@misc{GruebnerRappAdlietal.2017,
  author    = {Gruebner, Oliver and Rapp, Michael Armin and Adli, Mazda and Kluge, Ulrike and Galea, Sandro and Heinz, Andreas},
  title     = {Cities and Mental Health},
  series = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt international : a weekly online journal of clinical medicine and public health},
  volume    = {114},
  journal   = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt international : a weekly online journal of clinical medicine and public health},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Dt. {\"A}rzte-Verl.},
  address   = {Cologne},
  issn      = {1866-0452},
  doi       = {10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121},
  pages     = {121 -- 127},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background: More than half of the global population currently lives in cities, with an increasing trend for further urbanization. Living in cities is associated with increased population density, traffic noise and pollution, but also with better access to health care and other commodities. Methods: This review is based on a selective literature search, providing an overview of the risk factors for mental illness in urban centers. Results: Studies have shown that the risk for serious mental illness is generally higher in cities compared to rural areas. Epidemiological studies have associated growing up and living in cities with a considerably higher risk for schizophrenia. However, correlation is not causation and living in poverty can both contribute to and result from impairments associated with poor mental health. Social isolation and discrimination as well as poverty in the neighborhood contribute to the mental health burden while little is known about specific inter actions between such factors and the built environment. Conclusion: Further insights on the interaction between spatial heterogeneity of neighborhood resources and socio-ecological factors is warranted and requires interdisciplinary research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlugeRappMehranetal.2019,
  author    = {Kluge, Ulrike and Rapp, Michael Armin and Mehran, Nassim and Abi Jumaa, Jinan and Aichberger, Marion Christina},
  title     = {Poverty, migration and mental health},
  series = {Der Nervenarzt : Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde ; Mitteilungsblatt der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Neurologie},
  volume    = {90},
  journal   = {Der Nervenarzt : Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde ; Mitteilungsblatt der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Neurologie},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0028-2804},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00115-019-00790-2},
  pages     = {1103 -- 1108},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Poverty and social exclusion are closely related to an increased risk for the deterioration of mental health. In 2018 approximately 19\% of the German population were threatened by poverty and the associated social ostracization. Migrant groups in particular often show an increased risk for poverty and are often exposed to multiple socioeconomic stress factors depending on the context of migration, pre-migration and post-migration social factors. Numerous studies have shown that societal exclusion, precarious living conditions and the residential environment negatively affect mental health beyond the effects of pre-migration risk factors. This article provides a review and discussion on the relationship between mental health, poverty and related constructs, such as social cohesion, social capital and social exclusion in general as well as in specific risk groups, such as migrant and refugee populations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RappKlugePenkaetal.2015,
  author    = {Rapp, Michael Armin and Kluge, Ulrike and Penka, Simone and Vardar, Azra and Aichberger, Marion Christina and Mundt, Adrian P. and Schouler-Ocak, Meryam and M{\"o}sko, Mike and Butler, Jeffrey and Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas and Heinz, Andreas},
  title     = {When local poverty is more important than your income: Mental health in minorities in inner cities},
  series = {World psychiatry},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {World psychiatry},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1723-8617},
  doi       = {10.1002/wps.20221},
  pages     = {249 -- 250},
  year      = {2015},
  language  = {en}
}