@article{ElbeBrand2016,
  author    = {Elbe, Anne-Marie and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Attitudes Toward Doping},
  series = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1050-8422},
  doi       = {10.1080/10508422.2014.976864},
  pages     = {32 -- 44},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {This article examines whether a training program in ethical decision making can change young athletes' doping attitudes. Fifty-two young elite athletes were randomly assigned to either an ethical decision-making training group or a standard-knowledge-based educational program group. Another 17 young elite athletes were recruited for no-treatment control purposes. The ethical decision-making training comprised six 30-min online sessions in which the participants had to work through 18 ethical dilemmas related to doping. The standard-knowledge-based educational program was also conducted in six online sessions of comparable length to that of the ethical training. A short version of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale was administered to measure the effects of the trainings on doping attitude. Prior to as well as after the intervention, the mean doping attitude scores of the young athletes were low to very low, indicating vehement rejections of doping. The results of our experiment showed that the ethical training led to an attenuation of these rejections. No intervention effect was found in the standard education group. The observed slight increase in the doping attitude score could be an indication that the ethical decision-making training was successful in breaking up the athletes' stereotypical style of reasoning about doping.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrandKoch2016,
  author    = {Brand, Ralf and Koch, Helen},
  title     = {Using Caffeine Pills for Performance Enhancement. An Experimental Study Neuroenhancements},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00101},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Recent research has indicated that university students sometimes use caffeine pills for neuroenhancement (NE; non-medical use of psychoactive substances or technology to produce a subjective enhancement in psychological functioning and experience), especially during exam preparation. In our factorial survey experiment, we manipulated the evidence participants were given about the prevalence of NE amongst peers and measured the resulting effects on the psychological predictors included in the Prototype-Willingness Model of risk behavior. Two hundred and thirty-one university students were randomized to a high prevalence condition (read faked research results overstating usage of caffeine pills amongst peers by a factor of 5; 50\%), low prevalence condition (half the estimated prevalence; 5\%) or control condition (no information about peer prevalence). Structural equation modeling confirmed that our participants' willingness and intention to use caffeine pills in the next exam period could be explained by their past use of neuroenhancers, attitude to NE and subjective norm about use of caffeine pills whilst image of the typical user was a much less important factor. Provision of inaccurate information about prevalence reduced the predictive power of attitude with respect to willingness by 40-45\%. This may be because receiving information about peer prevalence which does not fit with their perception of the social norm causes people to question their attitude. Prevalence information might exert a deterrent effect on NE via the attitude-willingness association. We argue that research into NE and deterrence of associated risk behaviors should be informed by psychological theory.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WolffSandouqaBrand2016,
  author    = {Wolff, Wanja and Sandouqa, Yaser and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Using, the simple sample count to estimate the frequency of prescription drug neuroenhancement in a sample of Jordan employees},
  series = {International journal of drug policy},
  volume    = {31},
  journal   = {International journal of drug policy},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0955-3959},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.12.014},
  pages     = {51 -- 55},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background: Epidemiological research indicates that the use of prescription drugs to enhance cognitive functioning is prevalent in Western countries, however, research on this phenomenon in Arab countries is lacking. Our study aimed to investigate the frequency of neuroenhancement (NE) using prescription drugs in a sample of employees in Jordan. Methods: A sample of 1186 employees (37.11 +/- 8.37 years old, 495 female), of whom 723 (35.65 +/- 7.53 years old, 396 female) served as teachers, completed a paper-pencil questionnaire. The single sample count technique (SSC) was used in order to secure confidential, self-reporting of prescription drug NE. Results: The 12-month prevalence of NE, estimated with the SSC was 15.43\%. At 26.16\%, the prevalence estimate was markedly higher in the subsample of teachers compared to non-teachers, 0.29\%. Surprisingly, 336 participants did not use the SSC and directly affirmed or denied prescription drug NE. These direct responses yielded a prevalence of 11.57\% for the full sample, 9.73\% for the teachers and 15.60\% for the non-teachers. Conclusion: This is the first study of the frequency of NE in an Arab sample. Results indicate that the use of prescription drug NE is not limited to Western countries and that teachers in Jordan might constitute a high-risk population. Further, participants seem to differ in their use of indirect estimation methods for reporting prescription drug NE. For future research, it might be useful to triangulate standard self reports and indirect estimation methods to assess NE. Possible cultural differences and specific high-risk populations for NE should be investigated further. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WolffSchindlerEnglertetal.2016,
  author    = {Wolff, Wanja and Schindler, Sebastian and Englert, Christoph and Brand, Ralf and Kissler, Johanna},
  title     = {Uninstructed BIAT faking when ego depleted or in normal state: differential effect on brain and behavior},
  series = {BMC neuroscience},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {BMC neuroscience},
  publisher = {BioMed Central},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1471-2202},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12868-016-0249-8},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background: Deception can distort psychological tests on socially sensitive topics. Understanding the cerebral processes that are involved in such faking can be useful in detection and prevention of deception. Previous research shows that faking a brief implicit association test (BIAT) evokes a characteristic ERP response. It is not yet known whether temporarily available self-control resources moderate this response. We randomly assigned 22 participants (15 females, 24.23 +/- 2.91 years old) to a counterbalanced repeated-measurements design. Participants first completed a Brief-IAT (BIAT) on doping attitudes as a baseline measure and were then instructed to fake a negative doping attitude both when self-control resources were depleted and non-depleted. Cerebral activity during BIAT performance was assessed using high-density EEG. Conclusions: Results indicate that temporarily available self-control resources do not affect overt faking success on a BIAT. However, differences were found on an electrophysiological level. This indicates that while on a phenotypical level self-control resources play a negligible role in deliberate test faking the underlying cerebral processes are markedly different.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AntoniewiczBrand2016,
