@article{EngbertLongtinKliegl2002, author = {Engbert, Ralf and Longtin, Andre and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {A dynamical model of saccade generation in reading based on spatially distributed lexical processing}, year = {2002}, language = {en} } @article{OberauerKliegl2006, author = {Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {A formal model of capacity limits in working memory}, series = {Journal of Memory and Language}, volume = {55}, journal = {Journal of Memory and Language}, number = {4}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0749-596X}, doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2006.08.009}, pages = {601 -- 626}, year = {2006}, abstract = {A mathematical model of working-memory capacity limits is proposed on the key assumption of mutual interference between items in working memory. Interference is assumed to arise from overwriting of features shared by these items. The model was fit to time-accuracy data of memory-updating tasks from four experiments using nonlinear mixed effect (NLME) models as a framework. The model gave a good account of the data from a numerical and a spatial task version. The performance pattern in a combination of numerical and spatial updating could be explained by variations in the interference parameter: assuming less feature overlap between contents from different domains than between contents from the same domain, the model can account for double dissociations of content domains in dual-task experiments. Experiment 3 extended this idea to similarity within the verbal domain. The decline of memory accuracy with increasing memory load was steeper with phonologically similar than with dissimilar material, although processing speed was faster for the similar material. The model captured the similarity effects with a higher estimated interference parameter for the similar than for the dissimilar condition. The results are difficult to explain with alternative models, in particular models incorporating time-based decay and models assuming limited resource pools.}, language = {en} } @article{EngelmannVasishthEngbertetal.2013, author = {Engelmann, Felix and Vasishth, Shravan and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {A framework for modeling the interaction of syntactic processing and eye movement control}, series = {Topics in cognitive science}, volume = {5}, journal = {Topics in cognitive science}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1756-8757}, doi = {10.1111/tops.12026}, pages = {452 -- 474}, year = {2013}, abstract = {We explore the interaction between oculomotor control and language comprehension on the sentence level using two well-tested computational accounts of parsing difficulty. Previous work (Boston, Hale, Vasishth, \& Kliegl, 2011) has shown that surprisal (Hale, 2001; Levy, 2008) and cue-based memory retrieval (Lewis \& Vasishth, 2005) are significant and complementary predictors of reading time in an eyetracking corpus. It remains an open question how the sentence processor interacts with oculomotor control. Using a simple linking hypothesis proposed in Reichle, Warren, and McConnell (2009), we integrated both measures with the eye movement model EMMA (Salvucci, 2001) inside the cognitive architecture ACT-R (Anderson et al., 2004). We built a reading model that could initiate short Time Out regressions (Mitchell, Shen, Green, \& Hodgson, 2008) that compensate for slow postlexical processing. This simple interaction enabled the model to predict the re-reading of words based on parsing difficulty. The model was evaluated in different configurations on the prediction of frequency effects on the Potsdam Sentence Corpus. The extension of EMMA with postlexical processing improved its predictions and reproduced re-reading rates and durations with a reasonable fit to the data. This demonstration, based on simple and independently motivated assumptions, serves as a foundational step toward a precise investigation of the interaction between high-level language processing and eye movement control.}, language = {en} } @article{SimonCarbreraKliegl1993, author = {Simon, Tony and Carbrera, Angel and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {A new approach to the study of subitizing as distinct enumeration processing}, isbn = {0-8058- 1487-6}, year = {1993}, language = {en} } @article{RisseHohensteinKliegletal.2014, author = {Risse, Sarah and Hohenstein, Sven and Kliegl, Reinhold and Engbert, Ralf}, title = {A theoretical analysis of the perceptual span based on SWIFT simulations of the n+2 boundary paradigm}, series = {Visual cognition}, volume = {22}, journal = {Visual cognition}, number = {3-4}, publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group}, address = {Abingdon}, issn = {1350-6285}, doi = {10.1080/13506285.2014.881444}, pages = {283 -- 308}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Eye-movement experiments suggest that the perceptual span during reading is larger than the fixated word, asymmetric around the fixation position, and shrinks in size contingent on the foveal processing load. We used the SWIFT model of eye-movement control during reading to test these hypotheses and their implications under the assumption of graded parallel processing of all words inside the perceptual span. Specifically, we simulated reading in the boundary paradigm and analysed the effects of denying the model to have valid preview of a parafoveal word n + 2 two words to the right of fixation. Optimizing the model parameters for the valid preview condition only, we obtained span parameters with remarkably realistic estimates conforming to the empirical findings on the size of the perceptual span. More importantly, the SWIFT model generated parafoveal processing up to word n + 2 without fitting the model to such preview effects. Our results suggest that asymmetry and dynamic modulation are plausible properties of the perceptual span in a parallel word-processing model such as SWIFT. Moreover, they seem to guide the flexible distribution of processing resources during reading between foveal and parafoveal words.}, language = {en} } @article{ZhouKlieglYan2013, author = {Zhou, Wei and Kliegl, Reinhold and Yan, Ming}, title = {A validation of parafoveal semantic information extraction in reading Chinese}, series = {Journal of research in reading : a journal of the United Kingdom Reading Association}, volume = {36}, journal = {Journal of research in reading : a journal of the United Kingdom Reading Association}, number = {2}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0141-0423}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9817.2013.01556.x}, pages = {S51 -- S63}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Parafoveal semantic processing has recently been well documented in reading Chinese sentences, presumably because of language-specific features. However, because of a large variation of fixation landing positions on pretarget words, some preview words actually were located in foveal vision when readers' eyes landed close to the end of the pretarget words. None of the previous studies has completely ruled out a possibility that the semantic preview effects might mainly arise from these foveally processed preview words. This case, whether previously observed positive evidence for parafoveal semantic processing can still hold, has been called into question. Using linear mixed models, we demonstrate in this study that semantic preview benefit from word N+1 decreased if fixation on pretarget word N was close to the preview. We argue that parafoveal semantic processing is not a consequence of foveally processed preview words.}, language = {en} } @article{RisseKliegl2011, author = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Adult age difference in the perceptual span during reading}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, \& Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N + 2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N + 2 or word N + 2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N + 1 was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N + 2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N + 2 preview both for young and for old adults, with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N + 1. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)}, language = {en} } @article{RisseKliegl2011, author = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Adult age differences in the perceptual span during reading}, series = {Psychology and aging}, volume = {26}, journal = {Psychology and aging}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0882-7974}, doi = {10.1037/a0021616}, pages = {451 -- 460}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, \& Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N + 2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N + 2 or word N + 2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N + I was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N + 2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N + 2 preview both for young and for old adults, with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N + I. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults.}, language = {en} } @article{ThompsonKliegl1991, author = {Thompson, Laura A. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Adult age effects of plausibility on memory : the role of time constraints during encoding}, year = {1991}, language = {en} } @misc{FuehnerGranacherGolleetal.2021, author = {F{\"u}hner, Thea Heidi and Granacher, Urs and Golle, Kathleen and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Age and sex effects in physical fitness components of 108,295 third graders including 515 primary schools and 9 cohorts}, series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, issn = {1866-8364}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-54982}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-549827}, pages = {1 -- 13}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Children's physical fitness development and related moderating effects of age and sex are well documented, especially boys' and girls' divergence during puberty. The situation might be different during prepuberty. As girls mature approximately two years earlier than boys, we tested a possible convergence of performance with five tests representing four components of physical fitness in a large sample of 108,295 eight-year old third-graders. Within this single prepubertal year of life and irrespective of the test, performance increased linearly with chronological age, and boys outperformed girls to a larger extent in tests requiring muscle mass for successful performance. Tests differed in the magnitude of age effects (gains), but there was no evidence for an interaction between age and sex. Moreover, "physical fitness" of schools correlated at r = 0.48 with their age effect which might imply that "fit schools" promote larger gains; expected secular trends from 2011 to 2019 were replicated.}, language = {en} } @article{FuehnerGranacherGolleetal.2021, author = {F{\"u}hner, Thea Heidi and Granacher, Urs and Golle, Kathleen and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Age and sex effects in physical fitness components of 108,295 third graders including 515 primary schools and 9 cohorts}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {11}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, publisher = {Nature Portfolio}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2045-2322}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-97000-4}, pages = {1 -- 13}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Children's physical fitness development and related moderating effects of age and sex are well documented, especially boys' and girls' divergence during puberty. The situation might be different during prepuberty. As girls mature approximately two years earlier than boys, we tested a possible convergence of performance with five tests representing four components of physical fitness in a large sample of 108,295 eight-year old third-graders. Within this single prepubertal year of life and irrespective of the test, performance increased linearly with chronological age, and boys outperformed girls to a larger extent in tests requiring muscle mass for successful performance. Tests differed in the magnitude of age effects (gains), but there was no evidence for an interaction between age and sex. Moreover, "physical fitness" of schools correlated at r = 0.48 with their age effect which might imply that "fit schools" promote larger gains; expected secular trends from 2011 to 2019 were replicated.}, language = {en} } @article{GoetheOberauerKliegl2008, author = {G{\"o}the, Katrin and Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Age differences in dual-task performance after practice}, issn = {0882-7974}, doi = {10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.596}, year = {2008}, abstract = {This study investigated whether older adults could acquire the ability to perform 2 cognitive operations in parallel in a paradigm in which young adults had been shown to be able to do so (K. Oberauer \& R. Kliegl, 2004). Twelve young and 12 older adults practiced a numerical and a visuospatial continuous memory updating task in single-task and dual-task conditions for 16 to 24 sessions. After practice, 9 young adults were able to process the 2 tasks without dual- task costs, but none of the older adults had reached the criterion of parallel processing. The results suggest a qualitative difference between young and older adults in how they approach dual-task situations.}, language = {en} } @article{OberauerWendlandKliegl2003, author = {Oberauer, Klaus and Wendland, Mirko and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Age differences in working memory : the roles of storage and selective access}, year = {2003}, language = {en} } @article{KrampeEngbertKliegl2001, author = {Krampe, Ralf-Thomas and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Age-specific problems in rhythmic timing}, year = {2001}, language = {en} } @article{NuthmannKliegl2009, author = {Nuthmann, Antje and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {An examination of binocular reading fixations based on sentence corpus data}, issn = {1534-7362}, doi = {10.1167/9.5.31}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Binocular eye movements of normal adult readers were examined as they read single sentences. Analyses of horizontal and vertical fixation disparities indicated that the most prevalent type of disparate fixation is crossed (i.e., the left eye is located further to the right than the right eye) while the left eye frequently fixates somewhat above the right eye. The Gaussian distribution of the binocular fixation point peaked 2.6 cm in front of the plane of text, reflecting the prevalence of horizontally crossed fixations. Fixation disparity accumulates during the course of successive saccades and fixations within a line of text, but only to an extent that does not compromise single binocular vision. In reading, the version and vergence system interact in a way that is qualitatively similar to what has been observed in simple nonreading tasks. Finally, results presented here render it unlikely that vergence movements in reading aim at realigning the eyes at a given saccade target word.