@misc{Grohmann2024,
  author    = {Grohmann, Nils-Hendrik},
  title     = {Strengthening the UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Rechtswissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Rechtswissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {14},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-63344},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-633441},
  pages     = {XV, 315},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Nils-Hendrik Grohmann besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit dem noch andauernden St{\"a}rkungsprozess der UN-Menschenrechtsvertragsorgane. Er analysiert, welche rechtlichen Befugnisse die Aussch{\"u}sse haben, ob sie von sich aus Vorschl{\"a}ge einbringen k{\"o}nnen und inwieweit sie ihre Verfahrensweisen bisher aufeinander abgestimmt haben. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Zusammenarbeit zwischen den verschiedenen Aussch{\"u}ssen und der Frage, welche Rolle das Treffen der Vorsitzenden bei der St{\"a}rkung spielen kann.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Ziemann2024,
  type      = {Master Thesis},
  author    = {Ziemann, Felix},
  title     = {Entwicklung und Evaluation einer prototypischen Lernumgebung f{\"u}r das systematische Debugging logischer Fehler in Quellcode},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-63273},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-632734},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {x, 98},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Wo programmiert wird, da passieren Fehler. Um das Debugging, also die Suche sowie die Behebung von Fehlern in Quellcode, st{\"a}rker explizit zu adressieren, verfolgt die vorliegende Arbeit das Ziel, entlang einer prototypischen Lernumgebung sowohl ein systematisches Vorgehen w{\"a}hrend des Debuggings zu vermitteln als auch Gestaltungsfolgerungen f{\"u}r ebensolche Lernumgebungen zu identifizieren. Dazu wird die folgende Forschungsfrage gestellt: Wie verhalten sich die Lernenden w{\"a}hrend des kurzzeitigen Gebrauchs einer Lernumgebung nach dem Cognitive Apprenticeship-Ansatz mit dem Ziel der expliziten Vermittlung eines systematischen Debuggingvorgehens und welche Eindr{\"u}cke entstehen w{\"a}hrend der Bearbeitung? Zur Beantwortung dieser Forschungsfrage wurde orientierend an literaturbasierten Implikationen f{\"u}r die Vermittlung von Debugging und (medien-)didaktischen Gestaltungsaspekten eine prototypische Lernumgebung entwickelt und im Rahmen einer qualitativen Nutzerstudie mit Bachelorstudierenden informatischer Studieng{\"a}nge erprobt. Hierbei wurden zum einen anwendungsbezogene Verbesserungspotenziale identifiziert. Zum anderen zeigte sich insbesondere gegen{\"u}ber der Systematisierung des Debuggingprozesses innerhalb der Aufgabenbearbeitung eine positive Resonanz. Eine Untersuchung, inwieweit sich die Nutzung der Lernumgebung l{\"a}ngerfristig auf das Verhalten von Personen und ihre Vorgehensweisen w{\"a}hrend des Debuggings auswirkt, k{\"o}nnte Gegenstand kommender Arbeiten sein.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kiss2024,
  author    = {Kiss, Andrea},
  title     = {Moss-associated bacterial and archaeal communities of northern peatlands: key taxa, environmental drivers and potential functions},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-63064},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-630641},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {XX, 139, liv},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Moss-microbe associations are often characterised by syntrophic interactions between the microorganisms and their hosts, but the structure of the microbial consortia and their role in peatland development remain unknown. In order to study microbial communities of dominant peatland mosses, Sphagnum and brown mosses, and the respective environmental drivers, four study sites representing different successional stages of natural northern peatlands were chosen on a large geographical scale: two brown moss-dominated, circumneutral peatlands from the Arctic and two Sphagnum-dominated, acidic peat bogs from subarctic and temperate zones. The family Acetobacteraceae represented the dominant bacterial taxon of Sphagnum mosses from various geographical origins and displayed an integral part of the moss core community. This core community was shared among all investigated bryophytes and consisted of few but highly abundant prokaryotes, of which many appear as endophytes of Sphagnum mosses. Moreover, brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses represent habitats for archaea which were not studied in association with peatland mosses so far. Euryarchaeota that are capable of methane production (methanogens) displayed the majority of the moss-associated archaeal communities. Moss-associated methanogenesis was detected for the first time, but it was mostly negligible under laboratory conditions. Contrarily, substantial moss-associated methane oxidation was measured on both, brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses, supporting that methanotrophic bacteria as part of the moss microbiome may contribute