baer, Karl-Juergen and Bertsch, Katja and Brown, Rebecca C. and Brunner, Romuald and Carnevali, Luca and Critchley, Hugo D. and Cullen, Kathryn R. and de Geus, Eco J. C. and de la Cruz, Feliberto and Dziobek, Isabel and Ferger, Marc D. and Fischer, Hakan and Flor, Herta and Gaebler, Michael and Gianaros, Peter J. and Giummarra, Melita J. and Greening, Steven G. and Guendelman, Simon and Heathers, James A. J. and Herpertz, Sabine C. and Hu, Mandy X. and Jentschke, Sebastian and Kaess, Michael and Kaufmann, Tobias and Klimes-Dougan, Bonnie and Koelsch, Stefan and Krauch, Marlene and Kumral, Deniz and Lamers, Femke and Lee, Tae-Ho and Lekander, Mats and Lin, Feng and Lotze, Martin and Makovac, Elena and Mancini, Matteo and Mancke, Falk and Mansson, Kristoffer N. T. and Manuck, Stephen B. and Mather, Mara and Meeten, Frances and Min, Jungwon and Mueller, Bryon and Muench, Vera and Nees, Frauke and Nga, Lin and Nilsonne, Gustav and Ordonez Acuna, Daniela and Osnes, Berge and Ottaviani, Cristina and Penninx, Brenda W. J. H. and Ponzio, Allison and Poudel, Govinda R. and Reinelt, Janis and Ren, Ping and Sakaki, Michiko and Schumann, Andy and Sorensen, Lin and Specht, Karsten and Straub, Joana and Tamm, Sandra and Thai, Michelle and Thayer, Julian F. and Ubani, Benjamin and van Der Mee, Denise J. and van Velzen, Laura S. and Ventura-Bort, Carlos and Villringer, Arno and Watson, David R. and Wei, Luqing and Wendt, Julia and Schreiner, Melinda Westlund and Westlye, Lars T. and Weymar, Mathias and Winkelmann, Tobias and Wu, Guo-Rong and Yoo, Hyun Joo and Quintana, Daniel S.},
  title     = {Cortical thickness and resting-state cardiac function across the lifespan},
  series = {Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research},
  volume    = {58},
  journal   = {Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0048-5772},
  doi       = {10.1111/psyp.13688},
  pages     = {16},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Understanding the association between autonomic nervous system [ANS] function and brain morphology across the lifespan provides important insights into neurovisceral mechanisms underlying health and disease. Resting-state ANS activity, indexed by measures of heart rate [HR] and its variability [HRV] has been associated with brain morphology, particularly cortical thickness [CT]. While findings have been mixed regarding the anatomical distribution and direction of the associations, these inconsistencies may be due to sex and age differences in HR/HRV and CT. Previous studies have been limited by small sample sizes, which impede the assessment of sex differences and aging effects on the association between ANS function and CT. To overcome these limitations, 20 groups worldwide contributed data collected under similar protocols of CT assessment and HR/HRV recording to be pooled in a mega-analysis (N = 1,218 (50.5\% female), mean age 36.7 years (range: 12-87)). Findings suggest a decline in HRV as well as CT with increasing age. CT, particularly in the orbitofrontal cortex, explained additional variance in HRV, beyond the effects of aging. This pattern of results may suggest that the decline in HRV with increasing age is related to a decline in orbitofrontal CT. These effects were independent of sex and specific to HRV; with no significant association between CT and HR. Greater CT across the adult lifespan may be vital for the maintenance of healthy cardiac regulation via the ANS-or greater cardiac vagal activity as indirectly reflected in HRV may slow brain atrophy. Findings reveal an important association between CT and cardiac parasympathetic activity with implications for healthy aging and longevity that should be studied further in longitudinal research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WagnerRosenbergHofmannetal.2020,
  author    = {Wagner, Birgit and Rosenberg, Nicole and Hofmann, Laura and Maaß, Ulrike},
  title     = {Web-based bereavement care},
  series = {Frontiers in psychiatry},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychiatry},
  publisher = {Frontiers Media},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-0640},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00525},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Background: Web-based interventions have been introduced as novel and effective treatments for mental disorders and, in recent years, specifically for the bereaved. However, a systematic summary of the effectiveness of online interventions for people experiencing bereavement is still missing. Objective: A systematic literature search was conducted by four reviewers who reviewed and meta-analytically summarized the evidence for web-based interventions for bereaved people. Methods: Systematic searches (PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, Medline, and CINAHL) resulted in seven randomized controlled trials (N= 1,257) that addressed adults having experienced bereavement using internet-based interventions. We used random effects models to summarize treatment effects for between-group comparisons (treatmentvs.control at post) and stability over time (postvs.follow-up). Results: All web-based interventions were based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In comparison with control groups, the interventions showed moderate (g= .54) to large effects (g= .86) for symptoms of grief and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), respectively. The effect for depression was small (g= .44). All effects were stable over time. A higher number of treatment sessions achieved higher effects for grief symptoms and more individual feedback increased effects for depression. Other moderators (i.e.dropout rate, time since loss, exposure) did not significantly reduce moderate degrees of heterogeneity between the studies. Limitations: The number of includable studies was low in this review resulting to lower power for moderator analyses in particular. Conclusions: Overall, the results of web-based bereavement interventions are promising, and its low-threshold approach might reduce barriers to bereavement care. Nonetheless, future research should further examine potential moderators and specific treatment components (e.g.exposure, feedback) and compare interventions with active controls.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AustinBondueElsner2020,
  author    = {Austin, Gina and Bond{\"u}, Rebecca and Elsner, Birgit},
  title     = {Executive function, theory of mind, and conduct-problem symptoms in middle childhood},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Media},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00539},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Studies show relations between executive function (EF), Theory of Mind (ToM), and conduct-problem (CP) symptoms. However, many studies have involved cross-sectional data, small clinical samples, pre-school children, and/or did not consider potential mediation effects. The present study examined the longitudinal relations between EF, ToM abilities, and CP symptoms in a population-based sample of 1,657 children between 6 and 11 years (T1: M = 8.3 years, T2: M = 9.1 years; 51.9\% girls). We assessed EF skills and ToM abilities via computerized tasks at first measurement (T1), CP symptoms were rated via parent questionnaires at T1 and approximately 1 year later (T2). Structural-equation models showed a negative relation between T1 EF and T2 CP symptoms even when controlling for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and other variables. This relation was fully mediated by T1 ToM abilities. The study shows how children's abilities to control their thoughts and behaviors and to understand others' mental states interact in the development of CP symptoms.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CajarEngbertLaubrock2020,
  author    = {Cajar, Anke and Engbert, Ralf and Laubrock, Jochen},
  title     = {How spatial frequencies and color drive object search in real-world scenes},
  series = {Journal of vision},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {Journal of vision},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology},
  address   = {Rockville},
  issn      = {1534-7362},
  doi       = {10.1167/jov.20.7.8},
  pages     = {16},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {When studying how people search for objects in scenes, the inhomogeneity of the visual field is often ignored. Due to physiological limitations, peripheral vision is blurred and mainly uses coarse-grained information (i.e., low spatial frequencies) for selecting saccade targets, whereas high-acuity central vision uses fine-grained information (i.e., high spatial frequencies) for analysis of details. Here we investigated how spatial frequencies and color affect object search in real-world scenes. Using gaze-contingent filters, we attenuated high or low frequencies in central or peripheral vision while viewers searched color or grayscale scenes. Results showed that peripheral filters and central high-pass filters hardly affected search accuracy, whereas accuracy dropped drastically with central low-pass filters. Peripheral filtering increased the time to localize the target by decreasing saccade amplitudes and increasing number and duration of fixations. The use of coarse-grained information in the periphery was limited to color scenes. Central filtering increased the time to verify target identity instead, especially with low-pass filters. We conclude that peripheral vision is critical for object localization and central vision is critical for object identification. Visual guidance during peripheral object localization is dominated by low-frequency color information, whereas high-frequency information, relatively independent of color, is most important for object identification in central vision.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MichałowskiWiwatowskaWeymar2020,
  author    = {Michałowski, Jarosław M. and Wiwatowska, Ewa and Weymar, Mathias},
  title     = {Brain potentials reveal reduced attention and error-processing during a monetary Go/No-Go task in procrastination},
  series = {Scientific reports},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Scientific reports},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2045-2322},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-020-75311-2},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Procrastination is a self-regulatory problem of voluntarily and destructively delaying intended and necessary or personally important tasks. Previous studies showed that procrastination is associated with executive dysfunctions that seem to be particularly strong in punishing contexts. In the present event-related potential (ERP) study a monetary version of the parametric Go/No-Go task was performed by high and low academic procrastinators to verify the influence of motivational context (reward vs. punishment expectation) and task difficulty (easy vs. hard) on procrastination-related executive dysfunctions. The results revealed increased post-error slowing along with reduced P300 and error-related negativity (ERN) amplitudes in high (vs. low) procrastination participants-effects that indicate impaired attention and error-related processing in this group. This pattern of results did not differ as a function of task difficulty and motivation condition. However, when the task got more difficult executive attention deficits became even more apparent at the behavioral level in high procrastinators, as indexed by increased reaction time variability. The findings substantiate prior preliminary evidence that procrastinators show difficulties in certain aspects of executive functioning (in attention and error processing) during execution of task-relevant behavior, which may be more apparent in highly demanding situations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchusterTomaszewska2020,
  author    = {Schuster, Isabell and Tomaszewska, Paulina},
  title     = {Pathways from child sexual and physical abuse to sexual and physical intimate partner violence victimization through attitudes toward intimate partner violence},
  series = {Journal of family violence},
  volume    = {36},
  journal   = {Journal of family violence},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0885-7482},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10896-020-00180-2},
  pages     = {443 -- 453},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Although many studies have shown that victims of child abuse have an increased vulnerability to revictimization in intimate relationships, the underlying mechanisms are not yet sufficiently well understood. Therefore, this study aimed at examining this relationship for both sexual and physical forms of violence as well as investigating the potential mediating role of attitudes toward sexual and physical intimate partner violence (IPV). Also, the potential moderating role of gender was explored. Sexual and physical child abuse and IPV victimization in adulthood as well as attitudes toward the respective form of IPV were assessed among 716 participants (448 female) in an online survey. The path analyses showed that child sexual abuse was positively linked to sexual IPV victimization among both women and men, whereas child physical abuse was positively associated with physical IPV victimization among women only. Furthermore, the relationship between both forms of child abuse and IPV victimization was mediated through more supportive attitudes toward the respective forms of IPV, but only among men. This study provides novel insights regarding the links between sexual and physical child abuse and revictimization in adulthood, suggesting that supporting attitudes toward IPV may be seen as vulnerability factor for revictimization. The moderating role of gender is especially discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KratkySchroederAbe2020,
  author    = {Kratky, Nicole and Schr{\"o}der-Ab{\´e}, Michela},
  title     = {A court file analysis of child protection cases},
  series = {Child \& family social work},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {Child \& family social work},