}, language = {en} } @article{EngbertNuthmannKliegl2007, author = {Engbert, Ralf and Nuthmann, Antje and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {An lterative algorithm for the estimation of the distribution of mislocated fixations during reading}, isbn = {978-0-08-044980-7}, year = {2007}, language = {en} } @article{FuehnerKlieglArntzetal.2020, author = {F{\"u}hner, Thea Heidi and Kliegl, Reinhold and Arntz, Fabian and Kriemler, Susi and Granacher, Urs}, title = {An update on secular trends in physical fitness of children and adolescents from 1972 to 2015}, series = {Sports medicine}, volume = {51}, journal = {Sports medicine}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Northcote}, issn = {0112-1642}, doi = {10.1007/s40279-020-01373-x}, pages = {303 -- 320}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Background There is evidence that physical fitness of children and adolescents (particularly cardiorespiratory endurance) has declined globally over the past decades. Ever since the first reports on negative trends in physical fitness, efforts have been undertaken by for instance the World Health Organization (WHO) to promote physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents. Therefore, it is timely to re-analyze the literature to examine whether previous reports on secular declines in physical fitness are still detectable or whether they need to be updated. Objectives The objective of this systematic review is to provide an 'update' on secular trends in selected components of physical fitness (i.e., cardiorespiratory endurance, relative muscle strength, proxies of muscle power, speed) in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years. Data Sources A systematic computerized literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science to locate studies that explicitly reported secular trends in physical fitness of children and adolescents. Study Eligibility Criteria Studies were included in this systematic review if they examined secular trends between at least two time points across a minimum of 5 years. In addition, they had to document secular trends in any measure of cardiorespiratory endurance, relative muscle strength, proxies of muscle power or speed in apparently healthy children and adolescents aged 6-18 years. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods The included studies were coded for the following criteria: nation, physical fitness component (cardiorespiratory endurance, relative muscle strength, proxies of muscle power, speed), chronological age, sex (boys vs. girls), and year of assessment. Scores were standardized (i.e., converted to z scores) with sample-weighted means and standard deviations, pooled across sex and year of assessment within cells defined by study, test, and children's age. Results The original search identified 524 hits. In the end, 22 studies met the inclusion criteria for review. The observation period was between 1972 and 2015. Fifteen of the 22 studies used tests for cardiorespiratory endurance, eight for relative muscle strength, eleven for proxies of muscle power, and eight for speed. Measures of cardiorespiratory endurance exhibited a large initial increase and an equally large subsequent decrease, but the decrease appears to have reached a floor for all children between 2010 and 2015. Measures of relative muscle strength showed a general trend towards a small increase. Measures of proxies of muscle power indicated an overall small negative quadratic trend. For measures of speed, a small-to-medium increase was observed in recent years. Limitations Biological maturity was not considered in the analysis because biological maturity was not reported in most included studies. Conclusions Negative secular trends were particularly found for cardiorespiratory endurance between 1986 and 2010-12, irrespective of sex. Relative muscle strength and speed showed small increases while proxies of muscle power declined. Although the negative trend in cardiorespiratory endurance appears to have reached a floor in recent years, because of its association with markers of health, we recommend further initiatives in PA and fitness promotion for children and adolescents. More specifically, public health efforts should focus on exercise that increases cardiorespiratory endurance to prevent adverse health effects (i.e.
, overweight and obesity) and muscle strength to lay a foundation for motor skill learning.}, language = {en} } @article{FroemerDimigenNiefindetal.2015, author = {Fr{\"o}mer, Romy and Dimigen, Olaf and Niefind, Florian and Krause, Niels and Kliegl, Reinhold and Sommer, Werner}, title = {Are Individual Differences in Reading Speed Related to Extrafoveal Visual Acuity and Crowding?}, series = {PLoS one}, volume = {10}, journal = {PLoS one}, number = {3}, publisher = {PLoS}, address = {San Fransisco}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0121986}, pages = {18}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Readers differ considerably in their speed of self-paced reading. One factor known to influence fixation durations in reading is the preprocessing of words in parafoveal vision. Here we investigated whether individual differences in reading speed or the amount of information extracted from upcoming words (the preview benefit) can be explained by basic differences in extrafoveal vision-i.e., the ability to recognize peripheral letters with or without the presence of flanking letters. Forty participants were given an adaptive test to determine their eccentricity thresholds for the identification of letters presented either in isolation (extrafoveal acuity) or flanked by other letters (crowded letter recognition). In a separate eye-tracking experiment, the same participants read lists of words from left to right, while the preview of the upcoming words was manipulated with the gaze-contingent moving window technique. Relationships between dependent measures were analyzed on the observational level and with linear mixed models. We obtained highly reliable estimates both for extrafoveal letter identification (acuity and crowding) and measures of reading speed (overall reading speed, size of preview benefit). Reading speed was higher in participants with larger uncrowded windows. However, the strength of this relationship was moderate and it was only observed if other sources of variance in reading speed (e.g., the occurrence of regressive saccades) were eliminated. Moreover, the size of the preview benefit-an important factor in normal reading-was larger in participants with better extrafoveal acuity. Together, these results indicate a significant albeit moderate contribution of extrafoveal vision to individual differences in reading speed.}, language = {en} } @misc{FroemerDimigenNiefindetal.2015, author = {Fr{\"o}mer, Romy and Dimigen, Olaf and Niefind, Florian and Kliegl, Reinhold and Sommer, Werner}, title = {Are individual differences in reading speed related to extrafoveal visual acuity and crowding?}, series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {494}, issn = {1866-8364}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-408003}, pages = {18}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Readers differ considerably in their speed of self-paced reading. One factor known to influence fixation durations in reading is the preprocessing of words in parafoveal vision. Here we investigated whether individual differences in reading speed or the amount of information extracted from upcoming words (the preview benefit) can be explained by basic differences in extrafoveal vision-i.e., the ability to recognize peripheral letters with or without the presence of flanking letters. Forty participants were given an adaptive test to determine their eccentricity thresholds for the identification of letters presented either in isolation (extrafoveal acuity) or flanked by other letters (crowded letter recognition). In a separate eye-tracking experiment, the same participants read lists of words from left to right, while the preview of the upcoming words was manipulated with the gaze-contingent moving window technique. Relationships between dependent measures were analyzed on the observational level and with linear mixed models. We obtained highly reliable estimates both for extrafoveal letter identification (acuity and crowding) and measures of reading speed (overall reading speed, size of preview benefit). Reading speed was higher in participants with larger uncrowded windows. However, the strength of this relationship was moderate and it was only observed if other sources of variance in reading speed (e.g., the occurrence of regressive saccades) were eliminated. Moreover, the size of the preview benefit-an important factor in normal reading-was larger in participants with better extrafoveal acuity. Together, these results indicate a significant albeit moderate contribution of extrafoveal vision to individual differences in reading speed.}, language = {en} } @article{MatuschekKlieglVasishthetal.2017, author = {Matuschek, Hannes and Kliegl, Reinhold and Vasishth, Shravan and Baayen, Harald R. and Bates, Douglas}, title = {Balancing Type I error and power in linear mixed models}, series = {Journal of memory and language}, volume = {94}, journal = {Journal of memory and language}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {San Diego}, issn = {0749-596X}, doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2017.01.001}, pages = {305 -- 315}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Linear mixed-effects models have increasingly replaced mixed-model analyses of variance for statistical inference in factorial psycholinguistic experiments. Although LMMs have many advantages over ANOVA, like ANOVAs, setting them up for data analysis also requires some care. One simple option, when numerically possible, is to fit the full variance covariance structure of random effects (the maximal model; Barr, Levy, Scheepers \& Tily, 2013), presumably to keep Type I error down to the nominal a in the presence of random effects. Although it is true that fitting a model with only random intercepts may lead to higher Type I error, fitting a maximal model also has a cost: it can lead to a significant loss of power. We demonstrate this with simulations and suggest that for typical psychological and psycholinguistic data, higher power is achieved without inflating Type I error rate if a model selection criterion is used to select a random effect structure that is supported by the data. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.}, language = {en} } @misc{PietrekKangasKliegletal.2022, author = {Pietrek, Anou F. and Kangas, Maria and Kliegl, Reinhold and Rapp, Michael Armin and Heinzel, Stephan and Van der Kaap-Deeder, Jolene and Heissel, Andreas}, title = {Basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration in major depressive disorder}, series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Gesundheitswissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Gesundheitswissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {8}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-58226}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-582269}, pages = {10}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Basic psychological needs theory postulates that a social environment that satisfies individuals' three basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness leads to optimal growth and well-being. On the other hand, the frustration of these needs is associated with ill-being and depressive symptoms foremost investigated in non-clinical samples; yet, there is a paucity of research on need frustration in clinical samples. Survey data were compared between adult individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 115; 48.69\% female; 38.46 years, SD = 10.46) with those of a non-depressed comparison sample (n = 201; 53.23\% female; 30.16 years, SD = 12.81). Need profiles were examined with a linear mixed model (LMM). Individuals with depression reported higher levels of frustration and lower levels of satisfaction in relation to the three basic psychological needs when compared to non-depressed adults. The difference between depressed and non-depressed groups was significantly larger for frustration than satisfaction regarding the needs for relatedness and competence. LMM correlation parameters confirmed the expected positive correlation between the three needs. This is the first study showing substantial differences in need-based experiences between depressed and non-depressed adults. The results confirm basic assumptions of the self-determination theory and have preliminary implications in tailoring therapy for depression.}, language = {en} } @article{PietrekKangasKliegletal.2022, author = {Pietrek, Anou F. and Kangas, Maria and Kliegl, Reinhold and Rapp, Michael Armin and Heinzel, Stephan and Van der Kaap-Deeder, Jolene and Heissel, Andreas}, title = {Basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration in major depressive disorder}, series = {Frontiers in Psychiatry - Mood Disorders}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry - Mood Disorders}, publisher = {Frontiers Media S.A.