@article{SchneiderWalzAlbertetal.2021,
  author    = {Schneider, Philipp and Walz, Ariane and Albert, Christian and Lipp, Torsten},
  title     = {Ecosystem-based adaptation in cities},
  series = {Land use policy},
  volume    = {109},
  journal   = {Land use policy},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0264-8377},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105722},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Extreme weather events like heavy rainfall and heat waves will likely increase in intensity and frequency due to climate change. As the impacts of these extremes are particularly prominent in urban agglomerations, cities face an urgent need to develop adaptation strategies. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) provides helpful strategies that harness ecological processes in addition to technical interventions. EbA has been addressed in informal adaptation planning. Formal municipality planning, namely landscape planning, is supposed to include traditionally some EbA measures, although adaptation has not been their explicit focus. Our research aims to investigate how landscape plans incorporate climate-related extremes and EbA as well as to discuss the potential to enhance EbA uptake in formal planning. We conducted a document analysis of informal planning documents from 85 German cities and the analysis of formal landscape plans of 61 of these cities. The results suggest that city size does affect the extent of informal planning instruments and the comprehensiveness of formal landscape plans. Climate-related extremes and EbA measures have traditionally been part of landscape planning. Almost all landscape plans address heat stress, while climate change and heavy rain have been addressed less often, though more frequently since 2008. Greening of walls and roofs, on-site infiltration and water retention reveal significant potential for better integration in landscape plans. Landscape planning offers an entry point for effective climate adaptation through EbA in cities. Informal and formal planning instruments should be closely combined for robust, spatially explicit, legally binding implementation of EbA measures in the future.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WendeWojtkiewiczMarschalletal.2012,
  author    = {Wende, Wolfgang and Wojtkiewicz, Wera and Marschall, Ilke and Heiland, Stefan and Lipp, Torsten and Reinke, Markus and Schaal, Peter and Schmidt, Catrin},
  title     = {Putting the plan into practice implementation of proposals for measures of local landscape plans},
  series = {Landscape research},
  volume    = {37},
  journal   = {Landscape research},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0142-6397},
  doi       = {10.1080/01426397.2011.592575},
  pages     = {483 -- 500},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The knowledge of the effectiveness of local landscape planning in Germany is in the main limited to particular cases and derives mostly from qualitative single case studies. This applies especially to the implementation of measures defined by landscape plans. To fill that gap, the paper focuses on the implementation of those measures. Furthermore, it discusses the factors and framework conditions which are crucial for this implementation. The potential factors and conditions of influence were derived from theory and compiled in 20 investigation hypotheses. In order to gain information on the execution of the measures, 28 randomly selected plans were first analysed, then interviews were carried out with administration representatives. It can be stated that landscape planning has positively influenced the development of nature and landscape in the investigated municipalities. A considerable number of measures had been implemented, although landscape planning as a supply-side instrument proposes generally a very large number of measures. Factors with a positive effect on the implementation of landscape planning measures are pointed out.},
  language  = {en}
}