  number    = {S1},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1356-7500},
  doi       = {10.1111/cfs.12744},
  pages     = {169 -- 177},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Children's participation in legal proceedings affecting them personally has been gaining importance. So far, a primary research concern has been how children experience their participation in court proceedings. However, little is known about the child's voice itself: Are children able to clearly express their wishes, and if so, what do they say in child protection cases? In this study, we extracted information about children's statements from court file data of 220 child protection cases in Germany. We found 182 children were asked about their wishes. The majority of the statements found came either from reports of the guardians ad litem or from judicial records of the child hearings. Using content analysis, three main aspects of the statements were extracted: wishes concerning main place of residence, wishes about whom to have or not contact with, and children granting decision-making authority to someone else. Children's main focus was on their parents, but others (e.g., relatives and foster care providers) were also mentioned. Intercoder agreement was substantial. Making sure that child hearings are as informative as possible is in the child's best interest. Therefore, the categories developed herein might help professionals to ask questions more precisely relevant to the child.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JuangSchachnerPevecZimmeretal.2020,
  author    = {Juang, Linda P. and Schachner, Maja Katharina and Pevec-Zimmer, Sharleen and Moffitt, Ursula Elinor},
  title     = {The Identity Project intervention in Germany},
  series = {New directions for child and adolescent development},
  volume    = {173},
  journal   = {New directions for child and adolescent development},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1534-8687},
  doi       = {10.1002/cad.20379},
  pages     = {65 -- 82},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We examined whether German adolescents who participated in an adapted 8-week school-based intervention, the Identity Project, reported greater changes in heritage and global identities and perceptions of classroom cultural climate. We used a longitudinal, wait-list control design pooling eight classrooms across the school years of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The sample included 195 seventh graders (M-age = 12.35 years, SD =.79, 39\% female, 83\% of migration background). Findings showed moderate support for more heritage identity exploration and greater perceptions of unequal treatment and critical consciousness climate in the intervention group. There were also important differences across conditions regarding how identity and climate related to adolescent outcomes. We conclude that the Identity Project can be adapted and applied in other cultural contexts such as Germany. It provides a necessary space for adolescents to engage in discussions about diversity, cultural heritage, social inequities, and their relevance to one's identities.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PatzwaldMatthesElsner2020,
  author    = {Patzwald, Christiane and Matthes, Daniel and Elsner, Birgit},
  title     = {Eighteen-month-olds integrate verbal cues into their action processing},
  series = {Infant behavior \& development : an international and interdisciplinary journal},
  volume    = {58},
  journal   = {Infant behavior \& development : an international and interdisciplinary journal},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0163-6383},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101414},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Behavioral research has shown that infants use both behavioral cues and verbal cues when processing the goals of others' actions. For instance, 18-month-olds selectively imitate an observed goal-directed action depending on its (in)congruence with a model's previous verbal announcement of a desired action goal. This EEG-study analyzed the electrophysiological underpinnings of these behavioral findings on the two functional levels of conceptual action processing and motor activation. Mid-latency mean negative ERP amplitude and mu-frequency band power were analyzed while 18-month-olds (N = 38) watched videos of an adult who performed one out of two potential actions on a novel object. In a within-subjects design, the action demonstration was preceded by either a congruent or an incongruent verbally announced action goal (e.g., "up" or "down" and upward movement). Overall, ERP negativity did not differ between conditions, but a closer inspection revealed that in two subgroups, about half of the infants showed a broadly distributed increased mid-latency ERP negativity (indicating enhanced conceptual action processing) for either the congruent or the incongruent stimuli, respectively. As expected, mu power at sensorimotor sites was reduced (indicating enhanced motor activation) for congruent relative to incongruent stimuli in the entire sample. Both EEG correlates were related to infants' language skills. Hence, 18-month-olds integrate action-goal-related verbal cues into their processing of others' actions, at the functional levels of both conceptual processing and motor activation. Further, cue integration when inferring others' action goals is related to infants' language proficiency.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchusterTomaszewskaMarchewkaetal.2020,
  author    = {Schuster, Isabell and Tomaszewska, Paulina and Marchewka, Juliette and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Does question format matter in assessing the prevalence of sexual aggression?},
  series = {The journal of sex research},
  volume    = {58},
  journal   = {The journal of sex research},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0022-4499},
  doi       = {10.1080/00224499.2020.1777927},
  pages     = {502 -- 511},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {As research on sexual aggression has been growing, methodological issues in assessing prevalence rates have received increased attention. Building on work by Abbey and colleagues about effects of question format, participants in this study (1,253; 621 female; 632 male) were randomly assigned to one of two versions of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). In Version 1, the coercive tactic (use/threat of physical force, exploitation of the inability to resist, verbal pressure) was presented first, and sexual acts (sexual touch, attempted and completed sexual intercourse, other sexual acts) were presented as subsequent questions. In Version 2, sexual acts were presented first, and coercive tactics as subsequent questions. No version effects emerged for overall perpetration rates reported by men and women. The overall victimization rate across all items was significantly higher in the tactic-first than in the sexual-act-first conditions for women, but not for men. Classifying participants by their most severe experience of sexual victimization showed that fewer women were in the nonvictim category and more men were in the nonconsensual sexual contact category when the coercive tactic was presented first. Sexual experience background did not moderate the findings. The implications for the measurement of self-reported sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShakiFischer2020,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Systematic spatial distortion of quantitative estimates},
  series = {Psychological research},
  volume    = {85},
  journal   = {Psychological research},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg},
  issn      = {0340-0727},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00426-020-01390-5},
  pages     = {2177 -- 2185},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Magnitude estimation has been studied since the beginnings of scientific psychology and constitutes a fundamental aspect of human behavior. Yet, it has apparently never been noticed that estimates depend on the spatial arrangement used. We tested 167 adults in three experiments to show that the spatial layout of stimuli and responses systematically distorts number estimation, length production, and weight reproduction performance. The direction of distortion depends on the observer's counting habits, but does not seem to reflect the use of spatially associated number concepts. Our results imply that all quantitative estimates are contaminated by a "spell of space" whenever stimuli or responses are spatially distributed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RabovskyMcClelland2020,
  author    = {Rabovsky, Milena and McClelland, James L.},
  title     = {Quasi-compositional mapping from form to meaning},
  series = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London : B, Biological sciences},
  volume    = {375},
  journal   = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London : B, Biological sciences},
  number    = {1791},
  publisher = {Royal Society},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0962-8436},
  doi       = {10.1098/rstb.2019.0313},
  pages     = {9},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We argue that natural language can be usefully described as quasi-compositional and we suggest that deep learning-based neural language models bear long-term promise to capture how language conveys meaning. We also note that a successful account of human language processing should explain both the outcome of the comprehension process and the continuous internal processes underlying this performance. These points motivate our discussion of a neural network model of sentence comprehension, the Sentence Gestalt model, which we have used to account for the N400 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP), which tracks meaning processing as it happens in real time. The model, which shares features with recent deep learning-based language models, simulates N400 amplitude as the automatic update of a probabilistic representation of the situation or event described by the sentence, corresponding to a temporal difference learning signal at the level of meaning. We suggest that this process happens relatively automatically, and that sometimes a more-controlled attention-dependent process is necessary for successful comprehension, which may be reflected in the subsequent P600 ERP component. We relate this account to current deep learning models as well as classic linguistic theory, and use it to illustrate a domain general perspective on some specific linguistic operations postulated based on compositional analyses of natural language. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards mechanistic models of meaning composition'.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchusterTomaszewskaKrahe2020,
  author    = {Schuster, Isabell and Tomaszewska, Paulina and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Changing cognitive risk factors for sexual aggression},
  series = {Journal of interpersonal violence},
  volume    = {37},
  journal   = {Journal of interpersonal violence},
  number    = {3-4},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks},
  issn      = {0886-2605},
  doi       = {10.1177/0886260520922341},
  pages     = {NP1377 -- NP1400},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Sexual aggression is a problem among college students worldwide, and a growing body of research has identified variables associated with an increased risk of victimization and perpetration. Among these, sexuality-related cognitions, such as sexual scripts, sexual self-esteem, perceived realism of pornography, and acceptance of sexual coercion, play a major role. The current experimental study aimed to show that these cognitive risk factors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are amenable to change, which is a critical condition for evidence-based intervention efforts. College students in Germany (N = 324) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a treatment group designed to change participants' sexual scripts for consensual sex with regard to the role of alcohol consumption, casual sex, and ambiguous communication of sexual intentions as risk factors for sexual aggression (EG1), a treatment group designed to promote sexual self-esteem, challenge the perceived realism of pornography, and reduce the acceptance of sexual coercion (EG2), and a non-treatment control group (CG). Baseline (T1), post-experimental (T2), and follow-up (T3) measures were taken across an eight-week period. Sexual scripts contained fewer risk factors for sexual aggression in EG1 than in EG2 and CG at T3. Sexual self-esteem was enhanced in EG2 at T2 relative to the other two groups. Acceptance of sexual coercion was lower in EG2 than in EG1 and CG at T2 and T3. No effect was found for perceived realism of pornography. The findings are discussed in terms of targeting cognitive risk factors as a basis for intervention programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MeierWeymarSchwabe2020,
  author    = {Meier, Jacqueline Katharina and Weymar, Mathias and Schwabe, Lars},
  title     = {Stress alters the neural context for building new memories},
  series = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience},
  volume    = {32},
  journal   = {Journal of cognitive neuroscience},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {MIT Press},
  address   = {Cambridge},
  issn      = {0898-929X},
  doi       = {10.1162/jocn_a_01613},