}, address = {Lausanne, Schweiz}, issn = {1664-0640}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2022.962501}, pages = {1 -- 10}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Basic psychological needs theory postulates that a social environment that satisfies individuals' three basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness leads to optimal growth and well-being. On the other hand, the frustration of these needs is associated with ill-being and depressive symptoms foremost investigated in non-clinical samples; yet, there is a paucity of research on need frustration in clinical samples. Survey data were compared between adult individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 115; 48.69\% female; 38.46 years, SD = 10.46) with those of a non-depressed comparison sample (n = 201; 53.23\% female; 30.16 years, SD = 12.81). Need profiles were examined with a linear mixed model (LMM). Individuals with depression reported higher levels of frustration and lower levels of satisfaction in relation to the three basic psychological needs when compared to non-depressed adults. The difference between depressed and non-depressed groups was significantly larger for frustration than satisfaction regarding the needs for relatedness and competence. LMM correlation parameters confirmed the expected positive correlation between the three needs. This is the first study showing substantial differences in need-based experiences between depressed and non-depressed adults. The results confirm basic assumptions of the self-determination theory and have preliminary implications in tailoring therapy for depression.}, language = {en} } @article{HortobagyiUematsuSandersetal.2018, author = {Hortobagyi, Tibor and Uematsu, Azusa and Sanders, Lianne and Kliegl, Reinhold and Tollar, Jozsef and Moraes, Renato and Granacher, Urs}, title = {Beam Walking to Assess Dynamic Balance in Health and Disease}, series = {Gerontology}, volume = {65}, journal = {Gerontology}, number = {4}, publisher = {Karger}, address = {Basel}, issn = {0304-324X}, doi = {10.1159/000493360}, pages = {332 -- 339}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Background: Dynamic balance keeps the vertical projection of the center of mass within the base of support while walking. Dynamic balance tests are used to predict the risks of falls and eventual falls. The psychometric properties of most dynamic balance tests are unsatisfactory and do not comprise an actual loss of balance while walking. Objectives: Using beam walking distance as a measure of dynamic balance, the BEAM consortium will determine the psychometric properties, lifespan and patient reference values, the relationship with selected "dynamic balance tests," and the accuracy of beam walking distance to predict falls. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study will examine healthy adults in 7 decades (n = 432) at 4 centers. Center 5 will examine patients (n = 100) diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and balance disorders. In test 1, all participants will be measured for demographics, medical history, muscle strength, gait, static balance, dynamic balance using beam walking under single (beam walking only) and dual task conditions (beam walking while concurrently performing an arithmetic task), and several cognitive functions. Patients and healthy participants age 50 years or older will be additionally measured for fear of falling, history of falls, miniBESTest, functional reach on a force platform, timed up and go, and reactive balance. All participants age 50 years or older will be recalled to report fear of falling and fall history 6 and 12 months after test 1. In test 2, seven to ten days after test 1, healthy young adults and age 50 years or older (n = 40) will be retested for reliability of beam walking performance. Conclusion: We expect to find that beam walking performance vis-{\`a}-vis the traditionally used balance outcomes predicts more accurately fall risks and falls. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03532984.}, language = {en} } @article{LindenbergerBrehmerKliegletal.2008, author = {Lindenberger, Ulman and Brehmer, Y. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.}, title = {Benefits of graphic design expertise in old age : compensatory effects of a graphical lexicon?}, isbn = {978-0-521-87205-8}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @article{OberauerKliegl2001, author = {Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Beyond resources : formal models of complexity effects in age differences in working memory}, year = {2001}, language = {en} } @article{EngbertKliegl2003, author = {Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Binocular coordination in microsaccades}, year = {2003}, language = {en} } @article{YanKliegl2016, author = {Yan, Ming and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {CarPrice versus CarpRice: Word Boundary Ambiguity Influences Saccade Target Selection During the Reading of Chinese Sentences}, series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition}, volume = {42}, journal = {Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0278-7393}, doi = {10.1037/xlm0000276}, pages = {1832 -- 1838}, year = {2016}, abstract = {As a contribution to a theoretical debate about the degree of high-level influences on saccade targeting during sentence reading, we investigated eye movements during the reading of structurally ambiguous Chinese character strings and examined whether parafoveal word segmentation could influence saccade-target selection. As expected, ambiguous strings took longer to process. More critically there were theoretically relevant interactions between ambiguity and launch site when first-fixation location and saccade amplitude served as dependent variables: Ambiguous strings in the parafovea triggered longer saccades and more rightward fixations for close launch sites than unambiguous ones; the reverse result was obtained for far launch sites. These crossover interactions indicate that parafoveal word segmentation influences saccade generation in Chinese and provide support of the hypothesis that high-level information can be involved in the decision about where to fixate next.}, language = {en} } @article{SchroederWuerznerHeisteretal.2015, author = {Schroeder, Sascha and W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Heister, Julian and Geyken, Alexander and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {childLex: a lexical database of German read by children}, series = {Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society}, volume = {47}, journal = {Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, issn = {1554-351X}, doi = {10.3758/s13428-014-0528-1}, pages = {1085 -- 1094}, year = {2015}, abstract = {This article introduces childLex, an online database of German read by children. childLex is based on a corpus of children's books and comprises 10 million words that were syntactically annotated and lemmatized. childLex reports linguistic norms for lexical, superlexical, and sublexical variables in three different age groups: 6-8 (grades 1-2), 9-10 (grades 3-4), and 11-12 years (grades 5-6). Here, we describe how childLex was collected and analyzed. In addition, we provide information about the distributions of word frequency, word length, and orthographic neighborhood size, as well as their intercorrelations. Finally, we explain how childLex can be accessed using a Web interface.}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglPhilipp2002, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Philipp, Doris}, title = {Cognitive plasticity}, isbn = {0-7619-5494-5}, year = {2002}, language = {en} } @article{HeisterKliegl2012, author = {Heister, Julian and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Comparing word frequencies from different German text corpora}, isbn = {978-3-86956-178-3}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @article{MayrKliegl2000, author = {Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Complex semantic processing in old age : does it stay or does it go?}, year = {2000}, language = {en} } @article{EngbertKlieglLongtin2004, author = {Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold and Longtin, Andre}, title = {Complexity of eye movements in reading}, year = {2004}, abstract = {During reading, our eyes perform complicated sequences of fixations on words. Stochastic models of eye movement control suggest that this seemingly erratic behaviour can be attributed to noise in the oculomotor system and random fluctuations in lexical processing. Here, we present a qualitative analysis of a recently published dynamical model [Engbert et al., 2002] and propose that deterministic nonlinear control accounts for much of the observed complexity of eye movement patterns during reading. Based on a symbolic coding technique we analyze robust statistical features of simulated fixation sequences}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglKemper1999, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Kemper, Susan}, title = {Concluding observations}, isbn = {0-7923-8526-8}, year = {1999}, language = {en} } @article{OngKliegl2008, author = {Ong, James Kwan Yau and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Conditional co-occurrence probability acts like frequency in predicting fixation durations}, issn = {1995-8692}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @book{KemperKliegl1999, author = {Kemper, Susan and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Constraints on language : aging, grammar, and memory}, publisher = {Kluwer}, address = {Boston}, pages = {324 S.}, year = {1999}, language = {en} } @article{LiWangMoetal.2018, author = {Li, Nan and Wang, Suiping and Mo, Luxi and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Contextual constraint and preview time modulate the semantic preview effect}, series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, volume = {71}, journal = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, number = {1}, publisher = {Sage Publ.}, address = {London}, issn = {1747-0218}, doi = {10.1080/17470218.2017.1310914}, pages = {241 -- 249}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Word recognition in sentence reading is influenced by information from both preview and context. Recently, semantic preview effect (SPE) was observed being modulated by the constraint of context, indicating that context might accelerate the processing of semantically related preview words. Besides, SPE was found to depend on preview time, which suggests that SPE may change with different processing stages of preview words. Therefore, it raises the question of whether preview time-dependent SPE would be modulated by contextual constraint. In this study, we not only investigated the impact of contextual constraint on SPE in Chinese reading but also examined its dependency on preview time. The preview word and the target word were identical, semantically related or unrelated to the target word. The results showed a significant three-way interaction: The SPE depended on contextual constraint and preview time. In separate analyses for low and high contextual constraint of target words, the SPE significantly decreased with an increase in preview duration when the target word was of low constraint in the sentence. The effect was numerically in the same direction but weaker and statistically nonsignificant when the target word was highly constrained in the sentence. The results indicate that word processing in sentences is a dynamic process of integrating information from both preview (bottom-up) and context (top-down).}, language = {en} } @misc{DimigenSommerHohlfeldetal.2011, author = {Dimigen, Olaf and Sommer, Werner and Hohlfeld, Annette and Jacobs, Arthur M. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Coregistration of eye movements and EEG in natural reading analyses and review}, series = {Journal of experimental psychology : General}, volume = {140}, journal = {Journal of experimental psychology : General}, number = {4}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0096-3445}, doi = {10.1037/a0023885}, pages = {552 -- 572}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Brain-electric correlates of reading have traditionally been studied with word-by-word presentation, a condition that eliminates important aspects of the normal reading process and precludes direct comparisons between neural activity and oculomotor behavior. In the present study, we investigated effects of word predictability on eye movements (EM) and fixation-related brain potentials (FRPs) during natural sentence reading. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and EM (via video-based eye tracking) were recorded simultaneously while subjects read heterogeneous German sentences, moving their eyes freely over the text. FRPs were time-locked to first-pass reading fixations and analyzed according to the cloze probability of the currently fixated word. We replicated robust effects of word predictability on EMs and the N400 component in FRPs. The data were then used to model the relation among fixation duration, gaze duration, and N400 amplitude, and to trace the time course of EEG effects relative to effects in EM behavior. In an extended Methodological Discussion section, we review 4 technical and data-analytical problems that need to be addressed when FRPs are recorded in free-viewing situations (such as reading, visual search, or scene perception) and propose solutions. Results suggest that EEG recordings during normal vision are feasible and useful to consolidate findings from EEG and eye-tracking studies.}, language = {en} } @article{RolfsEngbertKliegl2005, author = {Rolfs, Martin and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Crossmodal coupling of oculomotor control and spatial attention in vision and audition}, issn = {0014-4819}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Fixational eye movements occur involuntarily during visual fixation of stationary scenes. The fastest components of these miniature eye movements are microsaccades, which can be observed about once per second. Recent studies demonstrated that microsaccades are linked to covert shifts of visual attention. Here, we generalized this finding in two ways. First, we used peripheral cues, rather than the centrally presented cues of earlier studies. Second, we spatially cued attention in vision and audition to visual and auditory targets. An analysis of microsaccade responses revealed an equivalent impact of visual and auditory cues on microsaccade-rate signature (i.e. an initial inhibition followed by an overshoot and a final return to the pre-cue baseline rate). With visual cues or visual targets, microsaccades were briefly aligned with cue direction and then opposite to cue direction during the overshoot epoch, probably as a result of an inhibition of an automatic saccade to the peripheral cue. With left auditory cues and auditory targets microsaccades oriented in cue direction. We argue that microsaccades can be used to study crossmodal integration of sensory information and to map the time course of saccade preparation during covert shifts of visual and auditory attention}, language = {en} } @article{RichterEngbertKliegl2006, author = {Richter, Eike M. and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Current advances in SWIFT}, issn = {1389-0417}, doi = {10.1016/j.cogsys.2005.07.003}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Models of eye movement control are very useful for gaining insights into the intricate connections of different cognitive and oculomotor subsystems involved in reading. The SWIFT model (Engbert, Longtin, \& Kliegl (2002). Vision Research, 42, 621 - 636) proposed a unified mechanism to account for all types of eye movement patterns that might be observed in reading behavior. The model is based on the notion of spatially distributed, or parallel, processing of words in a sentence. We present a refined version of SWIFT introducing a letter-based approach that proposes a processing gradient in the shape of a smooth function. We show that SWIFT extents its capabilities by accounting for distributions of landing positions.