to the reduction of methane emissions from pristine and rewetted peatlands of the northern hemisphere. Among the investigated abiotic and biotic environmental parameters, the peatland type and the host moss taxon were identified to have a major impact on the structure of moss-associated bacterial communities, contrarily to archaeal communities whose structures were similar among the investigated bryophytes. For the first time it was shown that different bog development stages harbour distinct bacterial communities, while at the same time a small core community is shared among all investigated bryophytes independent of geography and peatland type. The present thesis displays the first large-scale, systematic assessment of bacterial and archaeal communities associated both with brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses. It suggests that some host-specific moss taxa have the potential to play a key role in host moss establishment and peatland development.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Baumgart2024,
  author    = {Baumgart, Lene},
  title     = {Die Ambivalenz der Digitalisierung},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-63040},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-630401},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {137},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Ausgehend von der Beobachtung, dass die aktuelle Digitalisierungsforschung die Ambivalenz der Digitalisierung zwar erkennt, aber nicht zum Gegenstand ihrer Analysen macht, fokussiert die vorliegende kumulative Dissertation auf die ambivalente Dichotomie aus Potenzialen und Problemen, die mit digitalen Transformationen von Organisationen einhergeht. Entlang von sechs Publikationen wird mit einem systemtheoretischen Blick auf Organisationen die spannungsvolle Dichotomie hinsichtlich dreier ambivalenter Verh{\"a}ltnisse aufgezeigt: Erstens wird in Bezug auf das Verh{\"a}ltnis von Digitalisierung und Postb{\"u}rokratie deutlich, dass digitale Transformationen das Potenzial aufweisen, postb{\"u}rokratische Arbeitsweisen zu erleichtern. Parallel ergibt sich das Problem, dass auf Konsens basierende postb{\"u}rokratische Strukturen Digitalisierungsinitiativen erschweren, da diese auf eine Vielzahl von Entscheidungen angewiesen sind. Zweitens zeigt sich mit Blick auf das ambivalente Verh{\"a}ltnis von Digitalisierung und Vernetzung, dass einerseits organisationsweite Kooperation erm{\"o}glicht wird, w{\"a}hrend sich andererseits die Gefahr digitaler Widerspruchskommunikation auftut. Beim dritten Verh{\"a}ltnis zwischen Digitalisierung und Gender deutet sich das mit neuen digitalen Technologien einhergehende Potenzial f{\"u}r Gender Inklusion an, w{\"a}hrend zugleich das Problem einprogrammierter Gender Biases auftritt, die Diskriminierungen oftmals versch{\"a}rfen. Durch die Gegen{\"u}berstellung der Potenziale und Probleme wird nicht nur die Ambivalenz organisationaler Digitalisierung analysierbar und verst{\"a}ndlich, es stellt sich auch heraus, dass mit digitalen Transformationen einen doppelte Formalisierung einhergeht: Organisationen werden nicht nur mit den f{\"u}r Reformen {\"u}blichen Anpassungen der formalen Strukturen konfrontiert, sondern m{\"u}ssen zus{\"a}tzlich formale Entscheidungen zu Technikeinf{\"u}hrung und -beibehaltung treffen sowie formale L{\"o}sungen etablieren, um auf unvorhergesehene Potenziale und Probleme reagieren. Das Ziel der Dissertation ist es, eine analytisch generalisierte Heuristik an die Hand zu geben, mit deren Hilfe die Errungenschaften und Chancen digitaler Transformationen identifiziert werden k{\"o}nnen, w{\"a}hrend sich parallel ihr Verh{\"a}ltnis zu den gleichzeitig entstehenden Herausforderungen und Folgeproblemen erkl{\"a}ren l{\"a}sst.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Hussein2024,
  author    = {Hussein, Mahmoud},
  title     = {Solvent engineering for highly-efficient tin perovskite solar cells},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-63037},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-630375},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {137},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Global warming, driven primarily by the excessive emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, has led to severe and detrimental environmental impacts. Rising global temperatures have triggered a cascade of adverse effects, including melting glaciers and polar ice caps, more frequent and intense heat waves disrupted weather patterns, and the acidification of oceans. These changes adversely affect ecosystems, biodiversity, and human societies, threatening food security, water availability, and livelihoods. One promising solution to mitigate the harmful effects of global warming is the widespread adoption of solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells. Solar cells harness sunlight to generate electricity without emitting greenhouse gases or other pollutants. By replacing fossil fuel-based energy sources, solar cells can significantly reduce CO2 emissions, a significant contributor to global warming. This transition to clean, renewable energy can help