  author    = {Antoniewicz, Franziska and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Dropping Out or Keeping Up? Early-Dropouts, Late-Dropouts, and Maintainers Differ in Their Automatic Evaluations of Exercise Already before a 14-Week Exercise Course},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00838},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The aim of this study was to examine how automatic evaluations of exercising (AEE) varied according to adherence to an exercise program. Eighty-eight participants (24.98 years +/- 6.88; 51.1\% female) completed a Brief-Implicit Association Task assessing their AEE, positive and negative associations to exercising at the beginning of a 3-month exercise program. Attendance data were collected for all participants and used in a cluster analysis of adherence patterns. Three different adherence patterns (52 maintainers, 16 early dropouts, 20 late dropouts; 40.91\% overall dropouts) were detected using cluster analyses. Participants from these three clusters differed significantly with regard to their positive and negative associations to exercising before the first course meeting (eta(2)(p) = 0.07). Discriminant function analyses revealed that positive associations to exercising was a particularly good discriminating factor. This is the first study to provide evidence of the differential impact of positive and negative associations on exercise behavior over the medium term. The findings contribute to theoretical understanding of evaluative processes from a dual-process perspective and may provide a basis for targeted interventions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MalliaLazurasBarkoukisetal.2016,
  author    = {Mallia, Luca and Lazuras, Lambros and Barkoukis, Vassilis and Brand, Ralf and Baumgarten, Franz and Tsorbatzoudis, Haralambos and Zelli, Arnaldo and Lucidi, Fabio},
  title     = {Doping use in sport teams: The development and validation of measures of team-based efficacy beliefs and moral disengagement from a cross-national perspective},
  series = {Psychology of sport and exercise : PSE ; an official journal of the European Federation of Sport Psychology},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {Psychology of sport and exercise : PSE ; an official journal of the European Federation of Sport Psychology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1469-0292},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.04.005},
  pages     = {78 -- 88},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Method: The first study relied on focus group data collected from twenty-one team sport professionals (mean age = 34; SD = 11.65). Four hundred and fourteen adolescent athletes (mean age = 16.69; SD = 1.55) participated in the second study, whereas seven hundred forty-nine adolescent team athletes (mean age = 16.43; SD = 1.69) participated in the third study. For the latter two studies, team athletes were recruited across Italy, Germany and Greece and provided data on the new team measures. Only athletes participating in the third study provided data on doping intentions. Results: The findings of the three studies supported the empirical goals of the investigation and provided evidence for the factor structure, reliability and validity of the team instruments. Furthermore, multi group findings supported the hypothesis that the new instruments would have equivalent measurement and validity characteristics across the three European countries. The conclusions focus on the conceptual and practical implications of these findings. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrandWolffZiegler2016,
  author    = {Brand, Ralf and Wolff, Wanja and Ziegler, Matthias},
  title     = {Drugs As Instruments: Describing and Testing a Behavioral Approach to the Study of Neuroenhancement},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01226},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WolffBrand2016,
  author    = {Wolff, Wanja and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Editorial: Using Substances to Enhance Performance: A Psychology of Neuroenhancement},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01741},
  pages     = {2},
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WolffSchindlerEnglertetal.2016,
  author    = {Wolff, Wanja and Schindler, Sebastian and Englert, Christoph and Brand, Ralf and Kissler, Johanna},
  title     = {Uninstructed BIAT faking when ego depleted or in normal state},
  series = {BMC neuroscience},
  journal   = {BMC neuroscience},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407342},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background: Deception can distort psychological tests on socially sensitive topics. Understanding the cerebral processes that are involved in such faking can be useful in detection and prevention of deception. Previous research shows that faking a brief implicit association test (BIAT ) evokes a characteristic ERP response. It is not yet known whether temporarily available self-control resources moderate this response. We randomly assigned 22 participants (15 females, 24.23 ± 2.91 years old) to a counterbalanced repeated-measurements design. Participants first com- pleted a Brief-IAT (BIAT ) on doping attitudes as a baseline measure and were then instructed to fake a negative dop - ing attitude both when self-control resources were depleted and non-depleted. Cerebral activity during BIAT perfor - mance was assessed using high-density EEG. Results: Compared to the baseline BIAT, event-related potentials showed a first interaction at the parietal P1, while significant post hoc differences were found only at the later occurring late positive potential. Here, signifi- cantly decreased amplitudes were recorded for 'normal' faking, but not in the depletion condition. In source space, enhanced activity was found for 'normal' faking in the bilateral temporoparietal junction. Behaviorally, participants were successful in faking the BIAT successfully in both conditions. Conclusions: Results indicate that temporarily available self-control resources do not affect overt faking success on a BIAT. However, differences were found on an electrophysiological level. This indicates that while on a phenotypical level self-control resources play a negligible role in deliberate test faking the underlying cerebral processes are markedly different.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WolffBrand2016,
  author    = {Wolff, Wanja and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Editorial: using substances to enhance performance},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {443},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407274},
  pages     = {2},
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {en}
}