}, language = {en} } @article{vonderMalsburgKlieglVasishth2015, author = {von der Malsburg, Titus Raban and Kliegl, Reinhold and Vasishth, Shravan}, title = {Determinants of Scanpath Regularity in Reading}, series = {Cognitive science : a multidisciplinary journal of anthropology, artificial intelligence, education, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology ; journal of the Cognitive Science Society}, volume = {39}, journal = {Cognitive science : a multidisciplinary journal of anthropology, artificial intelligence, education, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology ; journal of the Cognitive Science Society}, number = {7}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {0364-0213}, doi = {10.1111/cogs.12208}, pages = {1675 -- 1703}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Scanpaths have played an important role in classic research on reading behavior. Nevertheless, they have largely been neglected in later research perhaps due to a lack of suitable analytical tools. Recently, von der Malsburg and Vasishth (2011) proposed a new measure for quantifying differences between scanpaths and demonstrated that this measure can recover effects that were missed with the traditional eyetracking measures. However, the sentences used in that study were difficult to process and scanpath effects accordingly strong. The purpose of the present study was to test the validity, sensitivity, and scope of applicability of the scanpath measure, using simple sentences that are typically read from left to right. We derived predictions for the regularity of scanpaths from the literature on oculomotor control, sentence processing, and cognitive aging and tested these predictions using the scanpath measure and a large database of eye movements. All predictions were confirmed: Sentences with short words and syntactically more difficult sentences elicited more irregular scanpaths. Also, older readers produced more irregular scanpaths than younger readers. In addition, we found an effect that was not reported earlier: Syntax had a smaller influence on the eye movements of older readers than on those of young readers. We discuss this interaction of syntactic parsing cost with age in terms of shifts in processing strategies and a decline of executive control as readers age. Overall, our results demonstrate the validity and sensitivity of the scanpath measure and thus establish it as a productive and versatile tool for reading research.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KlieglTeichGranacheretal.2022, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Teich, Paula and Granacher, Urs and F{\"u}hner, Thea Heidi}, title = {Developmental Gains in Physical Fitness Components of Keyage and Older-than-Keyage Third-Graders}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-56087}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-560870}, pages = {14}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Children who were enrolled according to legal enrollment dates (i.e., keyage third-graders aged eight to nine years) exhibit a positive linear physical fitness development (F{\"u}hner et al., 2021). However, children who were enrolled with a delay of one year or who repeated a grade (i.e., older-than-keyage children [OTK] aged nine to ten years in third grade) appear to exhibit a poorer physical fitness relative to what could be expected given their chronological age (F{\"u}hner et al., 2022). However, because F{\"u}hner et al. (2022) compared the performance of OTK children to predicted test scores that were extrapolated based on the data of keyage children, the observed physical fitness of these children could either indicate a delayed physical-fitness development or some physiological or psychological changes occurring during the tenth year of life. We investigate four hypotheses about this effect. (H1) OTK children are biologically younger than keyage children. A formula transforming OTK's chronological age into a proxy for their biological age brings some of the observed cross-sectional age-related development in line with the predicted age-related development based on the data of keyage children, but large negative group differences remain. Hypotheses 2 to 4 were tested with a longitudinal assessment. (H2) Physiological changes due to biological maturation or psychological factors cause a stagnation of physical fitness development in the tenth year of life. H2 predicts a decline of performance from third to fourth grade also for keyage children. (H3) OTK children exhibit an age-related (temporary) developmental delay in the tenth year of life, but later catch up to the performance of age-matched keyage children. H3 predicts a larger developmental gain for OTK than for keyage children from third to fourth grade. (H4) OTK children exhibit a sustained physical fitness deficit and do not catch up over time. H4 predicts a positive development for keyage and OTK children, with no greater development for OTK compared to keyage children. The longitudinal study was based on a subset of children from the EMOTIKON project (www.uni-potsdam.de/emotikon). The physical fitness (cardiorespiratory endurance [6-minute-run test], coordination [star-run test], speed [20-m sprint test], lower [standing long jump test] and upper [ball push test] limbs muscle power, and balance [one-legged stance test]) of 1,274 children (1,030 keyage and 244 OTK children) from 32 different schools was tested in third grade and retested one year later in fourth grade. Results: (a) Both keyage and OTK children exhibit a positive longitudinal development from third to fourth grade in all six physical fitness components. (b) There is no evidence for a different longitudinal development of keyage and OTK children. (c) Keyage children (approximately 9.5 years in fourth grade) outperform age-matched OTK children (approximately 9.5 years in third grade) in all six physical fitness components. The results show that the physical fitness of OTK children is indeed impaired and are in support of a sustained difference in physical fitness between the groups of keyage and OTK children (H4).}, language = {en} } @article{TetznerKlieglKraheetal.2017, author = {Tetzner, Julia and Kliegl, Reinhold and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Busching, Robert and Esser, G{\"u}nter}, title = {Developmental problems in adolescence}, series = {Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology}, volume = {53}, journal = {Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {New York}, issn = {0193-3973}, doi = {10.1016/j.appdev.2017.08.003}, pages = {40 -- 53}, year = {2017}, abstract = {This longitudinal study investigated patterns of developmental problems across depression, aggression, and academic achievement during adolescence, using two measurement points two years apart (N = 1665; age T1: M = 13.14; female = 49.6\%). Latent Profile Analyses and Latent Transition Analyses yielded four main findings: A three-type solution provided the best fit to the data: an asymptomatic type (i.e., low problem scores in all three domains), a depressed type (i.e., high scores in depression), an aggressive type (i.e., high scores in aggression). Profile types were invariant over the two data waves but differed between girls and boys, revealing gender specific patterns of comorbidity. Stabilities over time were high for the asymptomatic type and for types that represented problems in one domain, but moderate for comorbid types. Differences in demographic variables (i.e., age, socio-economic status) and individual characteristics (i.e., self-esteem, dysfunctional cognitions, cognitive capabilities) predicted profile type memberships and longitudinal transitions between types.}, language = {en} } @article{MayrKliegl2003, author = {Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Differential effects of cue changes and task changes on task-set selection costs}, issn = {0278-7393}, year = {2003}, language = {en} } @article{HaendlerKlieglAdani2015, author = {Haendler, Yair and Kliegl, Reinhold and Adani, Flavia}, title = {Discourse accessibility constraints in children's processing of object relative clauses}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {6}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00360}, pages = {17}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Children's poor performance on object relative clauses has been explained in terms of intervention locality. This approach predicts that object relatives with a full DP head and an embedded pronominal subject are easier than object relatives in which both the head noun and the embedded subject are full DPs. This prediction is shared by other accounts formulated to explain processing mechanisms. We conducted a visual-world study designed to test the off-line comprehension and on-line processing of object relatives in German-speaking 5-year-olds. Children were tested on three types of object relatives, all having a full DP head noun and differing with respect to the type of nominal phrase that appeared in the embedded subject position: another full DP, a 1st- or a 3rd-person pronoun. Grammatical skills and memory capacity were also assessed in order to see whether and how they affect children's performance. Most accurately processed were object relatives with 1st-person pronoun, independently of children's language and memory skills. Performance on object relatives with two full DPs was overall more accurate than on object relatives with 3rd-person pronoun. In the former condition, children with stronger grammatical skills accurately processed the structure and their memory abilities determined how fast they were; in the latter condition, children only processed accurately the structure if they were strong both in their grammatical skills and in their memory capacity. The results are discussed in the light of accounts that predict different pronoun effects like the ones we find, which depend on the referential properties of the pronouns. We then discuss which role language and memory abilities might have in processing object relatives with various embedded nominal phrases.}, language = {en} } @article{HaendlerKlieglAdani2015, author = {Haendler, Yair and Kliegl, Reinhold and Adani, Flavia}, title = {Discourse accessibility constraints in children´s processing of object relative clauses}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {6}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, number = {860}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00860}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Children's poor performance on object relative clauses has been explained in terms of intervention locality. This approach predicts that object relatives with a full DP head and an embedded pronominal subject are easier than object relatives in which both the head noun and the embedded subject are full DPs. This prediction is shared by other accounts formulated to explain processing mechanisms. We conducted a visual-world study designed to test the off-line comprehension and on-line processing of object relatives in German-speaking 5-year-olds. Children were tested on three types of object relatives, all having a full DP head noun and differing with respect to the type of nominal phrase that appeared in the embedded subject position: another full DP, a 1st- or a 3rd-person pronoun. Grammatical skills and memory capacity were also assessed in order to see whether and how they affect children's performance. Most accurately processed were object relatives with 1st-person pronoun, independently of children's language and memory skills. Performance on object relatives with two full DPs was overall more accurate than on object relatives with 3rd-person pronoun. In the former condition, children with stronger grammatical skills accurately processed the structure and their memory abilities determined how fast they were; in the latter condition, children only processed accurately the structure if they were strong both in their grammatical skills and in their memory capacity. The results are discussed in the light of accounts that predict different pronoun effects like the ones we find, which depend on the referential properties of the pronouns. We then discuss which role language and memory abilities might have in processing object relatives with various embedded nominal phrases.}, language = {en} } @misc{HaendlerKlieglAdani2015, author = {Haendler, Yair and Kliegl, Reinhold and Adani, Flavia}, title = {Discourse accessibility constraints in children´s processing of object relative clauses}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-78694}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Children's poor performance on object relative clauses has been explained in terms of intervention locality. This approach predicts that object relatives with a full DP head and an embedded pronominal subject are easier than object relatives in which both the head noun and the embedded subject are full DPs. This prediction is shared by other accounts formulated to explain processing mechanisms. We conducted a visual-world study designed to test the off-line comprehension and on-line processing of object relatives in German-speaking 5-year-olds. Children were tested on three types of object relatives, all having a full DP head noun and differing with respect to the type of nominal phrase that appeared in the embedded subject position: another full DP, a 1st- or a 3rd-person pronoun. Grammatical skills and memory capacity were also assessed in order to see whether and how they affect children's performance. Most accurately processed were object relatives with 1st-person pronoun, independently of children's language and memory skills. Performance on object relatives with two full DPs was overall more accurate than on object relatives with 3rd-person pronoun. In the former condition, children with stronger grammatical skills accurately processed the structure and their memory abilities determined how fast they were; in the latter condition, children only processed accurately the structure if they were strong both in their grammatical skills and in their memory capacity. The results are discussed in the light of accounts that predict different pronoun effects like the ones we find, which depend on the referential properties of the pronouns. We then discuss which role language and memory abilities might have in processing object relatives with various embedded nominal phrases.