@phdthesis{Saretia2021,
  author    = {Saretia, Shivam},
  title     = {Modulating ultrathin films of semi-crystalline oligomers by Langmuir technique},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-54210},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-542108},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {XIII, 109},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Polymeric films and coatings derived from semi-crystalline oligomers are of relevance for medical and pharmaceutical applications. In this context, the material surface is of particular importance, as it mediates the interaction with the biological system. Two dimensional (2D) systems and ultrathin films are used to model this interface. However, conventional techniques for their preparation, such as spin coating or dip coating, have disadvantages, since the morphology and chain packing of the generated films can only be controlled to a limited extent and adsorption on the substrate used affects the behavior of the films. Detaching and transferring the films prepared by such techniques requires additional sacrificial or supporting layers, and free-standing or self supporting domains are usually of very limited lateral extension. The aim of this thesis is to study and modulate crystallization, melting, degradation and chemical reactions in ultrathin films of oligo(ε-caprolactone)s (OCL)s with different end-groups under ambient conditions. Here, oligomeric ultrathin films are assembled at the air-water interface using the Langmuir technique. The water surface allows lateral movement and aggregation of the oligomers, which, unlike solid substrates, enables dynamic physical and chemical interaction of the molecules. Parameters like surface pressure (π), temperature and mean molecular area (MMA) allow controlled assembly and manipulation of oligomer molecules when using the Langmuir technique. The π-MMA isotherms, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), and interfacial infrared spectroscopy assist in detecting morphological and physicochemical changes in the film. Ultrathin films can be easily transferred to the solid silicon surface via Langmuir Schaefer (LS) method (horizontal substrate dipping). Here, the films transferred on silicon are investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopy and are compared to the films on the water surface. The semi-crystalline morphology (lamellar thicknesses, crystal number densities, and lateral crystal dimensions) is tuned by the chemical structure of the OCL end-groups (hydroxy or methacrylate) and by the crystallization temperature (Tc; 12 or 21 °C) or MMAs. Compression to lower MMA of ~2 {\AA}2, results in the formation of a highly crystalline film, which consists of tightly packed single crystals. Preparation of tightly packed single crystals on a cm2 scale is not possible by conventional techniques. Upon transfer to a solid surface, these films retain their crystalline morphology whereas amorphous films undergo dewetting. The melting temperature (Tm) of OCL single crystals at the water and the solid surface is found proportional to the inverse crystal thickness and is generally lower than the Tm of bulk PCL. The impact of OCL end-groups on melting behavior is most noticeable at the air-solid interface, where the methacrylate end-capped OCL (OCDME) melted at lower temperatures than the hydroxy end-capped OCL (OCDOL). When comparing the underlying substrate, melting/recrystallization of OCL ultrathin films is possible at lower temperatures at the air water interface than at the air-solid interface, where recrystallization is not visible. Recrystallization at the air-water interface usually occurs at a higher temperature than the initial Tc. Controlled degradation is crucial for the predictable performance of degradable polymeric biomaterials. Degradation of ultrathin films is carried out under acidic (pH ~ 1) or enzymatic catalysis (lipase from Pseudomonas cepcia) on the water surface or on a silicon surface as transferred films. A high crystallinity strongly reduces the hydrolytic but not the enzymatic degradation rate. As an influence of end-groups, the methacrylate end-capped linear oligomer, OCDME (~85 ± 2 \% end-group functionalization) hydrolytically degrades faster than the hydroxy end capped linear oligomer, OCDOL (~95 ± 3 \% end-group functionalization) at different temperatures. Differences in the acceleration of hydrolytic degradation of semi-crystalline films were observed upon complete melting, partial melting of the crystals, or by heating to temperatures close to Tm. Therefore, films of densely packed single crystals are suitable as barrier layers with thermally switchable degradation rates. Chemical modification in ultrathin films is an intricate process applicable to connect