@misc{ProtGentileAndersonetal.2013,
  author    = {Prot, Sara and Gentile, Douglas A. and Anderson, Craig A. and Suzuki, Kanae and Swing, Edward and Lim, Kam Ming and Horiuchi, Yukiko and Jelic, Margareta and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Liuqing, Wei and Liau, Albert K. and Khoo, Angeline and Petrescu, Poesis Diana and Sakamoto, Akira and Tajima, Sachi and Toma, Roxana Andreea and Warburton, Wayne and Zhang, Xuemin and Lam, Ben Chun Pan},
  title     = {Long-term relations among prosocial-media use, empathy, and prosocial behavior},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {389},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-404136},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Despite recent growth of research on the effects of prosocial media, processes underlying these effects are not well understood. Two studies explored theoretically relevant mediators and moderators of the effects of prosocial media on helping. Study 1 examined associations among prosocial- and violent-media use, empathy, and helping in samples from seven countries. Prosocial-media use was positively associated with helping. This effect was mediated by empathy and was similar across cultures. Study 2 explored longitudinal relations among prosocial-video-game use, violent-video-game use, empathy, and helping in a large sample of Singaporean children and adolescents measured three times across 2 years. Path analyses showed significant longitudinal effects of prosocial- and violent-video-game use on prosocial behavior through empathy. Latent-growth-curve modeling for the 2-year period revealed that change in video-game use significantly affected change in helping, and that this relationship was mediated by change in empathy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KraheSpringerWeinmanetal.2013,
  author    = {Krahe, Charlotte and Springer, Anne and Weinman, John A. and Fotopoulou, Aikaterini},
  title     = {The social modulation of pain - others as predictive signals of salience ; a systematic review},
  series = {Frontiers in human neuroscienc},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Frontiers in human neuroscienc},
  number    = {29},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1662-5161},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnhum.2013.00386},
  pages     = {21},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Several studies in cognitive neuroscience have investigated the cognitive and affective modulation of pain. By contrast, fewer studies have focused on the social modulation of pain, despite a plethora of relevant clinical findings. Here we present the first review of experimental studies addressing how interpersonal factors, such as the presence, behavior, and spatial proximity of an observer, modulate pain. Based on a systematic literature search, we identified 26 studies on experimentally induced pain that manipulated different interpersonal variables and measured behavioral, physiological, and neural pain-related responses. We observed that the modulation of pain by interpersonal factors depended on (1) the degree to which the social partners were active or were perceived by the participants to possess possibility for action; (2) the degree to which participants could perceive the specific intentions of the social partners; (3) the type of pre-existing relationship between the social partner and the person in pain, and lastly, (4) individual differences in relating to others and coping styles. Based on these findings, we propose that the modulation of pain by social factors can be fruitfully understood in relation to a recent predictive coding model, the free energy framework, particularly as applied to interoception and social cognition. Specifically, we argue that interpersonal interactions during pain may function as social, predictive signals of contextual threat or safety and as such influence the salience of noxious stimuli. The perception of such interpersonal interactions may in turn depend on (a) prior beliefs about interpersonal relating and (b) the certainty or precision by which an interpersonal interaction may predict environmental threat or safety.},
  language  = {en}
}