curb the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, thereby slowing down the rate of global temperature rise. Solar energy's positive impact extends beyond emission reduction. As solar panels become more efficient and affordable, they empower individuals, communities, and even entire nations to generate electricity and become less dependent on fossil fuels. This decentralized energy generation can enhance resilience in the face of climate-related challenges. Moreover, implementing solar cells creates green jobs and stimulates technological innovation, further promoting sustainable economic growth. As solar technology advances, its integration with energy storage systems and smart grids can ensure a stable and reliable energy supply, reducing the need for backup fossil fuel power plants that exacerbate environmental degradation. The market-dominant solar cell technology is silicon-based, highly matured technology with a highly systematic production procedure. However, it suffers from several drawbacks, such as: 1) Cost: still relatively high due to high energy consumption due to the need to melt and purify silicon, and the use of silver as an electrode, which hinders their widespread availability, especially in low-income countries. 2) Efficiency: theoretically, it should deliver around 29\%; however, the efficiency of most of the commercially available silicon-based solar cells ranges from 18 - 22\%. 3) Temperature sensitivity: The efficiency decreases with the increase in the temperature, affecting their output. 4) Resource constraints: silicon as a raw material is unavailable in all countries, creating supply chain challenges. Perovskite solar cells arose in 2011 and matured very rapidly in the last decade as a highly efficient and versatile solar cell technology. With an efficiency of 26\%, high absorption coefficients, solution processability, and tunable band gap, it attracted the attention of the solar cells community. It represented a hope for cheap, efficient, and easily processable next-generation solar cells. However, lead toxicity might be the block stone hindering perovskite solar cells' market reach. Lead is a heavy and bioavailable element that makes perovskite solar cells environmentally unfriendly technology. As a result, scientists try to replace lead with a more environmentally friendly element. Among several possible alternatives, tin was the most suitable element due to its electronic and atomic structure similarity to lead. Tin perovskites were developed to alleviate the challenge of lead toxicity. Theoretically, it shows very high absorption coefficients, an optimum band gap of 1.35 eV for FASnI3, and a very high short circuit current, which nominates it to deliver the highest possible efficiency of a single junction solar cell, which is around 30.1\% according to Schockly-Quisser limit. However, tin perovskites' efficiency still lags below 15\% and is irreproducible, especially from lab to lab. This humble performance could be attributed to three reasons: 1) Tin (II) oxidation to tin (IV), which would happen due to oxygen, water, or even by the effect of the solvent, as was discovered recently. 2) fast crystallization dynamics, which occurs due to the lateral exposure of the P-orbitals of the tin atom, which enhances its reactivity and increases the crystallization pace. 3) Energy band misalignment: The energy bands at the interfaces between the perovskite absorber material and the charge selective layers are not aligned, leading to high interfacial charge recombination, which devastates the photovoltaic performance. To solve these issues, we implemented several techniques and approaches that enhanced the efficiency of tin halide perovskites, providing new chemically safe solvents and antisolvents. In addition, we studied the energy band alignment between the charge transport layers and the tin perovskite absorber. Recent research has shown that the principal source of tin oxidation is the solvent known as dimethylsulfoxide, which also happens to be one of the most effective solvents for processing perovskite. The search for a stable solvent might prove to be the factor that makes all the difference in the stability of tin-based perovskites. We started with a database of over 2,000 solvents and narrowed it down to a series of 12 new solvents that are suitable for processing FASnI3 experimentally. This was accomplished by looking into 1) the solubility of the precursor chemicals FAI and SnI2, 2) the thermal stability of the precursor solution, and 3) the potential to form perovskite. Finally, we show that it is possible to manufacture solar cells using a novel solvent system that outperforms those produced using DMSO. The results of our research give some suggestions that may be used in the search for novel solvents or mixes of solvents that can be used to manufacture stable tin-based perovskites. Due to the quick crystallization of tin, it is more difficult to deposit tin-based perovskite films from a solution than manufacturing lead-based perovskite films since lead perovskite is more often utilized. The most efficient way to get high efficiencies is to deposit