functionalized molecules, impart stability or create stimuli-sensitive cross-links. The reaction of end-groups is explored for transferred single crystals on a solid surface or amorphous monolayer at the air-water interface. Bulky methacrylate end-groups are expelled to the crystal surface during chain-folded crystallization. The density of end-groups is inversely proportional to molecular weight and hence very pronounced for oligomers. The methacrylate end-groups at the crystal surface, which are present at high concentration, can be used for further chemical functionalization. This is demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy after reaction with fluorescein dimethacrylate. The thermoswitching behavior (melting and recrystallization) of fluorescein functionalized single crystals shows the temperature-dependent distribution of the chemically linked fluorescein moieties, which are accumulated on the surfaces of crystals, and homogeneously dispersed when the crystals are molten. In amorphous monolayers at the air-water interface, reversible cross-linking of hydroxy-terminated oligo(ε-caprolactone) monolayers using dialdehyde (glyoxal) lead to the formation of 2D networks. Pronounced contraction in the area occurred for 2D OCL films in dependence of surface pressure and time indicating the reaction progress. Cross linking inhibited crystallization and retarded enzymatic degradation of the OCL film. Altering the subphase pH to ~2 led to cleavage of the covalent acetal cross-links. Besides as model systems, these reversibly cross-linked films are applicable for drug delivery systems or cell substrates modulating adhesion at biointerfaces.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SaretiaMachatschekSchulzetal.2019,
  author    = {Saretia, Shivam and Machatschek, Rainhard Gabriel and Schulz, Burkhard and Lendlein, Andreas},
  title     = {Reversible 2D networks of oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) at the air-water interface},
  series = {Biomedical Materials},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Biomedical Materials},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {IOP Publ. Ltd.},
  address   = {Bristol},
  issn      = {1748-6041},
  doi       = {10.1088/1748-605X/ab0cef},
  pages     = {10},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Hydroxyl terminated oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (OCL) monolayers were reversibly cross-linked forming two dimensional networks (2D) at the air-water interface. The equilibrium reaction with glyoxal as the cross-linker is pH-sensitive. Pronounced contraction in the area of the prepared 2DOCL films in dependence of surface pressure and time revealed the process of the reaction. Cross-linking inhibited crystallization and retarded enzymatic degradation of the OCLfilm. Altering the subphase pH led to a cleavage of the covalent acetal cross-links. The reversibility of the covalent acetal cross-links was proved by observing an identical isotherm as non-cross-linked sample. Besides as model systems, these customizable reversible OCL2D networks are intended for use as pHresponsive drug delivery systems or functionalized cell culture substrates.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NoackSchanzenbachKoetzetal.2018,
  author    = {Noack, Sebastian and Schanzenbach, Dirk and Koetz, Joachim and Schlaad, Helmut},
  title     = {Polylactide-based amphiphilic block copolymers},
  series = {Macromolecular rapid communications},
  volume    = {40},
  journal   = {Macromolecular rapid communications},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley-VCH},
  address   = {Weinheim},
  issn      = {1022-1336},
  doi       = {10.1002/marc.201800639},
  pages     = {6},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The aqueous self-assembly behavior of a series of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-/d-lactide) block copolymers and corresponding stereocomplexes is examined by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Block copolymers assemble into spherical micelles and worm-like aggregates at room temperature, whereby the fraction of the latter seemingly increases with decreasing lactide weight fraction or hydrophobicity. The formation of the worm-like aggregates arises from the crystallization of the polylactide by which the spherical micelles become colloidally unstable and fuse epitaxically with other micelles. The self-assembly behavior of the stereocomplex aggregates is found to be different from that of the block copolymers, resulting in rather irregular-shaped clusters of spherical micelles and pearl-necklace-like structures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ThielkeSeckerSchlaadetal.2016,
  author    = {Thielke, Michael W. and Secker, Christian and Schlaad, Helmut and Theato, Patrick},
