@phdthesis{Mertzen2022, author = {Mertzen, Daniela}, title = {A cross-linguistic investigation of similarity-based interference in sentence comprehension}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-55668}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-556685}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {xvii, 129}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The aim of this dissertation was to conduct a larger-scale cross-linguistic empirical investigation of similarity-based interference effects in sentence comprehension. Interference studies can offer valuable insights into the mechanisms that are involved in long-distance dependency completion. Many studies have investigated similarity-based interference effects, showing that syntactic and semantic information are employed during long-distance dependency formation (e.g., Arnett \& Wagers, 2017; Cunnings \& Sturt, 2018; Van Dyke, 2007, Van Dyke \& Lewis, 2003; Van Dyke \& McElree, 2011). Nevertheless, there are some important open questions in the interference literature that are critical to our understanding of the constraints involved in dependency resolution. The first research question concerns the relative timing of syntactic and semantic interference in online sentence comprehension. Only few interference studies have investigated this question, and, to date, there is not enough data to draw conclusions with regard to their time course (Van Dyke, 2007; Van Dyke \& McElree, 2011). Our first cross-linguistic study explores the relative timing of syntactic and semantic interference in two eye-tracking reading experiments that implement the study design used in Van Dyke (2007). The first experiment tests English sentences. The second, larger-sample experiment investigates the two interference types in German. Overall, the data suggest that syntactic and semantic interference can arise simultaneously during retrieval. The second research question concerns a special case of semantic interference: We investigate whether cue-based retrieval interference can be caused by semantically similar items which are not embedded in a syntactic structure. This second interference study builds on a landmark study by Van Dyke \& McElree (2006). The study design used in their study is unique in that it is able to pin down the source of interference as a consequence of cue overload during retrieval, when semantic retrieval cues do not uniquely match the retrieval target. Unlike most other interference studies, this design is able to rule out encoding interference as an alternative explanation. Encoding accounts postulate that it is not cue overload at the retrieval site but the erroneous encoding of similar linguistic items in memory that leads to interference (Lewandowsky et al., 2008; Oberauer \& Kliegl, 2006). While Van Dyke \& McElree (2006) reported cue-based retrieval interference from sentence-external distractors, the evidence for this effect was weak. A subsequent study did not show interference of this type (Van Dyke et al., 2014). Given these inconclusive findings, further research is necessary to investigate semantic cue-based retrieval interference. The second study in this dissertation provides a larger-scale cross-linguistic investigation of cue-based retrieval interference from sentence-external items. Three larger-sample eye-tracking studies in English, German, and Russian tested cue-based interference in the online processing of filler-gap dependencies. This study further extends the previous research by investigating interference in each language under varying task demands (Logačev \& Vasishth, 2016; Swets et al., 2008). Overall, we see some very modest support for proactive cue-based retrieval interference in English. Unexpectedly, this was observed only under a low task demand. In German and Russian, there is some evidence against the interference effect. It is possible that interference is attenuated in languages with richer case marking. In sum, the cross-linguistic experiments on the time course of syntactic and semantic interference from sentence-internal distractors support existing evidence of syntactic and semantic interference during sentence comprehension. Our data further show that both types of interference effects can arise simultaneously. Our cross-linguistic experiments investigating semantic cue-based retrieval interference from sentence-external distractors suggest that this type of interference may arise only in specific linguistic contexts.}, language = {en} } @article{MenzeStadie2022, author = {Menze, Clara and Stadie, Nicole}, title = {Evidenzbasierte Praxis}, series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik 15}, journal = {Spektrum Patholinguistik 15}, number = {15}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-542-2}, issn = {1866-9433}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-57242}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-572420}, pages = {151 -- 155}, year = {2022}, language = {de} } @article{UhlemannWartenburgerHilton2022, author = {Uhlemann, Charlotte and Wartenburger, Isabell and Hilton, Matt}, title = {Express yourself!}, series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik 15}, journal = {Spektrum Patholinguistik 15}, number = {15}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-542-2}, issn = {1866-9433}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-57239}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-572395}, pages = {107 -- 117}, year = {2022}, language = {de} } @article{DueringLubitzSchnelleetal.2022, author = {D{\"u}ring, Sarah and Lubitz, Anika and Schnelle, Kirsten and Klitsch, Julia and Netzebandt, Jonka and Fritzsche, Tom}, title = {Interdisziplin{\"a}re Zusammenarbeit}, series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik 15}, journal = {Spektrum Patholinguistik 15}, number = {15}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-542-2}, issn = {1866-9433}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-57238}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-572386}, pages = {87 -- 106}, year = {2022}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Galetzka2022, author = {Galetzka, Fabian}, title = {Investigating and improving background context consistency in neural conversation models}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-58463}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-584637}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {viii, 