}, language = {en} } @article{RisseKliegl2014, author = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Dissociating preview validity and preview difficulty in parafoveal processing of word n+1 during reading}, series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance}, volume = {40}, journal = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0096-1523}, doi = {10.1037/a0034997}, pages = {653 -- 668}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Many studies have shown that previewing the next word n + 1 during reading leads to substantial processing benefit (e.g., shorter word viewing times) when this word is eventually fixated. However, evidence of such preprocessing in fixations on the preceding word n when in fact the information about the preview is acquired is far less consistent. A recent study suggested that such effects may be delayed into fixations on the next word n + 1 (Risse \& Kliegl, 2012). To investigate the time course of parafoveal information-acquisition on the control of eye movements during reading, we conducted 2 gaze-contingent display-change experiments and orthogonally manipulated the processing difficulty (i.e., word frequency) of an n + 1 preview word and its validity relative to the target word. Preview difficulty did not affect fixation durations on the pretarget word n but on the target word n + 1. In fact, the delayed preview-difficulty effect was almost of the same size as the preview benefit associated with the n + 1 preview validity. Based on additional results from quantile-regression analyses on the time course of the 2 preview effects, we discuss consequences as to the integration of foveal and parafoveal information and potential implications for computational models of eye guidance in reading.}, language = {en} } @article{OberauerDemmrichMayretal.2001, author = {Oberauer, Klaus and Demmrich, Anke and Mayr, Ulrich and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Dissociating retention and access in working memory : an age-comparative study of mental arithmetic}, year = {2001}, language = {en} } @article{HeisterWuerznerBubenzeretal.2011, author = {Heister, Julian and W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Bubenzer, Johannes and Pohl, Edmund and Hanneforth, Thomas and Geyken, Alexander and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {dlexDB - A lexical database for the psychological and linguistic research}, series = {Psychologische Rundschau : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Psychologie}, volume = {62}, journal = {Psychologische Rundschau : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Psychologie}, number = {1}, publisher = {Hogrefe}, address = {G{\"o}ttingen}, issn = {0033-3042}, doi = {10.1026/0033-3042/a000029}, pages = {10 -- 20}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The lexical database dlexDB supplies in form of an online database frequency-based norms of numerous process-related word properties for psychological and linguistic research. These values include well known variables such as printed frequency of word form and lemma as documented also in CELEX (Baayen, Piepenbrock und Gulikers, 1995). In addition, we compute new values like frequencies based on syllables, and morphemes as well as frequencies of character chains, and multiple word combinations. The statistics are based on the Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wrterbuchs der deutschen Sprache (DWDS) with over 100 million running words. We illustrate the validity of these norms with new results about fixation durations in sentence reading.}, language = {de} } @article{HeisterWuerznerBubenzeretal.2011, author = {Heister, Julian and W{\"u}rzner, Kay-Michael and Bubenzer, Johannes and Pohl, Edmund and Hanneforth, Thomas and Geyken, Alexander and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {dlexDB : eine lexikalische Datenbank f{\"u}r die psychologische und linguistische Forschung}, doi = {10.1026/0033-3042/a000029}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Mit der lexikalischen Datenbank dlexDB stellen wir der psychologischen und linguistischen Forschung im World Wide Web online statistische Kennwerte f{\"u}r eine Vielzahl von verarbeitungsrelevanten Merkmalen von W{\"o}rtern zur Verf{\"u}gung. Diese Kennwerte umfassen die durch CELEX (Baayen, Piepenbrock und Gulikers, 1995) bekannten Variablen der H{\"a}ufigkeiten von Wortformen und Lemmata in Texten geschriebener Sprache. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus berechnen wir eine Reihe neuer Kennwerte wie die H{\"a}ufigkeiten von Silben, Morphemen, Zeichenfolgen und Mehrwortverbindungen sowie Wort{\"a}hnlichkeitsmaße. Die Datengrundlage bildet das Kernkorpus des Digitalen W{\"o}rterbuchs der deutschen Sprache (DWDS) mit {\"u}ber 100 Millionen laufenden W{\"o}rtern. Wir illustrieren die Validit{\"a}t dieser Kennwerte mit neuen Ergebnissen zu ihrem Einfluss auf Fixationsdauern beim Lesen von S{\"a}tzen.}, language = {de} } @misc{FuehnerGranacherGolleetal.2022, author = {F{\"u}hner, Thea Heidi and Granacher, Urs and Golle, Kathleen and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Effect of timing of school enrollment on physical fitness in third graders}, series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {800}, issn = {1866-8364}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-56693}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-566933}, pages = {11}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Timing of initial school enrollment may vary considerably for various reasons such as early or delayed enrollment, skipped or repeated school classes. Accordingly, the age range within school grades includes older-(OTK) and younger-than-keyage (YTK) children. Hardly any information is available on the impact of timing of school enrollment on physical fitness. There is evidence from a related research topic showing large differences in academic performance between OTK and YTK children versus keyage children. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare physical fitness of OTK (N = 26,540) and YTK (N = 2586) children versus keyage children (N = 108,295) in a representative sample of German third graders. Physical fitness tests comprised cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed, lower, and upper limbs muscle power. Predictions of physical fitness performance for YTK and OTK children were estimated using data from keyage children by taking age, sex, school, and assessment year into account. Data were annually recorded between 2011 and 2019. The difference between observed and predicted z-scores yielded a delta z-score that was used as a dependent variable in the linear mixed models. Findings indicate that OTK children showed poorer performance compared to keyage children, especially in coordination, and that YTK children outperformed keyage children, especially in coordination. Teachers should be aware that OTK children show poorer physical fitness performance compared to keyage children.}, language = {en} } @article{FuehnerGranacherGolleetal.2022, author = {F{\"u}hner, Thea Heidi and Granacher, Urs and Golle, Kathleen and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Effect of timing of school enrollment on physical fitness in third graders}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {12}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {London}, issn = {2045-2322}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-11710-x}, pages = {1 -- 11}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Timing of initial school enrollment may vary considerably for various reasons such as early or delayed enrollment, skipped or repeated school classes. Accordingly, the age range within school grades includes older-(OTK) and younger-than-keyage (YTK) children. Hardly any information is available on the impact of timing of school enrollment on physical fitness. There is evidence from a related research topic showing large differences in academic performance between OTK and YTK children versus keyage children. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare physical fitness of OTK (N = 26,540) and YTK (N = 2586) children versus keyage children (N = 108,295) in a representative sample of German third graders. Physical fitness tests comprised cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed, lower, and upper limbs muscle power. Predictions of physical fitness performance for YTK and OTK children were estimated using data from keyage children by taking age, sex, school, and assessment year into account. Data were annually recorded between 2011 and 2019. The difference between observed and predicted z-scores yielded a delta z-score that was used as a dependent variable in the linear mixed models. Findings indicate that OTK children showed poorer performance compared to keyage children, especially in coordination, and that YTK children outperformed keyage children, especially in coordination. Teachers should be aware that OTK children show poorer physical fitness performance compared to keyage children.}, language = {en} } @article{BeurskensMuehlbauerGrabowetal.2016, author = {Beurskens, Rainer and M{\"u}hlbauer, Thomas and Grabow, Lena and Kliegl, Reinhold and Granacher, Urs}, title = {Effects of Backpack Carriage on Dual-Task Performance in Children During Standing and Walking}, series = {Journal of motor behavior}, volume = {48}, journal = {Journal of motor behavior}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH}, address = {Abingdon}, issn = {0022-2895}, doi = {10.1080/00222895.2016.1152137}, pages = {500 -- 508}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{DittmannKohliLachmannKliegletal.1991, author = {Dittmann-Kohli, Freya and Lachmann, Margic and Kliegl, Reinhold and Baltes, Paul B.}, title = {Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults}, year = {1991}, language = {en} } @article{WeckJungaKliegletal.2021, author = {Weck, Florian and Junga, Yvonne Marie and Kliegl, Reinhold and Hahn, Daniela and Brucker, Katharina and Witth{\"o}ft, Michael}, title = {Effects of competence feedback on therapist competence and patient outcome}, series = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology}, volume = {89}, journal = {Journal of consulting and clinical psychology}, number = {11}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0022-006X}, doi = {10.1037/ccp0000686}, pages = {885 -- 897}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Objective: Therapist competence is considered essential for the success of psychotherapy. Feedback is an intervention which has the potential to improve therapist competence. The present study investigated whether competence feedback leads to an improvement of therapist competence and patient outcome. Method: Sixty-seven master-level clinical trainees were randomly assigned to either a competence feedback group (CFG) or a control group (CG). Patients with a diagnosis of major depression (N = 114) were randomly assigned to CFG or CG. Treatment included 20 individual sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In CFG, therapists received, parallel to the treatment, five competence feedbacks, based on videotaped therapy sessions. Independent raters assessed therapist competence with the Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS) and provided the competence feedback. Patient outcome was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and therapeutic alliance (Helping Alliance Questionnaire [HAQ]) from both therapist's (HAQ-T) and patient's (HAQ-P) perspective were evaluated after each of the 20 sessions. Results: (a) Therapist competence (CTS) increased significantly more for CFG than CG. (b) Depression (BDI-II) decreased significantly across sessions for both groups, but without evidence for a group-differential benefit for the CFG. (c) Therapeutic alliance (HAQ-T/P) increased significantly across sessions for both groups from both perspectives, but without group differences. (d) There is a positive effect of BDI-II on CTS at the beginning and a negative effect of CTS on BDI-II at the end of therapy. Conclusion: Competence feedback improves therapists' independently rated competence, but there is no evidence that competence feedback in CBT leads to better outcome. What is the public health significance of this article? This study suggests the substantial value of systematic competence feedback for improving therapist competence in the psychotherapy of depression. No significant effect of competence feedback on the reduction of reported depressive symptoms was found.