  title     = {Electrospinning of Crystallizable Polypeptoid Fibers},
  series = {Macromolecular rapid communications},
  volume    = {37},
  journal   = {Macromolecular rapid communications},
  publisher = {Wiley-VCH},
  address   = {Weinheim},
  issn      = {1022-1336},
  doi       = {10.1002/marc.201500502},
  pages     = {100 -- 104},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {A unique fabrication process of low molar mass, crystalline polypeptoid fibers is described. Thermoresponsive fiber mats are prepared by electrospinning a homogeneous blend of semicrystalline poly(N-(n-propyl) glycine) (PPGly; 4.1 kDa) with high molar mass poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Annealing of these fibers at approximate to 100 degrees C selectively removes the PEO and produces stable crystalline fiber mats of pure PPGly, which are insoluble in aqueous solution but can be redissolved in methanol or ethanol. The formation of water-stable polypeptoid fiber mats is an important step toward their utilization in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering or wound dressing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DemirelGunerVerbraekenetal.2016,
  author    = {Demirel, A. Levent and Guner, Pinar Tatar and Verbraeken, Bart and Schlaad, Helmut and Schubert, Ulrich S. and Hoogenboom, Richard},
  title     = {Revisiting the Crystallization of Poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s},
  series = {Journal of polymer science : B, Polymer physics},
  volume    = {54},
  journal   = {Journal of polymer science : B, Polymer physics},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0887-6266},
  doi       = {10.1002/polb.23967},
  pages     = {721 -- 729},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s (PAOx) exhibit different crystallization behavior depending on the length of the alkyl side chain. PAOx having methyl, ethyl, or propyl side chains do not show any bulk crystallization. Crystallization in the heating cycle, that is, cold crystallization, is observed for PAOx with butyl and pentyl side chains. For PAOx with longer alkyl side chains crystallization occurs in the cooling cycle. The different crystallization behavior is attributed to the different polymer chain mobility in line with the glass transition temperature (T-g) dependency on alkyl side chain length. The decrease in chain mobility with decreasing alkyl side chain length hinders the relaxation of the polymer backbone to the thermodynamic equilibrium crystalline structure. Double melting behavior is observed for PButOx and PiPropOx which is explained by the melt-recrystallization mechanism. Isothermal crystallization experiments of PButOx between 60 and 90 degrees C and PiPropOx between 90 and 150 degrees C show that PAOx can crystallize in bulk when enough time is given. The decrease of Tg and the corresponding increase in chain mobility at T > T-g with increasing alkyl side chain length can be attributed to an increasing distance between the polymer backbones and thus decreasing average strength of amide dipole interactions. (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{YanFangNoecheletal.2016,
  author    = {Yan, Wan and Fang, Liang and N{\"o}chel, Ulrich and Kratz, Karl and Lendlein, Andreas},
  title     = {Influence of programming strain rates on the shape-memory performance of semicrystalline multiblock copolymers},
  series = {Journal of polymer science : B, Polymer physics},
  volume    = {54},
  journal   = {Journal of polymer science : B, Polymer physics},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0887-6266},
  doi       = {10.1002/polb.24097},
  pages     = {1935 -- 1943},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Multiblock copolymers named PCL-PIBMD consisting of crystallizable poly(epsilon-caprolactone) segments and crystallizable poly[oligo(3S-iso-butylmorpholine-2,5-dione)] segments coupled by trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate provide a versatile molecular architecture for achieving shape-memory effects (SMEs) in polymers. The mechanical properties as well as the SME performance of PCL-PIBMD can be tailored by the variation of physical parameters during programming such as deformation strain or applied temperature protocols. In this study, we explored the influence of applying different strain rates during programming on the resulting nanostructure of PCL-PIBMD. Programming was conducted at 50 degrees C by elongation to epsilon(m)=50\% with strain rates of 1 or 10 or 50 mmmin(-1). The nanostructural changes were visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements and investigated by in situ wide and small angle X-ray scattering experiments. With increasing the strain rate, a higher degree of orientation was observed in the amorphous domains. Simultaneously the strain-induced formation of new PIBMD crystals as well as the fragmentation of existing large PIBMD crystals occurred. The observed differences in shape fixity ratio and recovery stress of samples deformed with various strain rates can be attributed to their different nanostructures. The achieved findings can be relevant parameters for programming the shape-memory polymers with designed recovery forces. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1935-1943},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jiang2011,