  pages     = {2226 -- 2240},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Stressful events affect mnemonic processing, in particular for emotionally arousing events. Previous research on the mechanisms underlying stress effects on human memory focused on stress-induced changes in the neural activity elicited by a stimulus. We tested an alternative mechanism and hypothesized that stress may already alter the neural context for successful memory formation, reflected in the neural activity preceding a stimulus. Therefore, 69 participants underwent a stress or control procedure before encoding neutral and negative pictures. During encoding, we recorded high-density EEG and analyzed-based on multivariate searchlight analyses-oscillatory activity and cross-frequency coupling patterns before stimulus onset that were predictive of memory tested 24 hr later. Prestimulus theta predicted subsequent memory in controls but not in stressed participants. Instead, prestimulus gamma predicted successful memory formation after stress, specifically for emotional material. Likewise, stress altered the patterns of prestimulus theta-beta and theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling predictive of subsequent memory, again depending on the emotionality of the presented material. Our data suggest that stress changes the neural context for building new memories, tuning this neural context specifically to the encoding of emotionally salient events. These findings point to a yet unknown mechanism through which stressful events may change (emotional) memory formation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SzeskaRichterWendtetal.2020,
  author    = {Szeska, Christoph and Richter, Jan and Wendt, Julia and Weymar, Mathias and Hamm, Alfons O.},
  title     = {Promoting long-term inhibition of human fear responses by non-invasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation during extinction training},
  series = {Scientific reports},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Scientific reports},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2045-2322},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-020-58412-w},
  pages     = {16},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Inhibiting fear-related thoughts and defensive behaviors when they are no longer appropriate to the situation is a prerequisite for flexible and adaptive responding to changing environments. Such inhibition of defensive systems is mediated by ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), limbic basolateral amygdala (BLA), and brain stem locus-coeruleus noradrenergic system (LC-NAs). Non-invasive, transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) has shown to activate this circuit. Using a multiple-day single-cue fear conditioning and extinction paradigm, we investigated long-term effects of tVNS on inhibition of low-level amygdala modulated fear potentiated startle and cognitive risk assessments. We found that administration of tVNS during extinction training facilitated inhibition of fear potentiated startle responses and cognitive risk assessments, resulting in facilitated formation, consolidation and long-term recall of extinction memory, and prevention of the return of fear. These findings might indicate new ways to increase the efficacy of exposure-based treatments of anxiety disorders.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SeeligRabeMalemShinitskietal.2020,
  author    = {Seelig, Stefan A. and Rabe, Maximilian Michael and Malem-Shinitski, Noa and Risse, Sarah and Reich, Sebastian and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Bayesian parameter estimation for the SWIFT model of eye-movement control during reading},
  series = {Journal of mathematical psychology},
  volume    = {95},
  journal   = {Journal of mathematical psychology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {San Diego},
  issn      = {0022-2496},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jmp.2019.102313},
  pages     = {32},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Process-oriented theories of cognition must be evaluated against time-ordered observations. Here we present a representative example for data assimilation of the SWIFT model, a dynamical model of the control of fixation positions and fixation durations during natural reading of single sentences. First, we develop and test an approximate likelihood function of the model, which is a combination of a spatial, pseudo-marginal likelihood and a temporal likelihood obtained by probability density approximation Second, we implement a Bayesian approach to parameter inference using an adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure. Our results indicate that model parameters can be estimated reliably for individual subjects. We conclude that approximative Bayesian inference represents a considerable step forward for computational models of eye-movement control, where modeling of individual data on the basis of process-based dynamic models has not been possible so far.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KuehneHeinzeWeck2020,
  author    = {K{\"u}hne, Franziska and Heinze, Peter Eric and Weck, Florian},
  title     = {What do laypersons believe characterises a competent psychotherapist?},
  series = {Counselling and psychotherapy research},
  volume    = {21},
  journal   = {Counselling and psychotherapy research},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1473-3145},
  doi       = {10.1002/capr.12343},
  pages     = {660 -- 671},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Aim Although research and clinical definitions of psychotherapeutic competence have been proposed, less is known about the layperson perspective. The aim was to explore the views of individuals with different levels of psychotherapy experience regarding what-in their views-constitutes a competent therapist. Method In an online survey, 375 persons (64\% female, mean age 33.24 years) with no experience, with professional experience, or with personal pre-experience with psychotherapy participated. To provide low-threshold questions, we first presented two qualitative items (i.e. "In your opinion, what makes a good/competent psychotherapist?"; "How do you recognize that a psychotherapist is not competent?") and analysed them using inductive content analysis techniques (Mayring, 2014). Then, we gave participants a 16-item questionnaire including items from previous surveys and from the literature and analysed them descriptively. Results Work-relatedprinciples, professionalism, personalitycharacteristics, caringcommunication, empathy and understandingwere important categories of competence. Concerning the quantitative questions, most participants agreed with items indicating that a therapist should be open, listen well, show empathy and behave responsibly. Conclusion Investigating layperson perspectives suggested that effective and professional interpersonal behaviour of therapists plays a central role in the public's perception of psychotherapy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MaassHofmannPerlingeretal.2020,
  author    = {Maaß, Ulrike and Hofmann, Laura and Perlinger, Julia and Wagner, Birgit},
  title     = {Effects of bereavement groups-a systematic review and meta-analysis},
  series = {Death studies},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {Death studies},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0748-1187},
  doi       = {10.1080/07481187.2020.1772410},
  pages     = {708 -- 718},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {This review summarizes the evidence of bereavement groups for symptoms of grief and depression. The literature search using Web of Science, EBSCO, PubMed, CINAHL, and MEDLINE yielded 14 studies (N = 1519) meeting the inclusion criteria (i.e., randomized-controlled trials, bereaved adults, bereavement group, validated measures). Overall, bereavement groups were marginally more effective than control groups post-treatment (gG = 0.33, gD = 0.22) but not at follow-up. Although tertiary interventions yielded larger effect sizes than secondary interventions, the difference was not significant. The results imply that the evidence for bereavement groups is weak, although the large heterogeneity of concepts for intervention and control groups limits the generalizability.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Rabovsky2020,
  author    = {Rabovsky, Milena},
  title     = {Change in a probabilistic representation of meaning can account for N400 effects on articles},
  series = {Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience},
  volume    = {143},
  journal   = {Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0028-3932},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107466},
  pages     = {7},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Increased N400 amplitudes on indefinite articles (a/an) incompatible with expected nouns have been initially taken as strong evidence for probabilistic pre-activation of phonological word forms, and recently been intensely debated because they have been difficult to replicate. Here, these effects are simulated using a neural network model of sentence comprehension that we previously used to simulate a broad range of empirical N400 effects. The model produces the effects when the cue validity of the articles concerning upcoming noun meaning in the learning environment is high, but fails to produce the effects when the cue validity of the articles is low due to adjectives presented between articles and nouns during training. These simulations provide insight into one of the factors potentially contributing to the small size of the effects in empirical studies and generate predictions for cross-linguistic differences in article induced N400 effects based on articles' cue validity. The model accounts for article induced N400 effects without assuming pre-activation of word forms, and instead simulates these effects as the stimulus-induced change in a probabilistic representation of meaning corresponding to an implicit semantic prediction error.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MaassKuehneMaasetal.2020,
  author    = {Maaß, Ulrike and K{\"u}hne, Franziska and Maas, Jana and Unverdross, Maria and Weck, Florian},
  title     = {Psychological interventions for health anxiety and somatic symptoms},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Psychologie = Journal of psychology},
  volume    = {228},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Psychologie = Journal of psychology},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {2190-8370},
  doi       = {10.1027/2151-2604/a000400},
  pages     = {68 -- 80},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {This study examined the effectiveness of psychological interventions for severe health anxiety (SHA) regarding somatic symptoms (SS) and health anxiety (HA). The databases Web of Science, EBSCO, and CENTRAL were searched on May 15, 2019, May 16, 2019, and August 5, 2019, respectively. Eighteen randomized controlled trials (N = 2,050) met the inclusion criteria (i.e., hypochondriasis, illness anxiety disorder or somatic symptom disorder with elevated HA being assessed with validated interviews: use of standardized outcome measures). Two reviewers independently evaluated the studies' risk of bias using the Revised Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool for randomized trials (RoB-2) tool. Overall, psychological interventions were significantly more effective than waitlist, treatment-as-usual, or placebo post-treatment (g(SS) = 0.70, g(HA) = 1.11) and at follow-up (g(SS) = 0.33, g(HA)= 0.70). CBT outperformed other psychological interventions or pharmacotherapy for HA post- treatment (Hedge's g(HA) = 0.81). The number of sessions did not significantly predict the effect sizes. In sum, psychological interventions were effective for SHA, but the generalizability of the results for SS is limited, because only two high-quatity trials contributed to the comparison.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GiraudierVenturaBortWeymar2020,
  author    = {Giraudier, Manon and Ventura-Bort, Carlos and Weymar, Mathias},
  title     = {Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (TVNS) on emotional word processing and recognition memory},
  series = {Psychophysiology},
  volume    = {57},
  journal   = {Psychophysiology},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Malden},
  issn      = {0048-5772},
  pages     = {S73 -- S73},
  year      = {2020},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SkowronskiBuschingKrahe2020,
  author    = {Skowronski, Marika and Busching, Robert and Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Predicting adolescents' self-objectification from sexualized video game and Instagram use},
  series = {Sex roles : a journal of research},
  volume    = {84},
  journal   = {Sex roles : a journal of research},
  number    = {9-10},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0360-0025},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11199-020-01187-1},
  pages     = {584 -- 598},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {A growing body of research has demonstrated negative effects of sexualization in the media on adolescents' body image, but longitudinal studies and research including interactive and social media are scarce. The current study explored the longitudinal associations of adolescents' use of sexualized video games (SVG) and sexualized Instagram images (SII) with body image concerns. Specifically, our study examined relations between adolescents' SVG and SII use and appearance comparisons, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance. A sample of 660 German adolescents (327 female, 333 male;M-age = 15.09 years) participated in two waves with an interval of 6 months. A structural equation model showed that SVG and SII use at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. Furthermore, SVG and SII use indirectly predicted both thin- and muscular-ideal internalization through appearance comparisons at Time 1. In turn, thin-ideal internalization at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. The results indicate that sexualization in video games and on Instagram can play an important role in increasing body image concerns among adolescents. We discuss the findings with respect to objectification theory and the predictive value of including appearance comparisons in models explaining the relation between sexualized media and self-objectification.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VenturaBortSchnabelWendtetal.2020,