perovskite from dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which slows down the quick construction of the tin-iodine network that is responsible for perovskite synthesis. This is the most successful approach for achieving high efficiencies. Dimethyl sulfoxide, which is used in the processing, is responsible for the oxidation of tin, which is a disadvantage of this method. This research presents a potentially fruitful alternative in which 4-(tert-butyl) pyridine can substitute dimethyl sulfoxide in the process of regulating crystallization without causing tin oxidation to take place. Perovskite films that have been formed from pyridine have been shown to have a much-reduced defect density. This has resulted in increased charge mobility and better photovoltaic performance, making pyridine a desirable alternative for use in the deposition of tin perovskite films. The precise control of perovskite precursor crystallization inside a thin film is of utmost importance for optimizing the efficiency and manufacturing of solar cells. The deposition process of tin-based perovskite films from a solution presents difficulties due to the quick crystallization of tin compared to the more often employed lead perovskite. The optimal approach for attaining elevated efficiencies entails using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a medium for depositing perovskite. This choice of solvent impedes the tin-iodine network's fast aggregation, which plays a crucial role in the production of perovskite. Nevertheless, this methodology is limited since the utilization of dimethyl sulfoxide leads to the oxidation of tin throughout the processing stage. In this thesis, we present a potentially advantageous alternative approach wherein 4-(tert-butyl) pyridine is proposed as a substitute for dimethyl sulfoxide in regulating crystallization processes while avoiding the undesired consequence of tin oxidation. Films of perovskite formed using pyridine as a solvent have a notably reduced density of defects, resulting in higher mobility of charges and improved performance in solar applications. Consequently, the utilization of pyridine for the deposition of tin perovskite films is considered advantageous. Tin perovskites are suffering from an apparent energy band misalignment. However, the band diagrams published in the current body of research display contradictions, resulting in a dearth of unanimity. Moreover, comprehensive information about the dynamics connected with charge extraction is lacking. This thesis aims to ascertain the energy band locations of tin perovskites by employing the kelvin probe and Photoelectron yield spectroscopy methods. This thesis aims to construct a precise band diagram for the often-utilized device stack. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis is performed to assess the energy deficits inherent in the current energetic structure of tin halide perovskites. In addition, we investigate the influence of BCP on the improvement of electron extraction in C60/BCP systems, with a specific emphasis on the energy factors involved. Furthermore, transient surface photovoltage was utilized to investigate the charge extraction kinetics of frequently studied charge transport layers, such as NiOx and PEDOT as hole transport layers and C60, ICBA, and PCBM as electron transport layers. The Hall effect, KP, and TRPL approaches accurately ascertain the p-doping concentration in FASnI3. The results consistently demonstrated a value of 1.5 * 1017 cm-3. Our research findings highlight the imperative nature of autonomously constructing the charge extraction layers for tin halide perovskites, apart from those used for lead perovskites. The crystallization of perovskite precursors relies mainly on the utilization of two solvents. The first one dissolves the perovskite powder to form the precursor solution, usually called the solvent. The second one precipitates the perovskite precursor, forming the wet film, which is a supersaturated solution of perovskite precursor and in the remains of the solvent and the antisolvent. Later, this wet film crystallizes upon annealing into a full perovskite crystallized film. In our research context, we proposed new solvents to dissolve FASnI3, but when we tried to form a film, most of them did not crystallize. This is attributed to the high coordination strength between the metal halide and the solvent molecules, which is unbreakable by the traditionally used antisolvents such as Toluene and Chlorobenzene. To solve this issue, we introduce a high-throughput antisolvent screening in which we screened around 73 selected antisolvents against 15 solvents that can form a 1M FASnI3 solution. We used for the first time in tin perovskites machine learning algorithm to understand and predict the effect of an antisolvent on the crystallization of a precursor solution in a particular solvent. We relied on film darkness as a primary criterion to judge the efficacy of a solvent-antisolvent pair. We found that the relative polarity between solvent and antisolvent is the primary factor that affects the solvent-antisolvent interaction. Based on our findings, we prepared several high-quality tin perovskite films free from DMSO and achieved an efficiency of 9\%, which is the highest DMSO tin perovskite device so far.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EsserReichWageneretal.2017,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Reich, Stefanie and Wagener, Nina and H{\"o}sch, Ingrid and Ihle, Wolfgang and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {PoKI: Potsdamer Kinder-Interview f{\"u}r 6- bis 12-J{\"a}hrige},