  author    = {Jiang, Yuan},
  title     = {Precursor phases in non-classical crystallization},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-52460},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The main objective of this thesis is to understand molecular crystallization as a multistep process with or without polymeric additives, including transient liquid-liquid phase separation, nanocrystal nucleation within the dense phase, and subsequent nanocrystal self-assembly or self-organization in sequence. The thesis starts with a quaternary model system, containing DL-Glutamic acid (Glu), polyethyleneimine (PEI), water, and EtOH, for the understanding of multistep precipitation of Glu with PEI as an additive. The experiments were performed by mixing Glu-PEI aqueous solution with a non-solvent EtOH. First, the phase diagram of the quaternary system is determined, obtaining precipitate, coacervates, or homogeneous mixtures by varying Glu/PEI w/w and water/EtOH v/v. Coacervation is observed to occur over a wide range of Glu/PEI with various volumes. The composition of coacervates is conveniently characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The observed coacervates are thermodynamically stable phases rich in solute, which is different from metastable polymer-induced liquid precursors. The combination of atomic force microscopy, small angle scattering, and ξ-potential measurements confirms the coexistence of monomers and Glu/PEI complexes and the aggregation of complexes in Glu-PEI-water systems. This suggests that there might be a direct structural transformation between the Glu-PEI complexes in aqueous solution and the metastable liquid precursors in a water-EtOH mixture. The multistep mechanism of Glu precipitation with PEI as an additive is investigated thereafter. The combination of stopped flow and small angle scattering demonstrates that the initially formed liquid precursors pass through an alteration of growth and coalescence. Combined with results from optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the nucleation of nanoplatelets happens within each liquid precursor droplet, and nanoplatelets reorient themselves and self-organize into a radial orientation in the crystalline microspheres. The recipe was then extended to the precipitation of organics in other oppositely charged amino acid-polyelectrolyte systems. After the success in preparing hierarchical microspheres in solution, the similar recipe can be extended to the preparation of patterned thin films on substrate. By dipping a quaternary DL-Lys·HCl (Lys)-polyacrylic acid (PAA)-water-EtOH dispersion on a hydrophilic slide, the fast evaporation process of the volatile solvent EtOH is responsible for the homogeneous nucleation of NPs. Then, the following complete evaporation causes the mesocrystallization of a continuous spherulitic thin film along the receding line of the liquid, which again transforms into a mesocrystalline thin film. Furthermore, annealing is used to optimize the property of mesocrystalline thin films. As evaporation is a non-equilibrium process, it can be used to tune the kinetics of crystallization. Therefore, hierarchical or periodical thin films are obtainable by starting the evaporation from microspheres recrystallization, obtaining mesocrystalline thin films with 4 hierarchy levels. The results reveal that evaporation provides an easy but effective way for the formation of patterned structures via the positioning of NPs after their fast nucleation, resulting in different kinds of patterns by controlling the concentration of NPs, solvent evaporation rate, and other physical forces. Non-classical crystallization is not limited to crystallizations with polymeric additives. We also observed the nucleation and growth of a new molecular layer on the growing DL-Glu·H2O crystals from a supersaturated mother liquor by using an in-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), where the nucleation and growth of a molecular layer proceed via amorphous nanoparticle (NP) attachment and relaxation process before the observation of the growth of a newly formed molecular layer. NP attachment to the crystal surface is too fast to observe by using in-situ AFM. The height shrinkage of NPs, combined to the structural transformation from 3D amorphous NPs to 2D crystalline layer, is observed during the relaxation process. The nucleation and growth of a newly formed molecular layer from NP relaxation is contradictory to the classical nucleation theory, which hypothesizes that nuclei show the same crystallographic properties as a bulk crystal. The formation of a molecular layer by NP attachment and relaxation rather than attachment of single molecules provides a different picture from the currently held classical nucleation and growth theory regarding the growth of single crystals from solution.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Gebauer2008,