173}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Neural conversation models aim to predict appropriate contributions to a (given) conversation by using neural networks trained on dialogue data. A specific strand focuses on non-goal driven dialogues, first proposed by Ritter et al. (2011): They investigated the task of transforming an utterance into an appropriate reply. Then, this strand evolved into dialogue system approaches using long dialogue histories and additional background context. Contributing meaningful and appropriate to a conversation is a complex task, and therefore research in this area has been very diverse: Serban et al. (2016), for example, looked into utilizing variable length dialogue histories, Zhang et al. (2018) added additional context to the dialogue history, Wolf et al. (2019) proposed a model based on pre-trained Self-Attention neural networks (Vasvani et al., 2017), and Dinan et al. (2021) investigated safety issues of these approaches. This trend can be seen as a transformation from trying to somehow carry on a conversation to generating appropriate replies in a controlled and reliable way. In this thesis, we first elaborate the meaning of appropriateness in the context of neural conversation models by drawing inspiration from the Cooperative Principle (Grice, 1975). We first define what an appropriate contribution has to be by operationalizing these maxims as demands on conversation models: being fluent, informative, consistent towards given context, coherent and following a social norm. Then, we identify different targets (or intervention points) to achieve the conversational appropriateness by investigating recent research in that field. In this thesis, we investigate the aspect of consistency towards context in greater detail, being one aspect of our interpretation of appropriateness. During the research, we developed a new context-based dialogue dataset (KOMODIS) that combines factual and opinionated context to dialogues. The KOMODIS dataset is publicly available and we use the data in this thesis to gather new insights in context-augmented dialogue generation. We further introduced a new way of encoding context within Self-Attention based neural networks. For that, we elaborate the issue of space complexity from knowledge graphs, and propose a concise encoding strategy for structured context inspired from graph neural networks (Gilmer et al., 2017) to reduce the space complexity of the additional context. We discuss limitations of context-augmentation for neural conversation models, explore the characteristics of knowledge graphs, and explain how we create and augment knowledge graphs for our experiments. Lastly, we analyzed the potential of reinforcement and transfer learning to improve context-consistency for neural conversation models. We find that current reward functions need to be more precise to enable the potential of reinforcement learning, and that sequential transfer learning can improve the subjective quality of generated dialogues.}, language = {en} } @masterthesis{Russ2022, type = {Bachelor Thesis}, author = {Russ, Natalie}, title = {Positions of temporal adverbial clauses in colloquial Russian}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-55888}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-558888}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {iii, 60}, year = {2022}, abstract = {It was not until the 1960s and 70s of the 20th century that researchers turned their special interest to colloquial Russian (hereafter CR) and its interaction with codified (normative) Russian. Colloquial Russian uses its grammatical constructions in deviation from the norms of the written language. Since codified language is the basis of colloquial language on the grammatical level, among others, the question arises, how the standard forms are used in oral speech. Lapteva (1976) has looked in particular at the syntax of CR and made a classification of CR constructions that differ from their standard forms. The present study deals with two constructions from this classification: an embedded temporal subordinate clause and a temporal subordinate clause with the meaningless conjunction kogda (as/if), which leaves its normative position in the sentence. In addition to the special forms of temporal adverbial clauses, the frequency of their standard implementation as preceding and the following constructions will be examined. Two hypotheses were formulated: • The frequency of certain constructions classified by Lapteva (1976) as transitional constructions decreases over decades. • The ratio between prefixed and suffixed temporal subordinate clauses will be in favor of the latter due to the spontaneity of oral speech. The corpus study was conducted with the oral language sub-corpus of the National'nyj Korpus Russkogo Jazyka (National Corpus of the Russian Language). No evidence of a correlation between the number of CR constructions and the year of recording was found either in the whole oral sub-corpus or in its largest section - the collection of private conversations. The proportion of prefixed temporal constructions was greatest in both public and non-public corpora compared to postfixed ones. The study did not provide evidence for the hypotheses put forward, due to the limitations of the corpus study, such as missing or incomplete context of the conversations, lack of punctuation and/or marking of intonation.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Atasoy2022, author = {Atasoy, Atilla}, title = {Production, perception, and processing of focus in Turkish}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-54815}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-548156}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {xxiii, 267}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The main goal of this dissertation is to experimentally investigate how focus is realised, perceived, and processed by native Turkish speakers, independent of preconceived notions of positional restrictions. Crucially, there are various issues and scientific debates surrounding focus in the Turkish language in the existing literature (chapter 1). It is argued in this dissertation that two factors led to the stagnant literature on focus in Turkish: the lack of clearly defined, modern understandings of information structure and its fundamental notion of focus, and the ongoing and ill-defined debate