  publisher = {Hogrefe},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  pages     = {57},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Lilienkamp2024,
  author    = {Lilienkamp, Henning},
  title     = {Enhanced computational approaches for data-driven characterization of earthquake ground motion and rapid earthquake impact assessment},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-63195},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-631954},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {x, 145},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Rapidly growing seismic and macroseismic databases and simplified access to advanced machine learning methods have in recent years opened up vast opportunities to address challenges in engineering and strong motion seismology from novel, datacentric perspectives. In this thesis, I explore the opportunities of such perspectives for the tasks of ground motion modeling and rapid earthquake impact assessment, tasks with major implications for long-term earthquake disaster mitigation. In my first study, I utilize the rich strong motion database from the Kanto basin, Japan, and apply the U-Net artificial neural network architecture to develop a deep learning based ground motion model. The operational prototype provides statistical estimates of expected ground shaking, given descriptions of a specific earthquake source, wave propagation paths, and geophysical site conditions. The U-Net interprets ground motion data in its spatial context, potentially taking into account, for example, the geological properties in the vicinity of observation sites. Predictions of ground motion intensity are thereby calibrated to individual observation sites and earthquake locations. The second study addresses the explicit incorporation of rupture forward directivity into ground motion modeling. Incorporation of this phenomenon, causing strong, pulse like ground shaking in the vicinity of earthquake sources, is usually associated with an intolerable increase in computational demand during probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) calculations. I suggest an approach in which I utilize an artificial neural network to efficiently approximate the average, directivity-related adjustment to ground motion predictions for earthquake ruptures from the 2022 New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model. The practical implementation in an actual PSHA calculation demonstrates the efficiency and operational readiness of my model. In a follow-up study, I present a proof of concept for an alternative strategy in which I target the generalizing applicability to ruptures other than those from the New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model. In the third study, I address the usability of pseudo-intensity reports obtained from macroseismic observations by non-expert citizens for rapid impact assessment. I demonstrate that the statistical properties of pseudo-intensity collections describing the intensity of shaking are correlated with the societal impact of earthquakes. In a second step, I develop a probabilistic model that, within minutes of an event, quantifies the probability of an earthquake to cause considerable societal impact. Under certain conditions, such a quick and preliminary method might be useful to support decision makers in their efforts to organize auxiliary measures for earthquake disaster response while results from more elaborate impact assessment frameworks are not yet available. The application of machine learning methods to datasets that only partially reveal characteristics of Big Data, qualify the majority of results obtained in this thesis as explorative insights rather than ready-to-use solutions to real world problems. The practical usefulness of this work will be better assessed in the future by applying the approaches developed to growing and increasingly complex data sets.},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Botsch2022,
  author    = {Botsch, Gideon},
  title     = {Identifying extreme-right terrorism},
  series = {A transnational history of right-wing terrorism},
  booktitle = {A transnational history of right-wing terrorism},
  editor    = {Dafinger, Johannes and Florin, Moritz},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address   = {London ; New York},
  isbn      = {978-1-003-10525-1},
  doi       = {10.4324/9781003105251-17},