}, language = {en} } @article{GoetheOberauerKliegl2016, author = {G{\"o}the, Katrin and Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Eliminating dual-task costs by minimizing crosstalk between tasks: The role of modality and feature pairings}, series = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science}, volume = {150}, journal = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0010-0277}, doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2016.02.003}, pages = {92 -- 108}, year = {2016}, abstract = {We tested the independent influences of two content-based factors on dual-task costs, and on the parallel processing ability: The pairing of S-R modalities and the pairing of relevant features between stimuli and responses of two tasks. The two pairing factors were realized across four dual-task groups. Within each group the two tasks comprised two different stimulus modalities (visual and auditory), two different relevant stimulus features (spatial and verbal) and two response modalities (manual and vocal). Pairings of S-R modalities (standard: visual-manual and auditory-vocal, non-standard: visual-vocal and auditory manual) and feature pairings (standard: spatial-manual and verbal-vocal, non-standard: spatial-vocal and verbal-manual) varied across groups. All participants practiced their respective dual-task combination in a paradigm with simultaneous stimulus onset before being transferred to a psychological refractory period paradigm varying stimulus-onset asynchrony. A comparison at the end of practice revealed similar dual-task costs and similar pairing effects in both paradigms. Dual-task costs depended on modality and feature pairings. Groups training with non-standard feature pairings (i.e., verbal stimulus features mapped to spatially separated response keys, or spatial stimulus features mapped to verbal responses) and non-standard modality pairings (i.e., auditory stimulus mapped to manual response, or visual stimulus mapped to vocal responses) had higher dual-task costs than respective standard pairings. In contrast, irrespective of modality pairing dual-task costs virtually disappeared with standard feature pairings after practice in both paradigms. The results can be explained by crosstalk between feature-binding processes for the two tasks. Crosstalk was present for non-standard but absent for standard feature pairings. Therefore, standard feature pairings enabled parallel processing at the end of practice. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @misc{DambacherRolfsGoellneretal.2009, author = {Dambacher, Michael and Rolfs, Martin and G{\"o}llner, Kristin and Kliegl, Reinhold and Jacobs, Arthur M.}, title = {Event-related potentials reveal rapid verification of predicted visual input}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44953}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Human information processing depends critically on continuous predictions about upcoming events, but the temporal convergence of expectancy-based top-down and input-driven bottom-up streams is poorly understood. We show that, during reading, event-related potentials differ between exposure to highly predictable and unpredictable words no later than 90 ms after visual input. This result suggests an extremely rapid comparison of expected and incoming visual information and gives an upper temporal bound for theories of top-down and bottom-up interactions in object recognition.}, language = {en} } @article{RisseKliegl2012, author = {Risse, Sarah and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Evidence for delayed Parafoveal-on-Foveal effects from word n+2 in reading}, series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance}, volume = {38}, journal = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance}, number = {4}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0096-1523}, doi = {10.1037/a0027735}, pages = {1026 -- 1042}, year = {2012}, abstract = {During reading information is acquired from word(s) beyond the word that is currently looked at. It is still an open question whether such parafoveal information can influence the current viewing of a word, and if so, whether such parafoveal-on-foveal effects are attributable to distributed processing or to mislocated fixations which occur when the eyes are directed at a parafoveal word but land on another word instead. In two display-change experiments, we orthogonally manipulated the preview and target difficulty of word n+2 to investigate the role of mislocated fixations on the previous word n+1. When the eyes left word n, an easy or difficult word n+2 preview was replaced by an easy or difficult n+2 target word. In Experiment 1, n+2 processing difficulty was manipulated by means of word frequency (i.e., easy high-frequency vs. difficult low-frequency word n+2). In Experiment 2, we varied the visual familiarity of word n+2 (i.e., easy lower-case vs. difficult alternating-case writing). Fixations on the short word n+1, which were likely to be mislocated, were nevertheless not influenced by the difficulty of the adjacent word n+2, the hypothesized target of the mislocated fixation. Instead word n+1 was influenced by the preview difficulty of word n+2, representing a delayed parafoveal-on-foveal effect. The results challenge the mislocated-fixation hypothesis as an explanation of parafoveal-on-foveal effects and provide new insight into the complex spatial and temporal effect structure of processing inside the perceptual span during reading.}, language = {en} } @article{DambacherSlatteryYangetal.2013, author = {Dambacher, Michael and Slattery, Timothy J. and Yang, Jinmian and Kliegl, Reinhold and Rayner, Keith}, title = {Evidence for direct control of eye movements during reading}, series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance}, volume = {39}, journal = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance}, number = {5}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0096-1523}, doi = {10.1037/a0031647}, pages = {1468 -- 1484}, year = {2013}, abstract = {It is well established that fixation durations during reading vary with processing difficulty, but there are different views on how oculomotor control, visual perception, shifts of attention, and lexical (and higher cognitive) processing are coordinated. Evidence for a one-to-one translation of input delay into saccadic latency would provide a much needed constraint for current theoretical proposals. Here, we tested predictions of such a direct-control perspective using the stimulus-onset delay (SOD) paradigm. Words in sentences were initially masked and, on fixation, were individually unmasked with a delay (0-, 33-, 66-, 99-ms SODs). In Experiment 1, SODs were constant for all words in a sentence; in Experiment 2, SODs were manipulated on target words, while nontargets were unmasked without delay. In accordance with predictions of direct control, nonzero SODs entailed equivalent increases in fixation durations in both experiments. Yet, a population of short fixations pointed to rapid saccades as a consequence of low-level information at nonoptimal viewing positions rather than of lexical processing. Implications of these results for theoretical accounts of oculomotor control are discussed.}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglWeiDambacheretal.2011, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Wei, Ping and Dambacher, Michael and Yan, Ming and Zhou, Xiaolin}, title = {Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models estimating the relationship between spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {2}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00238}, pages = {12}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Linear mixed models (LMMs) provide a still underused methodological perspective on combining experimental and individual-differences research. Here we illustrate this approach with two-rectangle cueing in visual attention (Egly et al., 1994). We replicated previous experimental cue-validity effects relating to a spatial shift of attention within an object (spatial effect), to attention switch between objects (object effect), and to the attraction of attention toward the display centroid (attraction effect), also taking into account the design-inherent imbalance of valid and other trials. We simultaneously estimated variance/covariance components of subject-related random effects for these spatial, object, and attraction effects in addition to their mean reaction times (RTs). The spatial effect showed a strong positive correlation with mean RT and a strong negative correlation with the attraction effect. The analysis of individual differences suggests that slow subjects engage attention more strongly at the cued location than fast subjects. We compare this joint LMM analysis of experimental effects and associated subject-related variances and correlations with two frequently used alternative statistical procedures.}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglWeiDambacheretal.2010, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Wei, Ping and Dambacher, Michael and Yan, Ming and Zhou, Xiaolin}, title = {Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models: estimating the relationship between spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00238}, year = {2010}, language = {en} } @article{YanPanKliegl2019, author = {Yan, Ming and Pan, Jinger and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Eye Movement Control in Chinese Reading: A Cross-Sectional Study}, series = {Developmental psychology}, volume = {55}, journal = {Developmental psychology}, number = {11}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {0012-1649}, doi = {10.1037/dev0000819}, pages = {2275 -- 2285}, year = {2019}, abstract = {The present study explored the age-related changes of eye movement control in reading-that is, where to send the eyes and when to move them. Different orthographies present readers with somewhat different problems to solve, and this might, in turn, be reflected in different patterns of development of reading skill. Participants of different developmental levels (Grade 3, N = 30; Grade 5, N = 27 and adults, N = 27) were instructed to read sentences for comprehension while their eye movements were recorded. Contrary to previous findings that have been well documented indicating early maturation of saccade generation in English, current results showed that saccade generation among Chinese readers was still under development at Grade 5, although immediate lexical processing was relatively well-established. The distinct age-related changes in eye movements are attributable to certain linguistic properties of Chinese including the lack of interword spaces and word boundary uncertainty. The present study offers an example of how human eye movement adapts to the orthographic environment.}, language = {en} } @article{OezkanFikriKırkıcıetal.2020, author = {{\"O}zkan, Ay{\c{s}}eg{\"u}l and Fikri, Figen Beken and K{\i}rk{\i}c{\i}, Bilal and Kliegl, Reinhold and Acart{\"u}rk, Cengiz}, title = {Eye movement control in Turkish sentence reading}, series = {Quarterly journal of experimental psychology : QJEP / EPS, Experimental Psychology Society}, volume = {74}, journal = {Quarterly journal of experimental psychology : QJEP / EPS, Experimental Psychology Society}, number = {2}, publisher = {Sage Publ.}, address = {London}, issn = {1747-0218}, doi = {10.1177/1747021820963310}, pages = {377 -- 397}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Reading requires the assembly of cognitive processes across a wide spectrum from low-level visual perception to high-level discourse comprehension. One approach of unravelling the dynamics associated with these processes is to determine how eye movements are influenced by the characteristics of the text, in particular which features of the words within the perceptual span maximise the information intake due to foveal, spillover, parafoveal, and predictive processing. One way to test the generalisability of current proposals of such distributed processing is to examine them across different languages. For Turkish, an agglutinative language with a shallow orthography-phonology mapping, we replicate the well-known canonical main effects of frequency and predictability of the fixated word as well as effects of incoming saccade amplitude and fixation location within the word on single-fixation durations with data from 35 adults reading 120 nine-word sentences. Evidence for previously reported effects of the characteristics of neighbouring words and interactions was mixed. There was no evidence for the expected Turkish-specific morphological effect of the number of inflectional suffixes on single-fixation durations. To control for word-selection bias associated with single-fixation durations, we also tested effects on word skipping, single-fixation, and multiple-fixation cases with a base-line category logit model, assuming an increase of difficulty for an increase in the number of fixations. With this model, significant effects of word characteristics and number of inflectional suffixes of foveal word on probabilities of the number of fixations were observed, while the effects of the characteristics of neighbouring words and interactions were mixed.}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglDambacherDimigenetal.2012, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Dambacher, Michael and Dimigen, Olaf and Jacobs, Arthur M. and Sommer, Werner}, title = {Eye movements and brain electric potentials during reading}, series = {Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action}, volume = {76}, journal = {Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Heidelberg}, issn = {0340-0727}, doi = {10.1007/s00426-011-0376-x}, pages = {145 -- 158}, year = {2012}, abstract = {The development of theories and computational models of reading requires an understanding of processing constraints, in particular of timelines related to word recognition and oculomotor control. Timelines of word recognition are usually determined with event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded under conditions of serial visual presentation (SVP) of words; timelines of oculomotor control are derived from parameters of eye movements (EMs) during natural reading. We describe two strategies to integrate these approaches. One is to collect ERPs and EMs in separate SVP and natural reading experiments for the same experimental material (but different subjects). The other strategy is to co-register EMs and ERPs during natural reading from the same subjects. Both strategies yield data that allow us to determine how lexical properties influence ERPs (e.g., the N400 component) and EMs (e.g., fixation durations) across neighboring words. We review our recent research on the effects of frequency and predictability of words on both EM and ERP measures with reference to current models of eye-movement control during reading. Results are in support of the proposition that lexical access is distributed across several fixations and across brain-electric potentials measured on neighboring words.