@article{WachsWright2019,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Wright, Michelle F.},
  title     = {The Moderation of online disinhibition and sex on the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration},
  series = {Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Liebert},
  address   = {New Rochelle},
  issn      = {2152-2715},
  doi       = {10.1089/cyber.2018.0551},
  pages     = {300 -- 306},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Online hatred based on attributes, such as origin, race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation, has become a rising public concern across the world. Past research on aggressive behavior suggests strong associations between victimization and perpetration and that toxic online disinhibition and sex might influence this relationship. However, no study investigated both the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration and the potential moderation effects of toxic online disinhibition on this relationship. To this end, the present study was conducted. The sample consists of 1,480 7th to 10th graders from Germany. Results revealed positive associations between online hate victimization and perpetration. Furthermore, the results support the idea that toxic online disinhibition and sex, by way of moderator effects, affect the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration. Victims of online hate reported more online hate perpetration when they reported higher levels of online disinhibition and less frequent online hate perpetration when they reported lower levels of toxic online disinhibition. Additionally, the relationship between online hate victimization and perpetration was significantly greater among boys than among girls. Taken together, our results extend previous findings to online hate involvement among adolescents and substantiate the importance to conduct more research on online hate. In addition, our findings highlight the need for prevention and intervention programs that help adolescents deal with the emerging issue of online hate.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WrightWachsGamezGuadix2021,
  author    = {Wright, Michelle F. and Wachs, Sebastian and G{\´a}mez-Guadix, Manuel},
  title     = {J{\´o}venes ante el ciberodio},
  series = {Comunicar : revista cient{\´i}fica de comunicaci{\´o}n y educaci{\´o}n},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Comunicar : revista cient{\´i}fica de comunicaci{\´o}n y educaci{\´o}n},
  number    = {67},
  publisher = {Grupo Comunicar},
  address   = {Huelva},
  issn      = {1134-3478},
  doi       = {10.3916/C67-2021-02},
  pages     = {21 -- 33},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Adolescents around the world are increasingly exposed to cyberhate. More knowledge is needed to understand how adolescents cope with cyberhate and how they can be supported when exposed. To this end, the present study investigated the associations between parental mediation of Internet use and adolescents' problem-focused coping strategies for hypothetical cyberhate victimization while considering family support as a moderator of these relationships. The sample consisted of self-reports of 5,960 adolescents between 12-18 years old (M=14.94; SD=1.61; females: 50.7\%) from Cyprus, Germany, Greece, India, Spain, South Korea, and Thailand. A structural equation model was used to investigate the relationship among parental mediation, family support, and coping with cyberhate. Findings showed a positive relationship between instructive parental mediation and adolescents' problem-focused coping strategies, and a negative relationship between restrictive parental mediation and adolescents' capability to cope productively with cyberhate. In addition, family support strengthened the positive relationship between instructive parental mediation and adolescents' use of coping strategies and attenuated the negative relationship between restrictive parental mediation and adolescents' use of coping strategies. The findings highlight the need for parental education training and underscore the importance of family support for increasing adolescents' ability to cope productively with cyberhate.},
  language  = {es}
}
@article{WachsGamezGuadixWright2022,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Gamez-Guadix, Manuel and Wright, Michelle F.},
  title     = {Online hate speech victimization and depressive symptoms among adolescents},
  series = {Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Liebert},
  address   = {New Rochelle},
  issn      = {2152-2715},
  doi       = {10.1089/cyber.2022.0009},