  author    = {Ventura-Bort, Carlos and Schnabel, Ella and Wendt, Julia and Weymar, Mathias},
  title     = {Influence of resting heart rate variability on affect processing in different induction contexts},
  series = {Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research},
  volume    = {57},
  journal   = {Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Malden},
  issn      = {0048-5772},
  pages     = {S39 -- S39},
  year      = {2020},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ChenNebeMojtahedzadehetal.2020,
  author    = {Chen, Hao and Nebe, Stephan and Mojtahedzadeh, Negin and Kuitunen-Paul, Soren and Garbusow, Maria and Schad, Daniel and Rapp, Michael Armin and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Heinz, Andreas and Smolka, Michael N.},
  title     = {Susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control is associated with early hazardous alcohol use},
  series = {Addiction biology},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {Addiction biology},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1355-6215},
  doi       = {10.1111/adb.12983},
  pages     = {1 -- 14},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tasks examine the influence of Pavlovian stimuli on ongoing instrumental behaviour. Previous studies reported associations between a strong PIT effect, high-risk drinking and alcohol use disorder. This study investigated whether susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control is linked to risky alcohol use in a community sample of 18-year-old male adults. Participants (N = 191) were instructed to 'collect good shells' and 'leave bad shells' during the presentation of appetitive (monetary reward), aversive (monetary loss) or neutral Pavlovian stimuli. We compared instrumental error rates (ER) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain responses between the congruent and incongruent conditions, as well as among high-risk and low-risk drinking groups. On average, individuals showed a substantial PIT effect, that is, increased ER when Pavlovian cues and instrumental stimuli were in conflict compared with congruent trials. Neural PIT correlates were found in the ventral striatum and the dorsomedial and lateral prefrontal cortices (lPFC). Importantly, high-risk drinking was associated with a stronger behavioural PIT effect, a decreased lPFC response and an increased neural response in the ventral striatum on the trend level. Moreover, high-risk drinkers showed weaker connectivity from the ventral striatum to the lPFC during incongruent trials. Our study links interference during PIT to drinking behaviour in healthy, young adults. High-risk drinkers showed higher susceptibility to Pavlovian cues, especially when they conflicted with instrumental behaviour, indicating lower interference control abilities. Increased activity in the ventral striatum (bottom-up), decreased lPFC response (top-down), and their altered interplay may contribute to poor interference control in the high-risk drinkers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RuzanskaWarschburger2020,
  author    = {Ruzanska, Ulrike Alexandra and Warschburger, Petra},
  title     = {How is intuitive eating related to self-reported and laboratory food intake in middle-aged adults?},
  series = {Eating behaviors},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {Eating behaviors},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1471-0153},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101405},
  pages     = {9},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {As intuitive eating (IE) is characterized by eating in response to internal cues of hunger and satiety and by monitoring the effect of food on the body, it has been hypothesized to lead to healthy food intake. Evidence concerning its link to food intake is scarce. This experimental study investigated the relationship between IE and food intake in middle-aged adults. Fifty-five participants aged 50-70 years completed the Intuitive Eating Scale 2 to measure IE. Usual consumption frequency of fruits, vegetables, snacks and sweets was assessed as a measure of healthy self-reported food intake. A taste test of apples, carrots, coated peanuts and chocolate was conducted as a measure of healthy and total laboratory food intake. Regression analyses were performed using Frequentist and Bayesian methods of inference. In line with our hypothesis, IE was associated with healthier self-reported food intake (medium effect size: f(2) = 0.24). The data were 49.80 times more likely under H-1 than under H-0. Contrary to our hypotheses, IE was neither associated with healthy nor total laboratory food intake in classical regression analyses. The accompanying Bayes factors revealed inconclusive evidence. Data only allow drawing cautious conclusions about the different relationship between IE and the self-reported consumption frequency of the foods vs. the amount of these foods consumed in a single test situation. Future studies combining different measures of IE (e.g., behavioral paradigms) and self-reported (e.g., diet quality, portion sizes) and laboratory (e.g., repeated taste tests with pre-selected foods) food intake are warranted to further explore their relationship.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwetlickRothkegelTrukenbrodetal.2020,
  author    = {Schwetlick, Lisa and Rothkegel, Lars Oliver Martin and Trukenbrod, Hans Arne and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Modeling the effects of perisaccadic attention on gaze statistics during scene viewing},
  series = {Communications biology},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {Communications biology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer Nature},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2399-3642},
  doi       = {10.1038/s42003-020-01429-8},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Lisa Schwetlick et al. present a computational model linking visual scan path generation in scene viewing to physiological and experimental work on perisaccadic covert attention, the act of attending to an object visually without obviously moving the eyes toward it. They find that integrating covert attention into predictive models of visual scan paths greatly improves the model's agreement with experimental data. <br /> How we perceive a visual scene depends critically on the selection of gaze positions. For this selection process, visual attention is known to play a key role in two ways. First, image-features attract visual attention, a fact that is captured well by time-independent fixation models. Second, millisecond-level attentional dynamics around the time of saccade drives our gaze from one position to the next. These two related research areas on attention are typically perceived as separate, both theoretically and experimentally. Here we link the two research areas by demonstrating that perisaccadic attentional dynamics improve predictions on scan path statistics. In a mathematical model, we integrated perisaccadic covert attention with dynamic scan path generation. Our model reproduces saccade amplitude distributions, angular statistics, intersaccadic turning angles, and their impact on fixation durations as well as inter-individual differences using Bayesian inference. Therefore, our result lend support to the relevance of perisaccadic attention to gaze statistics.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheBerger2020,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja},
  title     = {Correlates of victim-perpetrator overlap in sexual aggression among men and women},
  series = {Psychology of violence},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Psychology of violence},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {2152-0828},
  doi       = {10.1037/vio0000282},
  pages     = {564 -- 574},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Objective: The study replicated and extended a study by Peterson, Beagley, McCallum, and Artime (2019), who studied differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors in men who were both victims and perpetrators of sexual assault, only victims, only perpetrators, or neither. They found a heightened rate of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and some evidence of greater traumatic sexualization in men who were both victims and perpetrators. Method: Our sample consisted of 2,149 college students (39.6\% male) in Germany. We measured sexual aggression perpetration and victimization, CSA, sexual self-esteem, depressive symptoms, risky sexual scripts, and risky sexual behavior. Results: Perpetration rates were significantly higher among victims than among nonvictims, and the victim-perpetrator group scored highest on CSA. A significant effect of group membership was found on measures of depressive symptoms, risky sexual scripts, and risky sexual behavior in both sex groups, mainly due to differences of the victim-only, perpetrator-only, and victim-perpetrator groups from the nonvictim-nonperpetrator group. The effect on sexual self-esteem was found for women only. Few differences emerged between the victim-only, perpetrator-only, and victim-perpetrator groups. Most associations remained significant when controlling for CSA. Conclusion: We found a substantial overlap between victimization and perpetration but no evidence for a special vulnerability of the victim-perpetrator group. Instead, experiences of victimization, perpetration, or both were linked to more negative correlates compared with individuals who were neither victims nor perpetrators. The findings need to be interpreted with caution due to the small number of individuals in the perpetrator-only and victim-perpetrator groups.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KuehneAyBrysonMarschneretal.2020,
  author    = {K{\"u}hne, Franziska and Ay-Bryson, Destina Sevde and Marschner, Linda and Weck, Florian},
  title     = {The heterogeneous course of OCD},
  series = {Psychiatry research : the official publication of the International Society for Neuroimaging in Psychiatry},
  volume    = {285},
  journal   = {Psychiatry research : the official publication of the International Society for Neuroimaging in Psychiatry},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Clare},
  issn      = {0165-1781},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112821},
  pages     = {7},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Although effective treatments exist, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is, according to the views of patients and experts, still associated with chronicity, a term with no clear and consistent definition. To improve patient care and to foster research, a clear distinction between the various concepts of chronicity cited in the literature is crucial. The aim was thus to explicate central concepts related to courses and trajectories in OCD based on an explorative, scoping search of the existing literature. Our review revealed a considerable lack in content validity, as the concepts were operationalized inconsistently. Concepts related to symptom improvement were (complete) recovery, partial/full remission and partial/full response. Terms used in relation with symptom stability or worsening were chronic/continuous, intermittent and episodic course, waxing and waning, relapse, recurrence, deterioration and treatment-refractoriness. All concepts are explained and visualized as a result of the review. Further, based on authors' remarks, we present recommendations on how to enhance care for chronic OCD patients, namely training psychotherapists to apply CBT as intended, managing patient beliefs about disease and treatment, and adapting psychotherapy to OCD subtypes. Finally, we then propose a literature-based definition of treatment-refractory OCD.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BackhausEngbertRothkegeletal.2020,
  author    = {Backhaus, Daniel and Engbert, Ralf and Rothkegel, Lars Oliver Martin and Trukenbrod, Hans Arne},
  title     = {Task-dependence in scene perception: Head unrestrained viewing using mobile eye-tracking},
  series = {Journal of vision},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {Journal of vision},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology},
  address   = {Rockville},
  issn      = {1534-7362},
  doi       = {10.1167/jov.20.5.3},
  pages     = {1 -- 21},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Real-world scene perception is typically studied in the laboratory using static picture viewing with restrained head position. Consequently, the transfer of results obtained in this paradigm to real-word scenarios has been questioned. The advancement of mobile eye-trackers and the progress in image processing, however, permit a more natural experimental setup that, at the same time, maintains the high experimental control from the standard laboratory setting. We investigated eye movements while participants were standing in front of a projector screen and explored images under four specific task instructions. Eye movements were recorded with a mobile eye-tracking device and raw gaze data were transformed from head-centered into image-centered coordinates. We observed differences between tasks in temporal and spatial eye-movement parameters and found that the bias to fixate images near the center differed between tasks. Our results demonstrate that current mobile eye-tracking technology and a highly controlled design support the study of fine-scaled task dependencies in an experimental setting that permits more natural viewing behavior than the static picture viewing paradigm.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SoemerSchiefele2020,
  author    = {Soemer, Alexander and Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {Working memory capacity and (in)voluntary mind wandering},
  series = {Psychonomic bulletin \& review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society},
  volume    = {27},
  journal   = {Psychonomic bulletin \& review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1069-9384},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13423-020-01737-4},
