@article{MazzaDammhahnEccardetal.2019,
  author    = {Mazza, Valeria and Dammhahn, Melanie and Eccard, Jana and Palme, Rupert and Zaccaroni, Marco and Jacob, Jens},
  title     = {Coping with style: individual differences in responses to environmental variation},
  series = {Behavioral ecology and sociobiology},
  volume    = {73},
  journal   = {Behavioral ecology and sociobiology},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0340-5443},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00265-019-2760-2},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Between-individual differences in coping with stress encompass neurophysiological, cognitive and behavioural reactions. The coping style model proposes two alternative response patterns to challenges that integrate these types of reactions. The "proactive strategy" combines a general fight-or-flight response and inflexibility in learning with a relatively low HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) response. The "reactive strategy" includes risk aversion, flexibility in learning and an enhanced HPA response. Although numerous studies have investigated the possible covariance of cognitive, behavioural and physiological responses, findings are still mixed. In the present study, we tested the predictions of the coping style model in an unselected population of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) (N = 70). We measured the voles' boldness, activity, speed and flexibility in learning and faecal corticosterone metabolite levels under three conditions (holding in indoor cages, in outdoor enclosures and during open field test). Individuals were moderately consistent in their HPA response across situations. Proactive voles had significantly lower corticosterone levels than reactive conspecifics in indoor and outdoor conditions. However, we could not find any co-variation between cognitive and behavioural traits and corticosterone levels in the open field test. Our results partially support the original coping style model but suggest a more complex relationship between cognitive, behavioural and endocrine responses than was initially proposed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ScheinerSteinbachClassenetal.2014,
  author    = {Scheiner, Ricarda and Steinbach, Anne and Classen, Gerbera and Strudthoff, Nicole and Scholz, Henrike},
  title     = {Octopamine indirectly affects proboscis extension response habituation in Drosophila melanogaster by controlling sucrose responsiveness},
  series = {Journal of insect physiology},
  volume    = {69},
  journal   = {Journal of insect physiology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0022-1910},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.03.011},
  pages     = {107 -- 117},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Octopamine is an important neurotransmitter in insects with multiple functions. Here, we investigated the role of this amine in a simple form of learning (habituation) in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Specifically, we asked if octopamine is necessary for normal habituation of a proboscis extension response (PER) to different sucrose concentrations. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between responsiveness to sucrose solutions applied to the tarsus and habituation of the proboscis extension response in the same individual. The Tyramine-beta-hydroxylase (T beta h) mutant lacks the enzyme catalyzing the final step of octopamine synthesis. This mutant was significantly less responsive to sucrose than controls. The reduced responsiveness directly led to faster habituation. Systemic application of octopamine or induction of octopamine synthesis by T beta h expression in a cluster of octopaminergic neurons within the suboesophageal ganglion restored sucrose responsiveness and habituation of octopamine mutants to control level. Further analyses imply that the reduced sucrose responsiveness of T beta h mutants is related to a lower sucrose preference, probably due to a changed carbohydrate metabolism, since T beta h mutants survived significantly longer under starved conditions. These findings suggest a pivotal role for octopamine in regulating sucrose responsiveness in fruit flies. Further, octopamine indirectly influences non-associative learning and possibly associative appetitive learning by regulating the evaluation of the sweet component of a sucrose reward. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}