@article{PanKongSongetal.2017,
  author    = {Pan, Jinger and Kong, Yan and Song, Shuang and McBride, Catherine and Liu, Hongyun and Shu, Hua},
  title     = {Socioeconomic status, parent report of children's early language skills, and late literacy skills},
  series = {Reading and writing : an interdisciplinary journal},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {Reading and writing : an interdisciplinary journal},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0922-4777},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11145-016-9682-4},
  pages     = {401 -- 416},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Previous research on the longitudinal prediction of literacy development has focused mainly on the relationship between early cognitive/language skills and late literacy skills. The present study aimed to test the reliability of a number of measures reported by parents as compared to measuring cognitive and language skills in predicting subsequent reading achievement. Two hundred sixty-two Chinese children were administered four cognitive and language skills over three years at the preliterate stage. Additional information on children's family socioeconomic status (SES), children's early language skills, familial reading performance and habits, and familial handedness based on the observations of parents was collected. Performance on these variables in relation to subsequent literacy skills at 11 years of age was examined. SES and children's early language skills significantly predicted subsequent literacy skills. Even with a number of cognitive and language skills statistically controlled, parental reports of children's early language skills still contributed to reading comprehension. Poor readers defined at 11 years of age had lagged behind in early language skills, as well as family reading performance and habits, as compared to typically developing readers. These findings suggest that SES and parental estimates of children's early language skills are useful for predicting children's subsequent reading achievement.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PanShuWangetal.2015,
  author    = {Pan, Jinger and Shu, Hua and Wang, Yuling and Yan, Ming},
  title     = {Parafoveal activation of sign translation previews among deaf readers during the reading of Chinese sentences},
  series = {Memory \& cognition},
  volume    = {43},
  journal   = {Memory \& cognition},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0090-502X},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13421-015-0511-9},
  pages     = {964 -- 972},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {In the present study, we manipulated the different types of information available in the parafovea during the reading of Chinese sentences and examined whether deaf readers could activate sign translations of Chinese words during reading. The main finding was that, as compared to unrelated previews, the deaf readers had longer fixation durations on the target words when sign-phonologically related preview words were presented; this preview cost effect due to sign-phonological relatedness was absent for reading-level-matched hearing individuals. These results indicate that Chinese deaf readers activate sign language translations of parafoveal words during reading. We discuss the implications for notions of parafoveal processing in reading.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PanSongSuetal.2016,
  author    = {Pan, Jinger and Song, Shuang and Su, Mengmeng and McBride, Catherine and Liu, Hongyun and Zhang, Yuping and Li, Hong and Shu, Hua},
  title     = {On the relationship between phonological awareness, morphological awareness and Chinese literacy skills: evidence from an 8-year longitudinal study},
  series = {Developmental science.},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {Developmental science.},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1363-755X},
  doi       = {10.1111/desc.12356},
  pages     = {982 -- 991},
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PanYanLaubrocketal.2019,
  author    = {Pan, Jinger and Yan, Ming and Laubrock, Jochen and Shu, Hua},
  title     = {Lexical and Sublexical Phonological Effects in Chinese Silent and Oral Reading},
  series = {Scientific studies of reading},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Scientific studies of reading},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1088-8438},
  doi       = {10.1080/10888438.2019.1583232},
  pages     = {403 -- 418},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {What is the time course of activation of phonological information in logographic writing systems like Chinese, in which meaning is prioritized over sound? We used a manipulation of phonological regularity to examine foveal and parafoveal phonological processing of Chinese phonograms at lexical and sublexical levels during Chinese sentence reading in 2 eye-tracking experiments. In Experiment 1, using an error disruption task during silent reading, we observed foveal lexical phonological activation in second-pass reading. In Experiment 2, using the boundary paradigm, both parafoveal lexical and sublexical phonological preview benefits were found in first-fixation duration in oral reading, whereas only lexical phonological benefits were found in gaze duration during silent reading. Thus, phonological information had earlier and more pronounced parafoveal effects in oral reading, and these extended to sublexical processing. These results are compatible with the view that oral reading prioritizes parafoveal phonological processing in Chinese.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PanYanLaubrocketal.2013,
  author    = {Pan, Jinger and Yan, Ming and Laubrock, Jochen and Shu, Hua and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Eye-voice span during rapid automatized naming of digits and dice in Chinese normal and dyslexic children},
  series = {Developmental science.},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {Developmental science.},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1467-7687},
  doi       = {10.1111/desc.12075},
  pages     = {967 -- 979},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {We measured Chinese dyslexic and control children's eye movements during rapid automatized naming (RAN) with alphanumeric (digits) and symbolic (dice surfaces) stimuli. Both types of stimuli required identical oral responses, controlling for effects associated with speech production. Results showed that naming dice was much slower than naming digits for both groups, but group differences in eye-movement measures and in the eye-voice span (i.e. the distance between the currently fixated item and the voiced item) were generally larger in digit-RAN than in dice-RAN. In addition, dyslexics were less efficient in parafoveal processing in these RAN tasks. Since the two RAN tasks required the same phonological output and on the assumption that naming dice is less practiced than naming digits in general, the results suggest that the translation of alphanumeric visual symbols into phonological codes is less efficient in dyslexic children. The dissociation of the print-to-sound conversion and phonological representation suggests that the degree of automaticity in translation from visual symbols to phonological codes in addition to phonological processing per se is also critical to understanding dyslexia.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PanYanLaubrocketal.2014,