  pages     = {758 -- 767},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {According to influential accounts of mind wandering (MW), working memory capacity (WMC) plays a key role in controlling the amount of off-task thought during the execution of a demanding task. Whereas WMC has primarily been associated with reduced levels of involuntarily occurring MW episodes in prior research, here we demonstrate for the first time that high-WMC individuals exhibit lower levels of voluntary MW. One hundred and eighty participants carried out a demanding reading task and reported their attentional state in response to random thought probes. In addition, participants' WMC was measured with two common complex span tasks (operation span and symmetry span). As a result, WMC was negatively related to both voluntary and involuntary MW, and the two forms of MW partially mediated the positive effect of WMC on reading performance. Furthermore, the negative relation between voluntary WM and reading remained significant after controlling for interest. Thus, in contrast to prior research suggesting that voluntary MW might be more closely related to motivation rather than WMC, the present results demonstrate that high-WMC individuals tend to limit both involuntary and voluntary MW more strictly than low-WMC individuals.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KruegelRothkegelEngbert2020,
  author    = {Kr{\"u}gel, Andr{\´e} and Rothkegel, Lars and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {No exception from Bayes' rule},
  series = {Journal of vision},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {Journal of vision},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {ARVO},
  address   = {Rockville},
  issn      = {1534-7362},
  doi       = {10.1167/jov.20.7.15},
  pages     = {14},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In an influential theoretical model, human sensorimotor control is achieved by a Bayesian decision process, which combines noisy sensory information and learned prior knowledge. A ubiquitous signature of prior knowledge and Bayesian integration in human perception and motor behavior is the frequently observed bias toward an average stimulus magnitude (i.e., a central-tendency bias, range effect, regression-to-the-mean effect). However, in the domain of eye movements, there is a recent controversy about the fundamental existence of a range effect in the saccadic system. Here we argue that the problem of the existence of a range effect is linked to the availability of prior knowledge for saccade control. We present results from two prosaccade experiments that both employ an informative prior structure (i.e., a nonuniform Gaussian distribution of saccade target distances). Our results demonstrate the validity of Bayesian integration in saccade control, which generates a range effect in saccades. According to Bayesian integration principles, the saccadic range effect depends on the availability of prior knowledge and varies in size as a function of the reliability of the prior and the sensory likelihood.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeinzeFatfoutaSchroederAbe2020,
  author    = {Heinze, Peter Eric and Fatfouta, Ramzi and Schr{\"o}der-Abe, Michela},
  title     = {Validation of an implicit measure of antagonistic narcissism},
  series = {Journal of research in personality},
  volume    = {88},
  journal   = {Journal of research in personality},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {San Diego},
  issn      = {0092-6566},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103993},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Narcissism has traditionally been assessed using explicit measures, yet contemporary measures are limited in their ability to capture people's automatic (i.e., implicit) self-evaluations. Here, we propose the antagonistic narcissism Implicit Association Test (AN-IAT). Three studies (N = 1082) using self-, informant-reports, and other implicit measures tested the psychometric properties of the AN-IAT. The AN-IAT showed high internal consistency and good temporal stability. The measure was positively associated with (antagonistic) narcissism, aggression, and lack of empathy, but unrelated to communal, pathological, and agentic narcissism as well as self-esteem. The AN-IAT predicted self- and informantratings of aggression and empathy beyond self-reports of antagonistic and agentic narcissism, and agreeableness. Together, the antagonistic narcissism IAT is a promising addition to the assessment of narcissism.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Krahe2020,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {Risk cactors for the development of aggressive behavior from middle childhood to adolescence},
  series = {Current directions in psychological science},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Current directions in psychological science},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Sage},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks},
  issn      = {0963-7214},
  doi       = {10.1177/0963721420917721},
  pages     = {333 -- 339},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In this article, I examine the development of aggressive behavior from middle childhood to adolescence as a result of the interaction between the person and the environment and discuss implications for intervention measures. Three main questions are addressed and illustrated by examples from recent research: What are intrapersonal risk factors for the development and persistence of aggressive behavior from middle childhood to adolescence? What factors in the social environment contribute to the development of aggressive behavior? How do individual dispositions and environmental risk factors interact to explain developmental trajectories of aggressive behavior?},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Malesza2020,
  author    = {Malesza, Marta},
  title     = {Grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism in prisoner's dilemma game},
  series = {Personality and individual differences},
  volume    = {158},
  journal   = {Personality and individual differences},
  publisher = {Pergamon Press; Elsevier Science},
  address   = {Oxford, Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0191-8869},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.paid.2020.109841},
  pages     = {5},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The aim of this article is to investigate the role of the grandiose and vulnerable narcissism in the economic game. One widely employed paradigm in this field of experimental economic games is the prisoner's dilemma-used to examine competitive versus cooperative behaviour. In the present study a prisoner's dilemma game was administrated to individuals (N = 320), along with measures of grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism and impulsivity. Specifically, our results show that vulnerable narcissism has a significant positive effect on defecting behaviors, while grandiose narcissism has a significant positive effect on cooperation in the initial round. However, while the game proceeded, grandiose narcissism started to have a positive effect on defecting behaviors too. This suggests that grandiose narcissists have, at least initially, positive qualities to them which can make them popular, but in the long run they lose their positive reputation and their likeability and willingness to cooperate decrease.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AdamElsner2020,
  author    = {Adam, Maurits and Elsner, Birgit},
  title     = {The impact of salient action effects on 6-, 7-, and 11-month-olds' goal-predictive gaze shifts for a human grasping action},
  series = {PLOS ONE},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {PLOS ONE},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0240165},
  pages     = {18},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {When infants observe a human grasping action, experience-based accounts predict that all infants familiar with grasping actions should be able to predict the goal regardless of additional agency cues such as an action effect. Cue-based accounts, however, suggest that infants use agency cues to identify and predict action goals when the action or the agent is not familiar. From these accounts, we hypothesized that younger infants would need additional agency cues such as a salient action effect to predict the goal of a human grasping action, whereas older infants should be able to predict the goal regardless of agency cues. In three experiments, we presented 6-, 7-, and 11-month-olds with videos of a manual grasping action presented either with or without an additional salient action effect (Exp. 1 and 2), or we presented 7-month-olds with videos of a mechanical claw performing a grasping action presented with a salient action effect (Exp. 3). The 6-month-olds showed tracking gaze behavior, and the 11-month-olds showed predictive gaze behavior, regardless of the action effect. However, the 7-month-olds showed predictive gaze behavior in the action-effect condition, but tracking gaze behavior in the no-action-effect condition and in the action-effect condition with a mechanical claw. The results therefore support the idea that salient action effects are especially important for infants' goal predictions from 7 months on, and that this facilitating influence of action effects is selective for the observation of human hands.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MalemShinitskiOpperReichetal.2020,
  author    = {Malem-Shinitski, Noa and Opper, Manfred and Reich, Sebastian and Schwetlick, Lisa and Seelig, Stefan A. and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {A mathematical model of local and global attention in natural scene viewing},
  series = {PLoS Computational Biology : a new community journal},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {PLoS Computational Biology : a new community journal},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {PLoS},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1553-734X},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007880},
  pages     = {21},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Author summary <br /> Switching between local and global attention is a general strategy in human information processing. We investigate whether this strategy is a viable approach to model sequences of fixations generated by a human observer in a free viewing task with natural scenes. Variants of the basic model are used to predict the experimental data based on Bayesian inference. Results indicate a high predictive power for both aggregated data and individual differences across observers. The combination of a novel model with state-of-the-art Bayesian methods lends support to our two-state model using local and global internal attention states for controlling eye movements. <br /> Understanding the decision process underlying gaze control is an important question in cognitive neuroscience with applications in diverse fields ranging from psychology to computer vision. The decision for choosing an upcoming saccade target can be framed as a selection process between two states: Should the observer further inspect the information near the current gaze position (local attention) or continue with exploration of other patches of the given scene (global attention)? Here we propose and investigate a mathematical model motivated by switching between these two attentional states during scene viewing. The model is derived from a minimal set of assumptions that generates realistic eye movement behavior. We implemented a Bayesian approach for model parameter inference based on the model's likelihood function. In order to simplify the inference, we applied data augmentation methods that allowed the use of conjugate priors and the construction of an efficient Gibbs sampler. This approach turned out to be numerically efficient and permitted fitting interindividual differences in saccade statistics. Thus, the main contribution of our modeling approach is two-fold; first, we propose a new model for saccade generation in scene viewing. Second, we demonstrate the use of novel methods from Bayesian inference in the field of scan path modeling.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MaleszaSchroederAbe2020,
  author    = {Malesza, Marta and Schr{\"o}der-Ab{\´e}, Michela},
  title     = {The convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of the Discounting Inventory compared to the traditional discounting measures},
  series = {Journal of public health},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {Journal of public health},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin ; Heidelberg},
  issn      = {2198-1833},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10389-020-01306-y},
  pages     = {423 -- 433},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Aim The Discounting Inventory was developed to provide researchers and practitioners with a standardized tool to asses individual differences in delay, probabilistic, effort and social discounting, all related to behavioral impulsivity. Convergent and discriminant validity of the Discounting Inventory was evaluated by comparing its associations with external variables to those obtained using standardized discounting measures with the same external variables. Subjects and methods A sample of 347 volunteers was examined. The first questionnaire completed by all participants was the Discounting Inventory. Individuals also completed the traditional discounting measure using pairs of hypothetical choices. The external measures included the Sensation Seeking Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Eysenck Impulsivity Venturesomeness Empathy Questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, and Temperament and Character Inventory. Results The results revealed that although almost all correlations were significant for both the Discounting Inventory and the traditional discounting measures, most of the correlations between external variables and the Discounting Inventory were significantly higher than those between external variables and traditional discounting measures. However, both discounting measures were most strongly correlated with external measures of impulsivity, which is not surprising given the fact that discounting is seen as a behavioral impulsivity. Finally, most relationships between the Discounting Inventory and external variables were incrementally valid over the traditional discounting measures. Conclusion The Discounting Inventory can help to diagnose problems with behavioral impulsivity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchadVasishthHohensteinetal.2020,
  author    = {Schad, Daniel and Vasishth, Shravan and Hohenstein, Sven and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {How to capitalize on a priori contrasts in linear (mixed) models},
  series = {Journal of memory and language},
  volume    = {110},
  journal   = {Journal of memory and language},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {San Diego},
  issn      = {0749-596X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jml.2019.104038},
  pages     = {40},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Factorial experiments in research on memory, language, and in other areas are often analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). However, for effects with more than one numerator degrees of freedom, e.g., for experimental factors with more than two levels, the ANOVA omnibus F-test is not informative about the source of a main effect or interaction. Because researchers typically have specific hypotheses about which condition means differ from each other, a priori contrasts (i.e., comparisons planned before the sample means are known) between specific conditions or combinations of conditions are the appropriate way to represent such hypotheses in the statistical model. Many researchers have pointed out that contrasts should be "tested instead of, rather than as a supplement to, the ordinary 'omnibus' F test" (Hays, 1973, p. 601). In this tutorial, we explain the mathematics underlying different kinds of contrasts (i.e., treatment, sum, repeated, polynomial, custom, nested, interaction contrasts), discuss their properties, and demonstrate how they are applied in the R System for Statistical Computing (R Core Team, 2018). In this context, we explain the generalized inverse which is needed to compute the coefficients for contrasts that test hypotheses that are not covered by the default set of contrasts. A detailed understanding of contrast coding is crucial for successful and correct specification in linear models (including linear mixed models). Contrasts defined a priori yield far more useful confirmatory tests of experimental hypotheses than standard omnibus F-tests. Reproducible code is available from https://osf.io/7ukf6/.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Rheinberg2020,
  author    = {Rheinberg, Falko},
  title     = {Intrinsic motivation and flow},
  series = {Motivation Science},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Motivation Science},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {2333-8113},
  doi       = {10.1037/mot0000165},
  pages     = {199 -- 200},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {From the beginning of his work as a researcher, Heinz Heckhausen was interested in activities that are performed for their own sake and not only for some rewarding consequences-later addressed with the term "intrinsic motivation." One of his conceptual contributions to this area was the systematization of the bewildering heterogeneity of differentiations between various concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In the conception, he himself preferred, intrinsic motivation could include incentives of actions outcome if the goal is thematically identical with the action. Doing so the per se goal directed achievement motivation could be understood as intrinsically motivated. This understanding of achievement motivation was productively utilized in educational psychology. His interest in intrinsic motivation stimulated research on activity specific incentives. One of these incentives is the total emergence with a smooth-running activity-an incentive Csikszentmihalyi had already described as "flow experience."},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwarzReike2020,
  author    = {Schwarz, Wolfgang and Reike, Dennis},
  title     = {The M{\"u}ller-Lyer line-length task interpreted as a conflict paradigm},
  series = {Attention, perception, \& psychophysics : AP\&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.},
  volume    = {82},
  journal   = {Attention, perception, \& psychophysics : AP\&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1943-3921},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13414-020-02096-x},
  pages     = {4025 -- 4037},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We propose to interpret tasks evoking the classical M{\"u}ller-Lyer illusion as one form of a conflict paradigm involving relevant (line length) and irrelevant (arrow orientation) stimulus attributes. Eight practiced observers compared the lengths of two line-arrow combinations; the length of the lines and the orientation of their arrows was varied unpredictably across trials so as to obtain psychometric and chronometric functions for congruent and incongruent line-arrow combinations. To account for decision speed and accuracy in this parametric data set, we present a diffusion model based on two assumptions: inward (outward)-pointing arrows added to a line (i) add (subtract) a separate, task-irrelevant drift component, and (ii) they reduce (increase) the distance to the barrier associated with the response identifying this line as being longer. The model was fitted to the data of each observer separately, and accounted in considerable quantitative detail for many aspects of the data obtained, including the fact that arrow-congruent responses were most prominent in the earliest RT quartile-bin. Our model gives a specific, process-related meaning to traditional static interpretations of the Muller-Lyer illusion, and combines within a single coherent framework structural and strategic mechanisms contributing to the illusion. Its central assumptions correspond to the general interpretation of geometrical-optical illusions as a manifestation of the resolution of a perceptual conflict (Day \& Smith, 1989; Westheimer, 2008).},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Rabovsky2020,
  author    = {Rabovsky, Milena},
  title     = {Change in a probabilistic representation of meaning can account for N400 effects on articles: a neural network model},
  series = {Neuropsychologia},
  volume    = {143},
  journal   = {Neuropsychologia},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  pages     = {7},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Increased N400 amplitudes on indefinite articles (a/an) incompatible with expected nouns have been initially taken as strong evidence for probabilistic pre-activation of phonological word forms, and recently been intensely debated because they have been difficult to replicate. Here, these effects are simulated using a neural network model of sentence comprehension that we previously used to simulate a broad range of empirical N400 effects. The model produces the effects when the cue validity of the articles concerning upcoming noun meaning in the learning environment is high, but fails to produce the effects when the cue validity of the articles is low due to adjectives presented between articles and nouns during training. These simulations provide insight into one of the factors potentially contributing to the small size of the effects in empirical studies and generate predictions for cross-linguistic differences in article induced N400 effects based on articles' cue validity. The model accounts for article induced N400 effects without assuming pre-activation of word forms, and instead simulates these effects as the stimulus-induced change in a probabilistic representation of meaning corresponding to an implicit semantic prediction error.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ChandraKruegelEngbert2020,
  author    = {Chandra, Johan and Kr{\"u}gel, Andr{\´e} and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Experimental test of Bayesian saccade targeting under reversed reading direction},
  series = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics},
  volume    = {82},
  journal   = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York, NY},
  issn      = {1943-393X},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13414-019-01814-4},
  pages     = {1230 -- 1240},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {During reading, rapid eye movements (saccades) shift the reader's line of sight from one word to another for high-acuity visual information processing. While experimental data and theoretical models show that readers aim at word centers, the eye-movement (oculomotor) accuracy is low compared to other tasks. As a consequence, distributions of saccadic landing positions indicate large (i) random errors and (ii) systematic over- and undershoot of word centers, which additionally depend on saccade lengths (McConkie et al.Visual Research, 28(10), 1107-1118,1988). Here we show that both error components can be simultaneously reduced by reading texts from right to left in German language (N= 32). We used our experimental data to test a Bayesian model of saccade planning. First, experimental data are consistent with the model. Second, the model makes specific predictions of the effects of the precision of prior and (sensory) likelihood. Our results suggest that it is a more precise sensory likelihood that can explain the reduction of both random and systematic error components.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ChandraKruegelEngbert2020,
  author    = {Chandra, Johan and Kr{\"u}gel, Andr{\´e} and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Modulation of oculomotor control during reading of mirrored and inverted texts},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  publisher = {Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2045-2322},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-020-60833-6},
  pages     = {15},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The interplay between cognitive and oculomotor processes during reading can be explored when the spatial layout of text deviates from the typical display. In this study, we investigate various eye-movement measures during reading of text with experimentally manipulated layout (word-wise and letter-wise mirrored-reversed text as well as inverted and scrambled text). While typical findings (e.g., longer mean fixation times, shorter mean saccades lengths) in reading manipulated texts compared to normal texts were reported in earlier work, little is known about changes of oculomotor targeting observed in within-word landing positions under the above text layouts. Here we carry out precise analyses of landing positions and find substantial changes in the so-called launch-site effect in addition to the expected overall slow-down of reading performance. Specifically, during reading of our manipulated text conditions with reversed letter order (against overall reading direction), we find a reduced launch-site effect, while in all other manipulated text conditions, we observe an increased launch-site effect. Our results clearly indicate that the oculomotor system is highly adaptive when confronted with unusual reading conditions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{Krahe2020,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {The social psychology of aggression},
  edition   = {Third Edition},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {London ; New York},
  isbn      = {978-1-138-60850-4},
  pages     = {x, 516},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Thoroughly revised and updated, this third edition offers a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the social psychology of aggression, covering all the relevant major theories, individual differences, situational factors, and applied contexts. Understanding the causes, forms, and consequences of aggression and violence is critical for dealing with these harmful forms of social behavior. Addressing a range of sub-topics, the firstpart deals with the definition and measurement of aggression, presents major theories, examines the development of aggression and discusses individual and gender differences in aggressive behaviour. It covers the role of situational factors in eliciting aggression and the impact of exposure to violence in the media. The second part examines specific forms and manifestations of aggression, including chapters on aggression in everyday contexts and in the family, sexual aggression, intergroup aggression, and terrorism. The new edition also includes additional coverage of gender differences, gun violence, and terrorism, to reflect the latest research developments in the field. Alsodiscussing strategies for reducing and preventing aggression, this bookis essential reading for students and researchers in psychology and related disciplines, as well as practitioners andpolicy makers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{Krahe2020,
  author    = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara},
  title     = {The social psychology of aggression},
  edition   = {3rd. ed.},
  publisher = {Psychology Press},
  address   = {New York},
  isbn      = {978-1-138-60850-4},
  pages     = {529},
  year      = {2020},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{OPUS4-47977,
  title     = {Minor cosmopolitan},
  editor    = {Xiang, Zairong},
  publisher = {Diaphanes},
  address   = {Berlin},
  isbn      = {978-3-0358-0304-4},