  author    = {Gebauer, Denis},
  title     = {A novel view on the early stage of crystallization},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-19818},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {This thesis provides a novel view on the early stage of crystallization utilizing calcium carbonate as a model system. Calcium carbonate is of great economical, scientific and ecological importance, because it is a major part of water hardness, the most abundant Biomineral and forms huge amounts of geological sediments thus binding large amounts of carbon dioxide. The primary experiments base on the evolution of supersaturation via slow addition of dilute calcium chloride solution into dilute carbonate buffer. The time-dependent measurement of the Ca2+ potential and concurrent pH = constant titration facilitate the calculation of the amount of calcium and carbonate ions bound in pre-nucleation stage clusters, which have never been detected experimentally so far, and in the new phase after nucleation, respectively. Analytical Ultracentrifugation independently proves the existence of pre-nucleation stage clusters, and shows that the clusters forming at pH = 9.00 have a proximately time-averaged size of altogether 70 calcium and carbonate ions. Both experiments show that pre-nucleation stage cluster formation can be described by means of equilibrium thermodynamics. Effectively, the cluster formation equilibrium is physico-chemically characterized by means of a multiple-binding equilibrium of calcium ions to a 'lattice' of carbonate ions. The evaluation gives GIBBS standard energy for the formation of calcium/carbonate ion pairs in clusters, which exhibits a maximal value of approximately 17.2 kJ mol^-1 at pH = 9.75 and relates to a minimal binding strength in clusters at this pH-value. Nucleated calcium carbonate particles are amorphous at first and subsequently become crystalline. At high binding strength in clusters, only calcite (the thermodynamically stable polymorph) is finally obtained, while with decreasing binding strength in clusters, vaterite (the thermodynamically least stable polymorph) and presumably aragonite (the thermodynamically intermediate stable polymorph) are obtained additionally. Concurrently, two different solubility products of nucleated amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) are detected at low binding strength and high binding strength in clusters (ACC I 3.1EE-8 M^2, ACC II 3.8EE-8 M^2), respectively, indicating the precipitation of at least two different ACC species, while the clusters provide the precursor species of ACC. It is proximate that ACC I may relate to calcitic ACC -i.e. ACC exhibiting short range order similar to the long range order of calcite and that ACC II may relate to vateritic ACC, which will subsequently transform into the particular crystalline polymorph as discussed in the literature, respectively. Detailed analysis of nucleated particles forming at minimal binding strength in clusters (pH = 9.75) by means of SEM, TEM, WAXS and light microscopy shows that predominantly vaterite with traces of calcite forms. The crystalline particles of early stages are composed of nano-crystallites of approximately 5 to 10 nm size, respectively, which are aligned in high mutual order as in mesocrystals. The analyses of precipitation at pH = 9.75 in presence of additives -polyacrylic acid (pAA) as a model compound for scale inhibitors and peptides exhibiting calcium carbonate binding affinity as model compounds for crystal modifiers- shows that ACC I and ACC II are precipitated in parallel: pAA stabilizes ACC II particles against crystallization leading to their dissolution for the benefit of crystals that form from ACC I and exclusively calcite is finally obtained. Concurrently, the peptide additives analogously inhibit the formation of calcite and exclusively vaterite is finally obtained in case of one of the peptide additives. These findings show that classical nucleation theory is hardly applicable for the nucleation of calcium carbonate. The metastable system is stabilized remarkably due to cluster