}, language = {en} } @article{FernandezShalomKliegletal.2014, author = {Fernandez, Gerardo and Shalom, Diego E. and Kliegl, Reinhold and Sigman, Mariano}, title = {Eye movements during reading proverbs and regular sentences: the incoming word predictability effect}, series = {Language, cognition and neuroscience}, volume = {29}, journal = {Language, cognition and neuroscience}, number = {3}, publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group}, address = {Abingdon}, issn = {2327-3798}, doi = {10.1080/01690965.2012.760745}, pages = {260 -- 273}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Kliegl2012, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Eye movements during reading: Contributions of cross-language comparisons}, series = {International journal of psychology}, volume = {47}, booktitle = {International journal of psychology}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hove}, issn = {0020-7594}, pages = {138 -- 138}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @article{YanZhouShuetal.2014, author = {Yan, Ming and Zhou, Wei and Shu, Hua and Yusupu, Rizwangul and Miao, Dongxia and Kruegel, Andre and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Eye movements guided by morphological structure: Evidence from the Uighur language}, series = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science}, volume = {132}, journal = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science}, number = {2}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0010-0277}, doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2014.03.008}, pages = {181 -- 215}, year = {2014}, abstract = {It is generally accepted that low-level features (e.g., inter-word spaces) are responsible for saccade-target selection in eye-movement control during reading. In two experiments using Uighur script known for its rich suffixes, we demonstrate that, in addition to word length and launch site, the number of suffixes influences initial landing positions. We also demonstrate an influence of word frequency. These results are difficult to explain purely by low-level guidance of eye movements and indicate that due to properties specific to Uighur script low-level visual information and high-level information such as morphological structure of parafoveal words jointly influence saccade programming. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @article{RisseEngbertKliegl2008, author = {Risse, Sarah and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Eye-movement control in reading : experimental and corpus-analysis challenges for a computational model}, isbn = {978-7-201-06107-8}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @article{PanYanLaubrocketal.2013, author = {Pan, Jinger and Yan, Ming and Laubrock, Jochen and Shu, Hua and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Eye-voice span during rapid automatized naming of digits and dice in Chinese normal and dyslexic children}, series = {Developmental science.}, volume = {16}, journal = {Developmental science.}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {1467-7687}, doi = {10.1111/desc.12075}, pages = {967 -- 979}, year = {2013}, abstract = {We measured Chinese dyslexic and control children's eye movements during rapid automatized naming (RAN) with alphanumeric (digits) and symbolic (dice surfaces) stimuli. Both types of stimuli required identical oral responses, controlling for effects associated with speech production. Results showed that naming dice was much slower than naming digits for both groups, but group differences in eye-movement measures and in the eye-voice span (i.e. the distance between the currently fixated item and the voiced item) were generally larger in digit-RAN than in dice-RAN. In addition, dyslexics were less efficient in parafoveal processing in these RAN tasks. Since the two RAN tasks required the same phonological output and on the assumption that naming dice is less practiced than naming digits in general, the results suggest that the translation of alphanumeric visual symbols into phonological codes is less efficient in dyslexic children. The dissociation of the print-to-sound conversion and phonological representation suggests that the degree of automaticity in translation from visual symbols to phonological codes in addition to phonological processing per se is also critical to understanding dyslexia.}, language = {en} } @article{Kliegl2001, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Face memory skill acquisition}, isbn = {0-8261-1372-9}, year = {2001}, language = {en} } @article{PhilippKliegl2008, author = {Philipp, Doris and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Fertigkeiten}, issn = {1438-8987}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Im vorliegenden Didaktischen Stichwort wird der Begriff der Fertigkeit erlaeutert. Dazu unterscheiden die Autoren zunaechst verschiedene Arten von Fertigkeiten, stellen die Phasen des Fertigkeitserwerbs vor und zeigen diese exemplarisch am Erlernen des korrekten Gebrauchs eines Messschiebers im Rahmen von Mess- und Prueftechniken bei der Metallverarbeitung.}, language = {de} } @article{KlieglEngbert2005, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Engbert, Ralf}, title = {Fixation durations before word skipping in reading}, issn = {1069-9384}, year = {2005}, abstract = {We resolve a controversy about reading fixations before word-skipping saccades which were reported as longer or shorter than control fixations in earlier studies. Our statistics are based on resampling of matched sets of fixations before skipped and nonskipped words, drawn from a database of 121,321 single fixations contributed by 230 readers of the Potsdam sentence corpus. Matched fixations originated from single-fixation forward-reading patterns and were equated for their positions within words. Fixations before skipped words were shorter before short or high-frequency words and longer before long or low-frequency words in comparison with control fixations. Reasons for inconsistencies in past research and implications for computational models are discussed}, language = {en} } @article{LaubrockEngbertKliegl2008, author = {Laubrock, Jochen and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Fixational eye movements predict the perceived direction of ambiguous apparent motion}, issn = {1534-7362}, doi = {10.1167/8.14.13}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Neuronal activity in area LIP is correlated with the perceived direction of ambiguous apparent motion (Z. M. Williams, J. C. Elfar, E. N. Eskandar, L. J. Toth, \& J. A. Assad, 2003). Here we show that a similar correlation exists for small eye movements made during fixation. A moving dot grid with superimposed fixation point was presented through an aperture. In a motion discrimination task, unambiguous motion was compared with ambiguous motion obtained by shifting the grid by half of the dot distance. In three experiments we show that (a) microsaccadic inhibition, i.e., a drop in microsaccade frequency precedes reports of perceptual flips, (b) microsaccadic inhibition does not accompany simple response changes, and (c) the direction of microsaccades occurring before motion onset biases the subsequent perception of ambiguous motion. We conclude that microsaccades provide a signal on which perceptual judgments rely in the absence of objective disambiguating stimulus information.}, language = {en} } @article{YanKlieglRichteretal.2010, author = {Yan, Ming and Kliegl, Reinhold and Richter, Eike M. and Nuthmann, Antje and Shu, Hua}, title = {Flexible saccade-target selection in Chinese reading}, issn = {1747-0218}, doi = {10.1080/17470210903114858}, year = {2010}, abstract = {As Chinese is written without orthographical word boundaries (i.e., spaces), it is unclear whether saccade targets are selected on the basis of characters or words and whether saccades are aimed at the beginning or the centre of words. Here, we report an experiment where 30 Chinese readers read 150 sentences while their eye movements were monitored. They exhibited a strong tendency to fixate at the word centre in single-fixation cases and at the word beginning in multiple-fixation cases. Different from spaced alphabetic script, initial fixations falling at the end of words were no more likely to be followed by a refixation than initial fixations at word centre. Further, single fixations were shorter than first fixations in two-fixation cases, which is opposite to what is found in Roman script. We propose that Chinese readers dynamically select the beginning or centre of words as saccade targets depending on failure or success with segmentation of parafoveal word boundaries.}, language = {en} } @misc{RheinbergManigKliegletal.2008, author = {Rheinberg, Falko and Manig, Yvette and Kliegl, Reinhold and Engeser, Stefan and Vollmeyer, Regina}, title = {Flow bei der Arbeit, doch Gl{\"u}ck in der Freizeit : Zielausrichtung, Flow und Gl{\"u}cksgef{\"u}hle}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-19740}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Bei N = 101 Arbeitnehmern verschiedener Berufe wurden mit der Experience Sampling Method (ESM) eine Woche lang Daten zum Flow-Erleben, zu Gl{\"u}ck/Zufriedenheit und zur Zielausrichtung laufender Aktivit{\"a}ten erhoben (N = 4603 Messungen). Die Daten wurden mit GLMM-Analysen ausgewertet. Auch bei der jetzt vollst{\"a}ndigen Erfassung aller Flow-Komponenten mit der FKS best{\"a}tigte sich das „Paradoxon der Arbeit", wonach w{\"a}hrend der Arbeit h{\"o}here Flow-Werte, aber niedrigere Werte f{\"u}r Gl{\"u}ck/Zufriedenheit auftreten als jeweils in der Freizeit. W{\"a}hrend der Arbeit waren Aktivit{\"a}ten h{\"a}ufiger auf die Erreichung von Zielen ausgerichtet als w{\"a}hrend der Freizeit. Die Zielausrichtung wirkte auf Flow vs. Gl{\"u}ck/Zufriedenheit signifikant verschieden. W{\"a}hrend der Arbeit hat die Zielausrichtung auf Flow einen stark positiven Effekt, auf Gl{\"u}ck/Zufriedenheit jedoch nicht. Im Freizeitbereich war der Effekt von Zielausrichtung auf Gl{\"u}ck/Zufriedenheit sogar negativ. Das „Paradoxon der Arbeit" l{\"a}sst sich partiell als Effekt der Zielausrichtung verstehen.}, language = {de} } @article{ShuZhouYanetal.2011, author = {Shu, Hua and Zhou, Wei and Yan, Ming and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Font size modulates saccade-target selection in Chinese reading}, series = {Attention, perception, \& psychophysics : AP\&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.}, volume = {73}, journal = {Attention, perception, \& psychophysics : AP\&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, issn = {1943-3921}, doi = {10.3758/s13414-010-0029-y}, pages = {482 -- 490}, year = {2011}, abstract = {In alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude (a close correlate of reading speed) is independent of font size, presumably because an increase in the angular size of letters is compensated for by a decrease of visual acuity with eccentricity. We propose that this invariance may (also) be due to the presence of spaces between words, guiding the eyes across a large range of font sizes. Here, we test whether saccade amplitude is also invariant against manipulations of font size during reading Chinese, a character-based writing system without spaces as explicit word boundaries for saccade-target selection. In contrast to word-spaced alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude decreased significantly with increased font size, leading to an increase in the number of fixations at the beginning of words and in the number of refixations. These results are consistent with a model which assumes that word beginning (rather than word center) is the default saccade target if the length of the parafoveal word is not available.}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglKrampeMayr2003, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Krampe, Ralf-Thomas and Mayr, Ulrich}, title = {Formal models of age differences in task complexity effects}, year = {2003}, language = {en} } @article{DambacherKlieglHofmannetal.2006, author = {Dambacher, Michael and Kliegl, Reinhold and Hofmann, Markus and Jacobs, Arthur M.}, title = {Frequency and predictability effects on event-related potentials during reading}, issn = {0006-8993}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.010}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Effects of frequency, predictability, and position of words on event-related potentials were assessed during word-by-word sentence reading in 48 subjects in an early and in a late time window corresponding to P200 and N400. Repeated measures multiple regression analyses revealed a P200 effect in the high-frequency range also the P200 was larger on words at the beginning and end of sentences than on words in the middle of sentences (i.e., a quadratic effect of word position). Predictability strongly affected the N400 component; the effect was stronger for low than for high- frequency words. The P200 frequency effect indicates that high-frequency words are lexically accessed very fast, independent of context information. Effects on the N400 suggest that predictability strongly moderates the late access especially of low-frequency words. Thus, contextual facilitation on the N400 appears to reflect both lexical and post- lexical stages of word recognition, questioning a strict classification into lexical and post-lexical processes.}, language = {en} } @article{Kliegl1995, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {From presentation time to processing time : a psychophysics approach to episodic memory}, year = {1995}, language = {en} } @article{BaltesKliegl1992, author = {Baltes, Paul B. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Further testing of limits of cognitive plasticity : negative age differences in a mnemonic skill are robust}, issn = {0012-1649}, year = {1992}, language = {en} } @article{PhilippKliegl2008, author = {Philipp, Doris and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {F{\"a}higkeiten}, issn = {1438-8987}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Unter der Rubrik Didaktisches Stichwort beschaeftigen sich die Autoren mit der Persoenlichkeitsentwicklung im Umfeld der Arbeits- und Berufsfindung bei Jugendlichen und behandeln in diesem Zusammenhang vornehmlich die Begriffe Faehigkeit, Fertigkeit und die verschiedenen Facetten der Intelligenz. Sie stellen u. a. das Berliner Intelligenzstrukturmodell, eine Theorie multipler Intelligenzen sowie erweiterte Forschungsansaetze vor.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Kliegl1992, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Ged{\"a}chtnis f{\"u}r Gedankenbilder : Altersunterschiede in Entwicklungskapazit{\"a}t und kognitiven Mechanismen}, publisher = {Max-Planck-Institut f{\"u}r Bildungsforschung}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {XVIII, 325 S.