surrounding the question of whether there is an immediately preverbal focus position in Turkish. These issues gave rise to specific research questions addressed across this dissertation. Specifically, we were interested in how the focus dimensions such as focus size (comparing narrow constituent and broad sentence focus), focus target (comparing narrow subject and narrow object focus), and focus type (comparing new-information and contrastive focus) affect Turkish focus realisation and, in turn, focus comprehension when speakers are provided syntactic freedom to position focus as they see fit. To provide data on these core goals, we presented three behavioural experiments based on a systematic framework of information structure and its notions (chapter 2): (i) a production task with trigger wh-questions and contextual animations manipulated to elicit the focus dimensions of interest (chapter 3), (ii) a timed acceptability judgment task in listening to the recorded answers in our production task (chapter 4), and (iii) a self-paced reading task to gather on-line processing data (chapter 5). Based on the results of the conducted experiments, multiple conclusions are made in this dissertation (chapter 6). Firstly, this dissertation demonstrated empirically that there is no focus position in Turkish, neither in the sense of a strict focus position language nor as a focally loaded position facilitating focus perception and/or processing. While focus is, in fact, syntactically variable in the Turkish preverbal area, this is a consequence of movement triggered by other IS aspects like topicalisation and backgrounding, and the observational markedness of narrow subject focus compared to narrow object focus. As for focus type in Turkish, this dimension is not associated with word order in production, perception, or processing. Significant acoustic correlates of focus size (broad sentence focus vs narrow constituent focus) and focus target (narrow subject focus vs narrow object focus) were observed in fundamental frequency and intensity, representing focal boost, (postfocal) deaccentuation, and the presence or absence of a phrase-final rise in the prenucleus, while the perceivability of these effects remains to be investigated. In contrast, no acoustic correlates of focus type in simple, three-word transitive structures were observed, with focus types being interchangeable in mismatched question-answer pairs. Overall, the findings of this dissertation highlight the need for experimental investigations regarding focus in Turkish, as theoretical predictions do not necessarily align with experimental data. As such, the fallacy of implying causation from correlation should be strictly kept in mind, especially when constructions coincide with canonical structures, such as the immediately preverbal position in narrow object foci. Finally, numerous open questions remain to be explored, especially as focus and word order in Turkish are multifaceted. As shown, givenness is a confounding factor when investigating focus types, while thematic role assignment potentially confounds word order preferences. Further research based on established, modern information structure frameworks is needed, with chapter 5 concluding with specific recommendations for such future research.}, language = {en} } @misc{FrankFrankMohretal.2022, author = {Frank, Ulrike and Frank, Katrin and Mohr, Bettina and Kurtenbach, Stephanie and Khader-Lindholz, Aischa and Sallat, Stephan and Wagner, Lilli and D{\"u}ring, Sarah and Lubitz, Anika and Schnelle, Kirsten and Klitsch, Julia and Netzebandt, Jonka and Fritsche, Tom and Uhlemann, Charlotte and Wartenburger, Isabell and Hilton, Matt and Neitzel, Isabel and Schmidt, Johanna and Eikerling, Maren and Cholin, Joana and Menze, Clara and Stadie, Nicole and Schmitz-Antonischki, Dorit and Heide, Judith and Plath, Almut and Corsten, Sabine and Hoffmann, Marie and Leinweber, Juliane and Spelter, Bianca and Karstens, Sven}, title = {Spektrum Patholinguistik Band 15. Schwerpunktthema: Interdisziplin{\"a}r behandeln - Multiprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit in der Sprachtherapie}, series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik}, journal = {Spektrum Patholinguistik}, number = {15}, editor = {Tan, Sarah and D{\"u}ring, Sarah and Wilde, Alina and Wunderlich, Hanna and Fritzsche, Tom}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-542-2}, issn = {1866-9433}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-55820}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-558206}, pages = {vii, 180}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Das 15. Herbsttreffen Patholinguistik mit dem Schwerpunktthema »Interdisziplin{\"a}r (be-)handeln - Multiprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit in der Sprachtherapie« fand am 20.11.2021 als Online-Veranstaltung statt. Das Herbsttreffen wird seit 2007 j{\"a}hrlich vom Verband f{\"u}r Patholinguistik e.V. (vpl), seit 2021 vom Deutschen Bundesverband f{\"u}r akademische Sprachtherapie und Logop{\"a}die (dbs) in Kooperation mit der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam durchgef{\"u}hrt. Der vorliegende Tagungsband beinhaltet die Vortr{\"a}ge zum Schwerpunktthema und Informationen aus der Podiumsdiskussion sowie die Posterpr{\"a}sentationen zu weiteren Themen aus der sprachtherapeutischen Forschung und Praxis.}, language = {de} } @article{FrankFrank2022, author = {Frank, Ulrike and Frank, Katrin}, title = {Teamwork is it!}, series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik 15}, journal = {Spektrum Patholinguistik 15}, number = {15}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-542-2}, issn = {1866-9433}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-57213}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-572134}, pages = {1 -- 19}, year = {2022}, language = {de} } @article{SchmitzAntonischkiHeideNetzebandt2022, author = {Schmitz-Antonischki, Dorit and Heide, Judith and Netzebandt, Jonka}, title = {Therapie von Wortabrufst{\"o}rungen mit der App LingoTalk bei einer Patientin mit Aphasie}, series = {Spektrum Patholinguistik 15}, journal = {Spektrum Patholinguistik 15}, number = {15}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {978-3-86956-542-2}, issn = {1866-9433}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-57243}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-572433}, pages = {157 -- 171}, year = {2022}, language = {de} }