  pages     = {256},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Cosmopolitanism is a theory about how to live together. The earliest formulation of cosmopolitanism in the West could be dated to as early as the fourth century BCE in ancient Greece by Diogenes, who famously said that he was a "citizen of the world - kosmopolit{\^e}s," an idea later picked up by Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher who proposed a philosophy of a world of "perpetual peace." When cosmopolitanism first emerged as a political idea for modernity in the European Enlightenment, the project embraced the liberal promises of a globalizing economy, yet remained oblivious to, and even complicit with, capitalism, slavery and colonialism. It centered on the male, bourgeois, and white liberal subject, irrespective of the ongoing disenfranchisement, dehumanization, and extermination of its Others. At the dawn of the 21st century, and in the wake of rapid globalization however, academics, politicians and other pundits enthusiastically declared cosmopolitanism to be no longer just a philosophical ideal, but a real, existing fact. Across the globe, they argued, people were increasingly thinking and feeling beyond the nation, considering themselves citizens of the world. Meanwhile, the global ecological crisis worsens, fascism with different outfits returns in many places of the world, the repression of women, sexual, racial, class and other minorities on a global scale persists; the so called "refugee crisis" inundates the mediascape and political spectacle. Not much of those cosmopolitan promises have left it seems. Perhaps precisely because of this, however, it seems to be an absolute necessity for scholars, activists, and artists today to face the complexities and promises cosmopolitanism has raised although not adequately answered. What has happened to the cosmopolitan promise, and who betrayed it? "Minor cosmopolitanisms" wishes to challenge the underlying premises of 'major' cosmopolitanism without letting go of the unfulfilled emancipatory potential of the concept at large. It wants to rethink cosmopolitanisms in the plural, and trace multiple origins and trajectories of cosmopolitan thought from across the globe. Regarding cosmopolitanisms as emerging through diverse locally, historically and politically specific practices, minor cosmopolitanisms are predicated on difference without abandoning the quest for a shared vision of conviviality and justice. It seeks to answer: how to live at once with our difference and shared struggle? How to think our complicity with even those we most resist? Who sustains the world's flourishing despite all this?},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Patzwald2020,
  author    = {Patzwald, Christiane},
  title     = {Actions through the lens of communicative cues},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {156},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The PhD thesis entitled "Actions through the lens of communicative cues. The influence of verbal cues and emotional cues on action processing and action selection in the second year of life" is based on four studies, which examined the cognitive integration of another person's communicative cues (i.e., verbal cues, emotional cues) with behavioral cues in 18- and 24-month-olds. In the context of social learning of instrumental actions, it was investigated how the intention-related coherence of either a verbally announced action intention or an emotionally signaled action evaluation with an action demonstration influenced infants' neuro-cognitive processing (Study I) and selection (Studies II, III, IV) of a novel object-directed action. Developmental research has shown that infants benefit from another's behavioral cues (e.g., action effect, persistency, selectivity) to infer the underlying goal or intention, respectively, of an observed action (e.g., Cannon \& Woodward, 2012; Woodward, 1998). Particularly action effects support infants in distinguishing perceptual action features (e.g., target object identity, movement trajectory, final target object state) from conceptual action features such as goals and intentions. However, less is known about infants' ability to cognitively integrate another's behavioral cues with additional action-related communicative cues. There is some evidence showing that in the second year of life, infants selectively imitate a novel action that is verbally ("There!") or emotionally (positive expression) marked as aligning with the model's action intention over an action that is verbally ("Whoops!") or emotionally (negative expression) marked as unintentional (Carpenter, Akhtar, \& Tomasello, 1998; Olineck \& Poulin-Dubois, 2005, 2009; Repacholi, 2009; Repacholi, Meltzoff, Toub, \& Ruba, 2016). Yet, it is currently unclear which role the specific intention-related coherence of a communicative cue with a behavioral cue plays in infants' action processing and action selection that is, whether the communicative cue confirms, contrasts, clarifies, or is unrelated to the behavioral cue. Notably, by using both verbal cues and emotional cues, we examined not only two domains of communicative cues but also two qualitatively distinct relations between behavioral cues on the one hand and communicative cues on the other hand. More specifically, a verbal cue has the potential to communicate an action intention in the absence of an action demonstration and thus a prior-intention (Searle, 1983), whereas an emotional cue evaluates an ongoing or past action demonstration and thus signals an intention-in-action (Searle, 1983). In a first research focus, this thesis examined infants' capacity to cognitively integrate another's intention-related communicative cues and behavioral cues, and also focused on the role of the social cues' coherence in infants' action processing and action selection. In a second research focus, and to gain more elaborate insights into how the sub-processes of social learning (attention, encoding, response; cf. Bandura, 1977) are involved in this coherence-sensitive integrative processing, we employed a multi-measures approach. More specifically, we used Electroencephalography (EEG) and looking times to examine how the cues' coherence influenced the compound of attention and encoding, and imitation (including latencies to first-touch and first-action) to address the compound of encoding and response. Based on the action-reconstruction account (Csibra, 2007), we predicted that infants use extra-motor information (i.e., communicative cues) together with behavioral cues to reconstruct another's action intention. Accordingly, we expected infants to possess a flexibly organized internal action hierarchy, which they adapt according to the cues' coherence that is, according to what they inferred to be the overarching action goal. More specifically, in a social-learning situation that comprised an adult model, who demonstrated an action on a novel object that offered two actions, we expected the demonstrated action to lead infants' action hierarchy when the communicative (i.e., verbal, emotional) cue conveyed similar (confirming coherence) or no additional (un-related coherence) intention-related information relative to the behavioral cue. In terms of action selection, this action hierarchy should become evident in a selective imitation of the demonstrated action. However, when the communicative cue questioned (contrasting coherence) the behaviorally implied action goal or was the only cue conveying meaningful intention-related information (clarifying coherence), the verbally/emotionally intended action should ascend infants' action hierarchy. Consequently, infants' action selection should align with the verbally/emotionally intended action (goal emulation). Notably, these predictions oppose the direct-matching perspective (Rizzolatti \& Craighero, 2004), according to which the observation of another's action directly resonates with the observer's motor repertoire, with this motor resonance enabling the identification of the underlying action goal. Importantly, the direct-matching perspective predicts a rather inflexible action hierarchy inasmuch as the process of goal identification should solely rely on the behavioral cue, irrespective of the behavioral cue's coherence with extra-motor intention-related information, as it may be conveyed via communicative cues. As to the role of verbal cues, Study I used EEG to examine the influence of a confirming (Congruent) versus contrasting (Incongruent) coherence of a verbal action intention with the same action demonstration on 18-month-olds' conceptual action processing (as measured via mid-latency mean negative ERP amplitude) and motor activation (as measured via central mu-frequency band power). The action was demonstrated on a novel object that offered two action alternatives from a neutral position. We expected mid-latency ERP negativity to be enhanced in Incongruent compared to Congruent, because past EEG research has demonstrated enhanced conceptual processing for stimuli that mismatched rather than matched the semantic context (Friedrich \& Friederici, 2010; Kaduk et al., 2016). Regarding motor activation, Csibra (2007) posited that the identification of a clear action goal constitutes a crucial basis for motor activation to occur. We therefore predicted reduced mu power (indicating enhanced motor activation) for Congruent than Incongruent, because in Congruent, the cues' match provides unequivocal information about the model's action goal, whereas in Incongruent, the conflict may render the model's action goal more unclear. Unexpectedly, in the entire sample, 18-month-olds' mid-latency ERP negativity during the observation of the same action demonstration did not differ significantly depending on whether this action was congruent or incongruent with the model's verbal action intention. Yet, post hoc analyses revealed the presence of two subgroups of infants, each of which exhibited significantly different mid-latency ERP negativity for Congruent versus Incongruent, but in opposing directions. The subgroups differed in their productive action-related language skills, with the linguistically more advanced infants exhibiting the expected response pattern of enhanced ERP mean negativity in Incongruent than Congruent, indicating enhanced conceptual processing of an action demonstration that was contrasted rather than confirmed by the verbal action context. As expected, central mu power in the entire sample was reduced in Congruent relative to Incongruent, indicating enhanced motor activation when the action demonstration was preceded by a confirming relative to a contrasting verbal action intention. This finding may indicate the covert preparation for a preferential imitation of the congruent relative to the incongruent action (Filippi et al., 2016; Frey \& Gerry, 2006). Overall, these findings are in line with the action-reconstruction account (Csibra, 2007), because they suggest a coherence-sensitive attention to and encoding of the same perceptual features of another's behavior and thus a cognitive integration of intention-related verbal cues and behavioral cues. Yet, because the subgroup constellation in infants' ERPs was only discovered post hoc, future research is clearly required to substantiate this finding. Also, future research should validate our interpretation that enhanced motor activation may reflect an electrophysiological marker of subsequent imitation by employing EEG and imitation in a within-subjects design. Study II built on Study I by investigating the impact of coherence of a verbal cue and a behavioral cue on 18- and 24-month-olds' action selection in an imitation study. When infants of both age groups observed a confirming (Congruent) or unrelated (Pseudo-word: action demonstration was associated with novel verb-like cue) coherence, they selectively imitated the demonstrated action over the not demonstrated, alternative action, with no difference between these two conditions. These findings suggest that, as expected, infants' action hierarchy was led by the demonstrated action when the verbal cue provided similar (Congruent) or no additional (Pseudo-word) intention-related information relative to a meaningful behavioral cue. These findings support the above-mentioned interpretation that enhanced motor activation during action observation may reflect a covert preparation for imitation (Study I). Interestingly, infants did not seem to benefit from the intention-highlighting effect of the verbal cue in Congruent, suggesting that the verbal cue had an unspecific (e.g., attention-guiding) effect on infants' action selection. Contrary, when infants observed a contrasting (Incongruent) or clarifying (Failed-attempt: model failed to manipulate the object but verbally announced a certain action intention) coherence, their action selection varied with age and also varied across the course of the experiment (block 1 vs. block 2). More specifically, the 24-month-olds made stronger use of the verbal cue for their action selection in block 1 than did the 18-month-olds. However, while the 18-month-olds' use of the verbal cue increased across blocks, particularly in Incongruent, the 24-month-olds' use of the verbal cue decreased across blocks. Overall, these results suggest that, as expected, infants' action hierarchy in Incongruent (both age groups) and Failed-attempt (only 24-month-olds) drew on the verbal action intention, because in both age groups, infants emulated the verbal intention about as often as they imitated the demonstrated action or even emulated the verbal action intention preferentially. Yet, these findings were confined to certain blocks. It may be argued that the younger age group had a harder time inferring and emulating the intended, yet never observed action, because this requirement is more demanding in cognitive and motor terms. These demands may explain why the 18-month-olds needed some time to take account of the verbal action intention. Contrary, it seems that the 24-month-olds, although demonstrating their principle capacity to take account of the verbal cue in block 1, lost trust in the model's verbal cue, maybe because the verbal cue did not have predictive value for the model's actual behavior. Supporting this interpretation, research on selective trust has