  author    = {Pan, Jinger and Yan, Ming and Laubrock, Jochen and Shu, Hua and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Saccade-target selection of dyslexic children when reading Chinese},
  series = {Vision research : an international journal for functional aspects of vision.},
  volume    = {97},
  journal   = {Vision research : an international journal for functional aspects of vision.},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0042-6989},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.visres.2014.01.014},
  pages     = {24 -- 30},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {This study investigates the eye movements of dyslexic children and their age-matched controls when reading Chinese. Dyslexic children exhibited more and longer fixations than age-matched control children, and an increase of word length resulted in a greater increase in the number of fixations and gaze durations for the dyslexic than for the control readers. The report focuses on the finding that there was a significant difference between the two groups in the fixation landing position as a function of word length in single-fixation cases, while there was no such difference in the initial fixation of multi-fixation cases. We also found that both groups had longer incoming saccade amplitudes while the launch sites were closer to the word in single fixation cases than in multi-fixation cases. Our results suggest that dyslexic children's inefficient lexical processing, in combination with the absence of orthographic word boundaries in Chinese, leads them to select saccade targets at the beginning of words conservatively. These findings provide further evidence for parafoveal word segmentation during reading of Chinese sentences.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShuZhouYan2011,
  author    = {Shu, Hua and Zhou, Wei and Yan, Ming},
  title     = {Font size modulates saccade-target selection in Chinese reading},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13414-010-0029-y},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {In alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude (a close correlate of reading speed) is independent of font size, presumably because an increase in the angular size of letters is compensated for by a decrease of visual acuity with eccentricity. We propose that this invariance may (also) be due to the presence of spaces between words, guiding the eyes across a large range of font sizes. Here, we test whether saccade amplitude is also invariant against manipulations of font size during reading Chinese, a character-based writing system without spaces as explicit word boundaries for saccade-target selection. In contrast to word-spaced alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude decreased significantly with increased font size, leading to an increase in the number of fixations at the beginning of words and in the number of refixations. These results are consistent with a model which assumes that word beginning (rather than word center) is the default saccade target if the length of the parafoveal word is not available.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShuZhouYanetal.2011,
  author    = {Shu, Hua and Zhou, Wei and Yan, Ming and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {Font size modulates saccade-target selection in Chinese reading},
  series = {Attention, perception, \& psychophysics : AP\&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.},
  volume    = {73},
  journal   = {Attention, perception, \& psychophysics : AP\&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1943-3921},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13414-010-0029-y},
  pages     = {482 -- 490},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {In alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude (a close correlate of reading speed) is independent of font size, presumably because an increase in the angular size of letters is compensated for by a decrease of visual acuity with eccentricity. We propose that this invariance may (also) be due to the presence of spaces between words, guiding the eyes across a large range of font sizes. Here, we test whether saccade amplitude is also invariant against manipulations of font size during reading Chinese, a character-based writing system without spaces as explicit word boundaries for saccade-target selection. In contrast to word-spaced alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude decreased significantly with increased font size, leading to an increase in the number of fixations at the beginning of words and in the number of refixations. These results are consistent with a model which assumes that word beginning (rather than word center) is the default saccade target if the length of the parafoveal word is not available.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WangYeonZhouetal.2016,
  author    = {Wang, Aiping and Yeon, Junmo and Zhou, Wei and Shu, Hua and Yan, Ming},
  title     = {Cross-language parafoveal semantic processing: Evidence from Korean-Chinese bilinguals},
  series = {Applied physics letters},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Applied physics letters},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1069-9384},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13423-015-0876-6},
  pages     = {285 -- 290},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {In the present study, we aimed at testing cross-language cognate and semantic preview effects. We tested how native Korean readers who learned Chinese as a second language make use of the parafoveal information during the reading of Chinese sentences. There were 3 types of Korean preview words: cognate translations of the Chinese target words, semantically related noncognate words, and unrelated words. Together with a highly significant cognate preview effect, more critically, we also observed reliable facilitation in processing of the target word from the semantically related previews in all fixation measures. Results from the present study provide first evidence for semantic processing from parafoveally presented Korean words and for cross-language parafoveal semantic processing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WangZhouShuetal.2014,
  author    = {Wang, Aiping and Zhou, Wei and Shu, Hua and Yan, Ming},
  title     = {Reading proficiency modulates parafoveal processing efficiency: Evidence from reading Chinese as a second language},
  series = {Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics},
  volume    = {152},
  journal   = {Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0001-6918},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.07.010},
  pages     = {29 -- 33},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {In the present study, we manipulated different types of information available in the parafovea during the reading of Chinese sentences and examined how native Korean readers who learned Chinese as a second language make use of the parafoveal information. Results clearly indicate that, only identical and orthographically similar previews facilitated processing of the target words when they were subsequently fixated. More critically, more parafoveal information was obtained by subjects with higher reading proficiency. These results suggest that, mainly low-level features of the parafoveal words are obtained by the non-native Chinese readers and less attentional resources are available for the readers with lower reading proficiency, thereby causing a reduction of the perceptual span.},
  language  = {en}
}