@misc{Zapf2004,
  author    = {Zapf, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Modernization theory - in the non-western world},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-47181},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The article starts with an overview of modernization theories, its history of ups and downs as well as its present status. This first part is followed by an analysis of basic social structure distributions and trends in human development in selected countries. One major focal point of the paper is the Non-Western world and the Arab countries, in particular. The author looks at modernization and modernity in that region and comes to the conclusion that the Western world can no longer expect to be able to simply export its own values and its way of life to the rest of the world.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Behrmann2004,
  author    = {Behrmann, G{\"u}nter C.},
  title     = {Globale Modernisierung : ein "American Dream"?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-47174},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Daniel Lerner's „The Passing of Traditional Society" of 1958 is still one of the most famous American studies in the field of modernization research. This article gives a deeper insight into the background of the emergence of the study. The author describes Lerner's theoretical and empirical work and its connection to the policy of his time. A classic today in modernization theory, Lerner's study was initially merely a request for the Voice of America to investigate the use of media in the Middle Eastern region -modernization or development did not yet play a significant role. The article shows how the direction of the study changed from its original intention into a political opinion research and thus into a political propaganda tool.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Nateghpour2004,
  author    = {Nateghpour, Mohamad Javad},
  title     = {Islamic councils and social democracy in Iran},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-47145},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {For the first time when the new Islamic councils began their Operation, many intellectuals and politicians proclaimed that there would be no room for the young Islamic councils to proceed. In political terms, because of the new challenges between the rightists and leftists, many people had no hope to see the results of the councils. Still others believed that under the dominating ruling system of Iran there is no space for public opinion and participation in local decision-making. This paper focuses on the role of the Islamic Councils as a new form of social democracy, which decentralizes power and creates good local governance. The paper also discusses the obstacles for the Councils in the development of the region.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ElDandoush2004,
  author    = {El-Dandoush, Nagla},
  title     = {Modernisierung oder Restrukturierung in {\"A}gypten?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-47137},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Discussing the case of Egypt, the author claims that since the preconditions in the Middle East are very different from those in Europe, there also has to be a different approach towards its modernization process. She suggests a „restructuring" of the state not only in the economic sector but also in the political, cultural, or social areas. The advantage of such an approach lies in the fact that elements and values of the traditional culture can be maintained and even expanded. Furthermore, as this approach does not presuppose any specific model, it can be applied to all kinds of societies. However, restrucuring cannot replace modernization.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{ElAzzazi2004,
  author    = {El-Azzazi, Mohamed},
  title     = {Modernisierung des Islam in {\"A}gypten},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-47122},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The author distinguishes between three types of Islamic states. A first type uses Islam as political legitimation (Saudi Arabia). In contrast, the second type uses Islam merely as a political framework. In Iran, for instance, religious values are maintained while at the same time democratic elements, such as elections, can be found. Egypt is mentioned as an example of the third type of state that ranges between a secular and a religious political system. Looking at the modernization process in Egypt more closely, the author claims that without good governance the efforts of the state will be useless and religious extremism may dominate.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{MorandiTriebel2004,
  author    = {Morandi, Pietro and Triebel, Armin},
  title     = {Beyond the line?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-47113},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {In December 2003, the Orient-Occident Forum for Intercultural Exchange at the University of Potsdam and the academic partnership program Potsdam-Teheran held a week-long conference, titled „Comparing Processes of Modernization", which was attended by many social scientists from Egypt, Iran and Germany. In this issue, some of the contributions of the conference are published and commented. During the course of the conference, an intercultural discourse - „beyond the line" - concerning the responsibilities and development prospects of modernization theory took place. In their article, the organizers of the meeting try to systematically summarize these discussions and present some further reflections.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Ludwig2004,
  author    = {Ludwig, Joachim},
  title     = {Entgrenzte Arbeit - begrenzte Erwachsenenbildung?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-12591},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Dieser Beitrag geht auf der Grundlage von zwei empirischen Fallstudien der Frage nach, in welcher Weise in aktuellen betrieblichen Modernisierungsprozessen auf Lern- und Bildungsprozesse der Besch{\"a}ftigten rekurriert wird. Die Fallstudien entstammen einem interdisziplin{\"a}ren Arbeitsforschungsprojekt, das die Folgen betrieblich gesteuerter Prozesse zur Entgrenzung von Arbeit beforscht, wie sie aktuell bei der Umstellung betrieblicher Steuerungsmodelle auf ergebnisgesteuerte Arbeit f{\"u}r die Besch{\"a}ftigten auftreten.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Nourbakhsh2004,
  author    = {Nourbakhsh, Younes},
  title     = {Der politische Diskurs im Iran},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9704},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {There have been three main phases of political discourse in recent Iranian history. A paternalistic era was accompanied by a phase of absolutistic rule during the Qagar dynasty. This phase was followed by a forced modernization, when the Shah of Iran expanded his absolutistic rule and established a dictatorship. With the Islamic Revolution of 1979, a new phase of political discourse emerged with a tendency towards religious traditionalism. The author states that religion and democracy are not in opposition. However, there is need for dialogue between the East and the West.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Tavassoli2004,
  author    = {Tavassoli, Gholam-Abbas},
  title     = {Islamic movements in Iran},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9699},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The modernist Islamic Movement sought to reconcile modern values and Islamic faith and attempted to express these values through an Islamic discourse and to reform political, religious and educational institutions along modernist lines. However, such a movement in the Islamic Republic of Iran raised controversy among the traditional leadership and secular intellectual groups. The aim of this paper is to discuss how far modernist Islam could progress in an islamic republic with an old tradition.},
  language  = {en}
}