  pages     = {416 -- 423},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Online hate speech has become a widespread problem in the daily life of adolescents. Despite growing societal and academic interest in this online risk, not much is known about the relationship between online hate speech victimization (OHSV) and adolescents' mental well-being. In addition, potential factors influencing the magnitude of this relationship remain unclear. To address these gaps in the literature, this study investigated the relationship between OHSV and depressive symptoms and the buffering effects of resilience in this relationship. The sample consists of 1,632 adolescents (49.1\% girls) between 12 and 18 years old (M-age = 13.83, SDage = 1.23), recruited from nine schools across Spain. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess OHSV, depressive symptoms, and resilience. Regression analyses revealed that OHSV was positively linked to depressive symptoms. In addition, victims of online hate speech were less likely to report depressive symptoms when they reported average or high levels of resilience (i.e., social competence, personal competence, structured style, social resources, and family cohesion) compared with those with low levels of resilience. Our findings highlight the need for the development of intervention programs and the relevance of focusing on internal and external developmental assets to mitigate negative outcomes for victims of online hate speech.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SeemannHerzKansokDuscheDixetal.2022,
  author    = {Seemann-Herz, Lisanne and Kansok-Dusche, Julia and Dix, Alexandra and Wachs, Sebastian and Krause, Norman and Ballaschk, Cindy and Schulze-Reichelt, Friederike and Bilz, Ludwig},
  title     = {Schulbezogene Programme zum Umgang mit Hatespeech},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Bildungsforschung},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Bildungsforschung},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer VS},
  address   = {Wiesbaden},
  issn      = {2190-6890},
  doi       = {10.1007/s35834-022-00348-4},
  pages     = {597 -- 614},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Der vorliegende Beitrag informiert {\"u}ber 14 deutschsprachige Programme zur Pr{\"a}vention und Intervention bei Hatespeech unter Kindern und Jugendlichen (Jahrgangsstufen 5-12). Inhalte und Durchf{\"u}hrungsmodalit{\"a}ten der Programme sowie Ergebnisse einer kriteriengeleiteten Qualit{\"a}tseinsch{\"a}tzung anhand von f{\"u}nf Kriterien werden im Hinblick auf deren Anwendung in der schulischen Praxis beschrieben und er{\"o}rtert. Der {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber Schwerpunkte, St{\"a}rken und Entwicklungspotentiale schulbezogener Hatespeech-Programme erm{\"o}glicht Leser*innen eine informierte Entscheidung {\"u}ber den Einsatz der Programme in der Schule sowie in der offenen Kinder- und Jugendarbeit.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{WachsCastellanosWettsteinetal.2023,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Castellanos, Melisa and Wettstein, Alexander and Bilz, Ludwig and Gamez-Guadix, Manuel},
  title     = {Associations between classroom climate, empathy, self-efficacy, and countering hate speech among adolescents},
  series = {Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence},
  number    = {5-6},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks},
  issn      = {1552-6518},
  doi       = {10.1177/08862605221120905},
  pages     = {5067 -- 5091},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Although hate speech is widely recognized as an online phenomenon, very few studies have investigated hate speech among adolescents in offline settings (e.g., schools). At the same time, not much is known about countering hate speech (counterspeech) among adolescents and which factors are associated with it. To this end, the present study used the socio-ecological framework to investigate the direct and indirect links among one contextual factor (i.e., classroom climate) and two intrapersonal factors (i.e., empathy for victims of hate speech, self-efficacy regarding intervention in hate speech) to understand counterspeech among adolescents. The sample is based on self-reports of 3,225 students in Grades 7 to 9 (51.7\% self-identified as female) from 36 schools in Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure classroom climate, empathy, self-efficacy, and counterspeech. After controlling for adolescents' grade, gender, immigrant background, and socioeconomic status (SES), the 2-(1-1)-1 multilevel mediation analysis showed that classroom climate (L2), empathy for victims of hate speech (L1), and self-efficacy toward intervention in hate speech (L1) had a positive effect on countering hate speech (L1). Classroom climate (L2) was also positively linked to empathy for victims of hate speech (L1), and self-efficacy toward intervention in hate speech (L1). Furthermore, classroom climate (L2) was indirectly associated with countering hate speech (L1) via greater empathy (L1) and self-efficacy (L1). The findings highlight the need to focus on contextual and intrapersonal factors when trying to facilitate adolescents' willingness to face hate speech with civic courage and proactively engage against it.},
  language  = {en}
}