}, year = {1992}, language = {de} } @article{PhilippKliegl2000, author = {Philipp, Doris and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Ged{\"a}chtnistraining im Alter}, isbn = {3-17-015568-7}, year = {2000}, language = {de} } @article{ThielRomanoKurthsetal.2008, author = {Thiel, Marco and Romano, Maria Carmen and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Rolfs, Martin and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Generating surrogates from recurrences}, issn = {1364-503X}, year = {2008}, abstract = {In this paper, we present an approach to recover the dynamics from recurrences of a system and then generate (multivariate) twin surrogate (TS) trajectories. In contrast to other approaches, such as the linear-like surrogates, this technique produces surrogates which correspond to an independent copy of the underlying system, i.e. they induce a trajectory of the underlying system visiting the attractor in a different way. We show that these surrogates are well suited to test for complex synchronization, which makes it possible to systematically assess the reliability of synchronization analyses. We then apply the TS to study binocular fixational movements and find strong indications that the fixational movements of the left and right eye are phase synchronized. This result indicates that there might be only one centre in the brain that produces the fixational movements in both eyes or a close link between the two centres.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{TeichFuehnerGolleetal.2022, author = {Teich, Paula and F{\"u}hner, Thea Heidi and Golle, Kathleen and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {How did the Sars-CoV-2 Pandemic affect the Physical Fitness of Primary School Children?}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-56085}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-560855}, pages = {20}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Throughout the years 2020 and 2021, schools were temporarily closed to slow the spread of SarsCoV-2. For some periods, children were locked out of sports in schools (physical education lessons, school sports working groups) and organized sports in sports clubs which often resulted in physical inactivity. Did these restrictions affect children's physical fitness? The EMOTIKON project (www.uni-potsdam.de/emotikon) annually assesses the physical fitness (cardiorespiratory endurance [6-minute-run test], coordination [star-run test], speed [20-m sprint test], lower [standing long jump test] and upper [ball push test] limbs muscle power, and balance [one-legged stance test]) of all third graders in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany. Participation is mandatory for all public primary schools. In the falls from 2016 to 2021, 83,476 keyage children (i.e., school enrollment according to the legal key date, between eight and nine years in third grade) from 512 schools were assessed with the EMOTIKON test battery. We tested the Covid pandemic effect on a composite score of the four highly correlated physical fitness tests assessing cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed and powerLOW and on another composite score of the three running tests (cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed), as well as separately on all six physical fitness components. Secular trends for each of the physical fitness components and differences between schools and children were taken into account in linear mixed models. We found a negative Covid pandemic effect on the two composite physical fitness scores, as well as on cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, and speed. We found a positive Covid pandemic effect on powerLOW. Coordination was associated with the largest negative Covid pandemic effect, also passing the threshold of smallest meaningful change (SMC, i.e., 0.2 Cohen's d) when accumulated across two years. Given the educational context, Covid pandemic effects were also compared relative to the expected age-related development of the physical fitness components between eight and nine years. The Covid pandemic-related developmental costs/gains ranged from three to seven months relative to a longitudinal age effect, and from five to 17 months relative to a cross-sectional age effect. We propose that a longitudinal assessment yields a more reliable estimate of the developmental (age-related) gain than a cross-sectional one. Therefore, we consider the smaller Covid pandemic-related developmental costs/gains to be more credible. Interestingly, on the school level, „fitter" schools (relatively higher Grand Mean) exhibited larger negative Covid pandemic effects than schools with a lower physical fitness score. Negative Covid pandemic effects for the three run tasks were also found by B{\"a}hr et al. (2022), who tested the physical fitness of 16,496 Thuringian third-graders from 292 schools with the same six physical fitness tests used in EMOTIKON. Our results may be used to prioritize health-related interventions.}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglHohensteinYanetal.2013, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Hohenstein, Sven and Yan, Ming and McDonald, Scott A.}, title = {How preview space/time translates into preview cost/benefit for fixation durations during reading}, series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, volume = {66}, journal = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hove}, issn = {1747-0218}, doi = {10.1080/17470218.2012.658073}, pages = {581 -- 600}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Eye-movement control during reading depends on foveal and parafoveal information. If the parafoveal preview of the next word is suppressed, reading is less efficient. A linear mixed model (LMM) reanalysis of McDonald (2006) confirmed his observation that preview benefit may be limited to parafoveal words that have been selected as the saccade target. Going beyond the original analyses, in the same LMM, we examined how the preview effect (i.e., the difference in single-fixation duration, SFD, between random-letter and identical preview) depends on the gaze duration on the pretarget word and on the amplitude of the saccade moving the eye onto the target word. There were two key results: (a) The shorter the saccade amplitude (i.e., the larger preview space), the shorter a subsequent SFD with an identical preview; this association was not observed with a random-letter preview. (b) However, the longer the gaze duration on the pretarget word, the longer the subsequent SFD on the target, with the difference between random-letter string and identical previews increasing with preview time. A third patternincreasing cost of a random-letter string in the parafovea associated with shorter saccade amplitudeswas observed for target gaze durations. Thus, LMMs revealed that preview effects, which are typically summarized under preview benefit, are a complex mixture of preview cost and preview benefit and vary with preview space and preview time. The consequence for reading is that parafoveal preview may not only facilitate, but also interfere with lexical access.}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglEngbert2003, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Engbert, Ralf}, title = {How tight is the link between lexical processing and saccade programs?}, year = {2003}, abstract = {We question the assumption of serial attention shifts and the assumption that saccade programs are initiated or canceled only after stage one of word identification. Evidence: (1) Fixation durations prior to skipped words are not consistently higher compared to those prior to non-skipped words. (2) Attentional modulation of microsaccade rate might occur after early visual processing. Saccades are probably triggered by attentional selection}, language = {en} } @article{SchadVasishthHohensteinetal.2020, author = {Schad, Daniel and Vasishth, Shravan and Hohenstein, Sven and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {How to capitalize on a priori contrasts in linear (mixed) models}, series = {Journal of memory and language}, volume = {110}, journal = {Journal of memory and language}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {San Diego}, issn = {0749-596X}, doi = {10.1016/j.jml.2019.104038}, pages = {40}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Factorial experiments in research on memory, language, and in other areas are often analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). However, for effects with more than one numerator degrees of freedom, e.g., for experimental factors with more than two levels, the ANOVA omnibus F-test is not informative about the source of a main effect or interaction. Because researchers typically have specific hypotheses about which condition means differ from each other, a priori contrasts (i.e., comparisons planned before the sample means are known) between specific conditions or combinations of conditions are the appropriate way to represent such hypotheses in the statistical model. Many researchers have pointed out that contrasts should be "tested instead of, rather than as a supplement to, the ordinary 'omnibus' F test" (Hays, 1973, p. 601). In this tutorial, we explain the mathematics underlying different kinds of contrasts (i.e., treatment, sum, repeated, polynomial, custom, nested, interaction contrasts), discuss their properties, and demonstrate how they are applied in the R System for Statistical Computing (R Core Team, 2018). In this context, we explain the generalized inverse which is needed to compute the coefficients for contrasts that test hypotheses that are not covered by the default set of contrasts. A detailed understanding of contrast coding is crucial for successful and correct specification in linear models (including linear mixed models). Contrasts defined a priori yield far more useful confirmatory tests of experimental hypotheses than standard omnibus F-tests. Reproducible code is available from https://osf.io/7ukf6/.}, language = {en} } @article{DimigenValsecchieSommeretal.2009, author = {Dimigen, Olaf and Valsecchie, Matteo and Sommer, Werner and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Human microsaccade-related visual brain responses}, issn = {0270-6474}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0911-09.2009}, year = {2009}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{OhlBrandtKliegl2013, author = {Ohl, Sven and Brandt, S. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Immediate preparatory influences on microsaccades before saccade onset to endogenously vs. exogenously defined targets}, series = {Perception}, volume = {42}, booktitle = {Perception}, number = {4}, publisher = {Sage Publ.}, address = {London}, issn = {0301-0066}, pages = {37 -- 38}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{BoettcherRolfsKliegletal.2009, author = {B{\"o}ttcher, Heiko and Rolfs, Martin and Kliegl, Reinhold and Ihle, Wolfgang}, title = {Inattentional blindness and change blindness bei Jungen mit ADHS}, year = {2009}, language = {en} } @article{BoettcherRolfsKliegletal.2009, author = {B{\"o}ttcher, Heiko and Rolfs, Martin and Kliegl, Reinhold and Ihle, Wolfgang}, title = {Inattentional blindness and change blindness bei Jungen mit ADHS : Posterpr{\"a}sentation}, issn = {1616-3443}, doi = {10.1026/1616-3443.38.S1.20}, year = {2009}, language = {de} } @article{OberauerKliegl2010, author = {Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Interferenz im Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis : ein formales Modell}, issn = {0033-3042}, doi = {10.1026/0033-3042/a000008}, year = {2010}, language = {de} } @article{KlieglBates2011, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Bates, Douglas}, title = {International collaboration in psychology is on the rise}, doi = {10.1007/s11192-010-0299-0}, year = {2011}, abstract = {There has been a substantial increase in the percentage for publications with co-authors located in departments from different countries in 12 major journals of psychology. The results are evidence for a remarkable internationalization of psychological research, starting in the mid 1970s and increasing in rate at the beginning of the 1990s. This growth occurs against a constant number of articles with authors from the same country; it is not due to a concomitant increase in the number of co-authors per article. Thus, international collaboration in psychology is obviously on the rise.}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglBates2011, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Bates, Douglas}, title = {International collaboration in psychology is on the rise}, series = {Scientometrics : an international journal for all quantitative aspects of the science of science, communication in science and science policy}, volume = {87}, journal = {Scientometrics : an international journal for all quantitative aspects of the science of science, communication in science and science policy}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {0138-9130}, doi = {10.1007/s11192-010-0299-0}, pages = {149 -- 158}, year = {2011}, abstract = {There has been a substantial increase in the percentage for publications with co-authors located in departments from different countries in 12 major journals of psychology. The results are evidence for a remarkable internationalization of psychological research, starting in the mid 1970s and increasing in rate at the beginning of the 1990s. This growth occurs against a constant number of articles with authors from the same country; it is not due to a concomitant increase in the number of co-authors per article. Thus, international collaboration in psychology is obviously on the rise.}, language = {en} } @article{KlieglFanselow1996, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Fanselow, Gisbert}, title = {Kognitive Komplexit{\"a}t}, year = {1996}, language = {de} } @article{KremsJohnsonKliegl1997, author = {Krems, J. and Johnson, T. and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Kognitive Komplexit{\"a}t und abduktives Schließen : Evaluation eines Computermodells}, isbn = {3-8244-4229-9}, year = {1997}, language = {de} } @article{KlieglMayr1997, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Mayr, Ulrich}, title = {Kognitive Leistung und Lernpotential im h{\"o}heren Erwachsenenalter}, isbn = {3-8017-0532-2}, year = {1997}, language = {de} } @article{KrampeEngbertKliegletal.2000, author = {Krampe, Ralf-Thomas and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Koordination und Synchronisation der H{\"a}nde beim rhythmischen Timing}, year = {2000}, language = {de} } @article{KlieglGrabnerRolfsetal.2004, author = {Kliegl, Reinhold and Grabner, Ellen and Rolfs, Martin and Engbert, Ralf}, title = {Length, frequency, and predictability effects of words on eye movements in reading}, year = {2004}, language = {en} }