demonstrated that already infants evaluate another's reliability or competence, respectively, based on how that model handles familiar objects (behavioral reliability) or labels familiar objects (verbal reliability; for reviews, see Mills, 2013; Poulin-Dubois \& Brosseau-Liard, 2016). Relatedly, imitation research has demonstrated that the interpersonal aspects of a social-learning situation gain increasing relevance for infants during the second year of life (Gell{\´e}n \& Buttelmann, 2019; Matheson, Moore, \& Akhtar, 2013; Uzgiris, 1981). It may thus be argued that when the 24-month-olds were repeatedly faced with a verbally unreliable model, they de-evaluated the verbal cue as signaling the model's action intention and instead relied more heavily on alternative cues such as the behavioral cue (Incongruent) or the action context (e.g., object affordances, salience; Failed-attempt). Infants' first-action latencies were higher in Incongruent and Failed-attempt than in both Congruent and Pseudo-word, and were also higher in Failed-attempt than in Incongruent. These latency-findings thus indicate that situations involving a meaningful verbal cue that deviated from the behavioral cue are cognitively more demanding, resulting in a delayed initiation of a behavioral response. In sum, the findings of Study II suggest that both age groups were highly flexible in their integration of a verbal cue and behavioral cue. Moreover, our results do not indicate a general superiority of either cue. Instead, it seems to depend on the informational gain conveyed by the verbal cue whether it exerts a specific, intention-highlighting effect (Incongruent, Failed-attempt) or an unspecific (e.g., attention-guiding) effect (Congruent, Pseudo-word). Studies III and IV investigated the impact of another's action-related emotional cues on 18-month-olds' action selection. In Study III, infants observed a model, who demonstrated two actions on a novel object in direct succession, and who combined one of the two actions with a positive (happy) emotional expression and the other action with a negative (sad) emotional expression. As expected, infants imitated the positively emoted (PE) action more often than the negatively emoted (NE) action. This preference arose from an increase in infants' readiness to perform the PE action from the baseline period (prior to the action demonstrations) to the test period (following the action demonstrations), rather than from a decrease in readiness to the perform the NE action. The positive cue thus had a stronger behavior-regulating effect than the negative cue. Notably, infants' more general object-directed behavior in terms of first-touch latencies remained unaffected by the emotional cues' valence, indicating that infants had linked the emotional cues specifically to the corresponding action and not the object as a whole (Repacholi, 2009). Also, infants' looking times during the action demonstration did not differ significantly as a function of emotional valence and were characterized by a predominant attentional focus to the action/object rather than to the model's face. Together with the findings on infants' first-touch latencies, these results indicate a sensitivity for the notion that emotions can have very specific referents (referential specificity; Martin, Maza, McGrath, \& Phelps, 2014). Together, Study III provided evidence for selective imitation based on another's intention-related (particularly positive) emotional cues in an action-selection task, and thus indicates that infants' action hierarchy flexibly responds to another's emotional evaluation of observed actions. According to Repacholi (2009), we suggest that infants used the model's emotional evaluation to re-appraise the corresponding action (effect), for instance in terms of desirability. Study IV followed up on Study III by investigating the role of the negative emotional cue for infants' action selection in more detail. Specifically, we investigated whether a contrasting (negative) emotional cue alone would be sufficient to differentially rank the two actions along infants' action hierarchy or whether instead infants require direct information about the model's action intention (in the form of a confirming action-emotion pair) to align their action selection with the emotional cues. Also, we examined whether the absence of a direct behavior-regulating effect of the negative cue in Study III was due to the negative cue itself or to the concurrently available positive cue masking the negative cue's potential effect. To this end, we split the demonstration of the two action-emotion pairs across two trials. In each trial, one action was thus demonstrated and emoted (PE, NE action), and one action was not demonstrated and un-emoted (UE action). For trial 1, we predicted that infants, who observed a PE action demonstration, would selectively imitate the PE action, whereas infants, who observed a NE action demonstration would selectively emulate the UE action. As to trial 2, we expected the complementary action-emotion pair to provide additional clarifying information as the model's emotional evaluation of both actions, which should either lead to adaptive perseveration (if infants' action selection in trial 1 had already drawn on the emotional cue) or adaptive change (if infants' action selection in trial 1 signaled a disregard of the emotional cue). As to trial 1, our findings revealed that, as expected, infants imitated the PE action more often than they emulated the UE action. Like in Study III, this selectivity arose from an increase in infants' propensity to perform the PE action from baseline to trial 1. Also like in Study III, infants performed the NE action about equally often in baseline and trial 1, which speaks against a direct behavior-regulating effect of the negative cue also when presented in isolation. However, after a NE action demonstration, infants emulated the UE action more often in trial 1 than in baseline, suggesting an indirect behavior-regulating effect of the negative cue. Yet, this indirect effect did not yield a selective emulation of the UE action, because infants performed both action alternatives about equally often in trial 1. Unexpectedly, infants' action selection in trial 2 was unaffected by the emotional cue. Instead, infants perseverated their action selection of trial 1 in trial 2, irrespective of whether it was adaptive or non-adaptive with respect to the model's emotional evaluation of the action. It seems that infants changed their strategy across trials, from an initial adherence to the emotional (particularly positive) cue, towards bringing about a salient action effect (Marcovich \& Zelazo, 2009). In sum, Studies III and IV indicate a dynamic interplay of different action-selection strategies, depending on valence and presentation order. Apparently, at least in infancy, action reconstruction as one basis for selective action performance reaches its limits when infants can only draw on indirect intention-related information (i.e., which action should be avoided). Overall, our findings favor the action-reconstruction account (Csibra, 2007), according to which actions are flexibly organized along a hierarchy, depending on inferential processes based on extra-motor intention-related information. At the same time, the findings question the direct-matching hypothesis (Rizzolatti \& Craighero, 2004), according to which the identification (and pursuit) of action goals hinges on a direct simulation of another's behavioral cues. Based on the studies' findings, a preliminary working model is introduced, which seeks to integrate the two theoretical accounts by conceptualizing the routes that activation induced by social cues may take to eventually influence an infant's action selection. Our findings indicate that it is useful to strive a differentiated conceptualization of communicative cues, because they seem to operate at different places within the process of cue integration, depending on their potential to convey direct intention-related information. Moreover, we suggest that there is bidirectional exchange within each compound of adjacent sub-processes (i.e., between attention and encoding, and encoding and response), and between the compounds. Hence, our findings highlight the benefits of a multi-measures approach when studying the development of infants' social-cognitive abilities, because it provides a more comprehensive picture how the concerted use of social cues from different domains influences infants' processing and selection of instrumental actions. Finally, this thesis points to potential future directions to substantiate our current interpretation of the findings.. Moreover, an extension to additional kinds of coherence is suggested to get closer to infants' everyday-world of experience.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchinkoethBrand2020,
  author    = {Schink{\"o}th, Michaela and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Automatic associations and the affective valuation of exercise},
  series = {German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research},
  volume    = {50},
  journal   = {German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research},
  number    = {654},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin ; Heidelberg},
  issn      = {2509-3150},
  doi       = {10.1007/s12662-020-00664-9},
  pages     = {366 -- 376},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The decision to exercise is not only bound to rational considerations but also automatic affective processes. The affective-reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise (ART) proposes a theoretical framework for explaining how the automatic affective process (type‑1 process) will influence exercise behavior, i.e., through the automatic activation of exercise-related associations and a subsequent affective valuation of exercise. This study aimed to empirically test this assumption of the ART with data from 69 study participants. A single-measurement study, including within-subject experimental variation, was conducted. Automatic associations with exercise were first measured with a single-target implicit association test. The somato-affective core of the participants' automatic valuation of exercise-related pictures was then assessed via heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, and the affective valence of the valuation was tested with a facial expression (FE; smile and frown) task. Exercise behavior was assessed via self-report. Multiple regression (path) analysis revealed that automatic associations predicted HRV reactivity (β = -0.24, p = .044); the signs of the correlation between automatic associations and the smile FE score was in the expected direction but remained nonsignificant (β = -0.21, p = .078). HRV reactivity predicted self-reported exercise behavior (β = -0.28, p = .013) (the same pattern of results was achieved for the frown FE score). The HRV-related results illustrate the potential role of automatic negative affective reactions to the thought of exercise as a restraining force in exercise motivation. For better empirical distinction between the two ART type‑1 process components, automatic associations and the affective valuation should perhaps be measured separately in the future. The results support the notion that automatic and affective processes should be regarded as essential aspects of the motivation to exercise.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Balt2020,
  author    = {Balt, Miriam},
  title     = {Assessment of early numeracy development},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {130},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Early numeracy is one of the strongest predictors for later success in school mathematics (e.g., Duncan et al., 2007). The main goal of first grade mathematics teachers should therefore be to provide learning opportunities that enable all students to develop sound early numeracy skills. Developmental models, or learning progressions, can describe how early numerical understanding typically develops. Assessments that are aligned to empirically validated learning progressions can support teachers to understand their students learning better and target instruction accordingly. To date, there have been no progression-based instruments made available for German teachers to monitor their students' progress in the domain of early numeracy. This dissertation contributes to the design of such an instrument. The first study analysed the suitability of early numeracy assessments currently used in German primary schools at school entry to identify students' individual starting points for subsequent progress monitoring. The second study described the development of progression-based items and investigated the items in regards to main test quality criteria, such as reliability, validity, and test fairness, to find a suitable item pool to build targeted tests. The third study described the construction of the progress monitoring measure, referred to as the learning progress assessment (LPA). The study investigated the extent to which the LPA was able to monitor students' individual learning progress in early numeracy over time. The results of the first study indicated that current school entry assessments were not able to provide meaningful information about the students' initial learning status. Thus, the MARKO-D test (Ricken, Fritz, \& Balzer, 2013) was used to determine the students' initial numerical understanding in the other two studies, because it has been shown to be an effective measure of conceptual numerical understanding (Fritz, Ehlert, \& Leutner, 2018). Both studies provided promising evidence for the quality of the LPA and its ability to detect changes in numerical understanding over the course of first grade. The studies of this dissertation can be considered an important step in the process of designing an empirically validated instrument that supports teachers to monitor their students' early numeracy development and to adjust their teaching accordingly to enhance school achievement.},
  language  = {en}
}