  pages     = {241 -- 257},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Extreme-right terrorism is a threat that is often underestimated by the public at large. As this paper argues, this is partly due to a concept of terrorism utilized by policymakers, intelligence agents, and police investigators that is based on experience of international terrorism perpetrated by leftists or jihadists as opposed to domestic extreme-right violence. This was one reason why investigators failed to identify the crimes committed by the National Socialist Underground (NSU) in Germany (2000-2011) as extreme-right terrorism, for example. While scholarly debate focused on the Red Army Faction and Al Qaeda, terrorist tendencies among those perpetrating racist and extreme-right violence tended to be disregarded. Influential researchers in the field of "extremism" denied that terrorist acts were committed by right-wingers. By mapping the specifics regarding the strategic use of violence, target selection, addressing of different audiences etc., this paper proposes a more accurate definition of extreme-right terrorism. In comparing it to other forms of terrorism, extreme-right terrorism is distinguished by its specific framework of ideologies and practices, with the underlying idea of an essential inequality that is compensated for through the affirmation of violence. It can be differentiated from other forms of extreme-right violence based on its use of strategic, premeditated and planned attacks against targets of a symbolic nature.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Goese2023,
  author    = {G{\"o}se, Frank},
  title     = {Zwischen Rittergut und Kanzlei},
  series = {Preußische Staatsm{\"a}nner : Herkunft, Erziehung und Ausbildung, Karrieren, Dienstalltag und Weltbilder zwischen 1740 und 1806},
  journal   = {Preußische Staatsm{\"a}nner : Herkunft, Erziehung und Ausbildung, Karrieren, Dienstalltag und Weltbilder zwischen 1740 und 1806},
  editor    = {Eckert, Georg and Groppe, Carola and H{\"o}roldt, Ulrike},
  publisher = {Duncker \& Humboldt},
  address   = {Berlin},
  isbn      = {978-3-428-18869-7},
  pages     = {231 -- 254},
  year      = {2023},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Hammel2024,
  author    = {Hammel, Alexander},
  title     = {Establishing the red microalga Porphyridium purpureum as a novel platform for the production of recombinant proteins},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-63270},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-632709},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {ix, 159},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Microalgae have been recognized as a promising green production platform for recombinant proteins. The majority of studies on recombinant protein expression have been conducted in the green microalga C. reinhardtii. While promising improvement regarding nuclear transgene expression in this alga has been made, it is still inefficient due to epigenetic silencing, often resulting in low yields that are not competitive with other expressor organisms. Other microalgal species might be better suited for high-level protein expression, but are limited in their availability of molecular tools. The red microalga Porphyridium purpureum recently emerged as candidate for the production of recombinant proteins. It is promising in that transformation vectors are episomally maintained as autonomously replicating plasmids in the nucleus at a high copy number, thus leading to high expression values in this red alga. In this work, we expand the genetic tools for P. purpureum and investigate parameters that govern efficient transgene expression. We provide an improved transformation protocol to streamline the generation of transgenic lines in this organism. After being able to efficiently generate transgenic lines, we showed that codon usage is a main determinant of high-level transgene expression, not only at the protein level but also at the level of mRNA accumulation. The optimized expression constructs resulted in YFP accumulation up to an unprecedented 5\% of the total soluble protein. Furthermore, we designed new constructs conferring efficient transgene expression into the culture medium, simplifying purification and harvests of recombinant proteins. To further improve transgene expression, we tested endogenous promoters driving the most highly transcribed genes in P. purpureum and found minor increase of YFP accumulation. We employed the previous findings to express complex viral antigens from the hepatitis B virus and the hepatitis C virus in P. purpureum to demonstrate its feasibility as producer of biopharmaceuticals. The viral glycoproteins were successfully produced to high levels and could reach their native confirmation, indicating a functional glycosylation machinery and an appropriate folding environment in this red alga. We could successfully upscale the biomass production of transgenic lines and with that provide enough material for immunization trials in mice that were performed in collaboration. These trials showed no toxicity of neither the biomass nor the purified antigens, and, additionally, the algal-produced antigens were able to elicit a strong and specific immune response. The results presented in this work pave the way for P. purpureum as a new promising producer organism for biopharmaceuticals in the microalgal field.},
  language  = {en}
}