formation, while clusters forming by means of equilibrium thermodynamics are the nucleation relevant species and not ions. Most likely, the concept of cluster formation is a common phenomenon occurring during the precipitation of hardly soluble compounds as qualitatively shown for calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. This finding is important for the fundamental understanding of crystallization and nucleation-inhibition and modification by additives with impact on materials of huge scientific and industrial importance as well as for better understanding of the mass transport in crystallization. It can provide a novel basis for simulation and modelling approaches. New mechanisms of scale formation in Bio- and Geomineralization and also in scale inhibition on the basis of the newly reported reaction channel need to be considered.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Montenegro2003,
  author    = {Montenegro, Rivelino V. D.},
  title     = {Crystallization, biomimetics and semiconducting polymers in confined systems},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000726},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {popul{\"a}rwissenschaftlicher Abstract: Kristallisation, Biomimetik und halbleitende Polymere in r{\"a}umlich begrenzten Systemen: {\"O}l und Wasser mischen sich nicht, man kann aber aus beiden Fl{\"u}ssigkeiten Emulsionen herstellen, bei denen Tr{\"o}pfchen der einen Fl{\"u}ssigkeit in der anderen Fl{\"u}ssigkeit vorliegen. Das heißt, es k{\"o}nnen entweder {\"O}ltr{\"o}pfchen in Wasser oder Wassertr{\"o}pfchen in {\"O}l erzeugt werden. Aus t{\"a}glichen Erfahrungen, z.B. beim Kochen weiß man jedoch, dass sich eine Emulsion durch Sch{\"u}tteln oder R{\"u}hren herstellen l{\"a}sst, diese jedoch nicht besonders stabil ist. Mit Hilfe von hohen Scherenergien kann man nun sehr kleine, in ihrer Gr{\"o}ße sehr einheitliche und außerdem sehr stabile Tr{\"o}pfchen von 1/10000 mm erhalten. Eine solche Emulsion wird Miniemulsion genannt. In der Dissertation wurden nun z.B. Miniemulsionen untersucht, die aus kleinen Wassertr{\"o}pfchen in einem {\"O}l bestehen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Wasser in diesen Tr{\"o}pfchen, also in den r{\"a}umlich begrenzten Systemen, nicht bei 0 \&\#176;C, sondern bei -22 \&\#176;C kristallisierte. Wie l{\"a}sst sich das erkl{\"a}ren? Wenn man einen Eimer Wasser hat, dann bildet sich normalerweise bei 0 \&\#176;C Eis, da n{\"a}mlich in dem Wasser einige (manchmal ganz wenige) Keime (z.B. Schutzteilchen, ein Fussel etc.) vorhanden sind, an denen sich die ersten Kristalle bilden. Wenn sich dann einmal ein Kristall gebildet hat, kann das Wasser im gesamten Eimer schnell zu Eis werden. Ultrareines Wasser w{\"u}rde bei -22 \&\#176;C kristallisieren. Wenn man jetzt die Menge Wasser aus dem Eimer in kleine Tr{\"o}pfchen bringt, dann hat man eine sehr, sehr große Zahl, n{\"a}mlich 1017 Tr{\"o}pfchen, in einem Liter Emulsion vorliegen. Die wenigen Schmutzpartikel verteilen auf sehr wenige Tr{\"o}pfchen, die anderen Tr{\"o}pfchen sind ultrarein. Daher kristallisieren sie erst bei -22 \&\#176;C. Im Rahmen der Arbeit konnte auch gezeigt werden, dass die Miniemulsionen genutzt werden k{\"o}nnen, um kleine Gelatine-Partikel, also Nanogummib{\"a}rchen, herzustellen. Diese Nanogummib{\"a}rchen quellen bei Erh{\"o}hung der Temperatur auf ca. 38 \&\#176;C an. Das kann ausgenutzt werden, um zum Beispiel Medikamente zun{\"a}chst in den Partikeln im menschlichen K{\"o}rper zu transportieren, die Medikamente werden dann an einer gew{\"u}nschten Stelle freigelassen. In der Arbeit wurde auch gezeigt, dass die Gelatine-Partikel genutzt werden k{\"o}nnen, um die Natur nachzuahnen (Biomimetik). Innerhalb der Partikel kann n{\"a}mlich gezielt Knochenmaterial aufgebaut werden kann. Die Gelatine-Knochen-Partikel k{\"o}nnen dazu genutzt werden, um schwer heilende oder komplizierte Knochenbr{\"u}che zu beheben. Gelatine wird n{\"a}mlich nach einigen Tagen abgebaut, das Knochenmaterial kann in den Knochen eingebaut werden. LEDs werden heute bereits vielf{\"a}ltig verwendet. LEDs bestehen aus Halbleitern, wie z.B. Silizium. Neuerdings werden dazu auch halbleitende Polymere eingesetzt. Das große Problem bei diesen Materialien ist, dass sie aus L{\"o}sungsmitteln aufgebracht werden. Im Rahmen der Doktorarbeit wurde gezeigt, dass der Prozess der Miniemulsionen genutzt werden kann, um umweltfreundlich diese LEDs herzustellen. Man stellt dazu nun w{\"a}ssrige Dispersionen mit den Polymerpartikeln her. Damit hat man nicht nur das L{\"o}sungsmittel vermieden, das hat nun noch einen weiteren Vorteil: man kann n{\"a}mlich diese Dispersion auf sehr einfache Art verdrucken, im einfachsten Fall verwendet man einfach einen handels{\"u}blichen Tintenstrahldrucker.},
  language  = {en}
}