@article{PieperMarekUnterbergetal.2014,
  author    = {Pieper, Christian and Marek, Jasmin Jacqueline and Unterberg, Marlies and Schwerdtle, Tanja and Galla, Hans-Joachim},
  title     = {Brain capillary pericytes contribute to the immune defense in response to cytokines or LPS in vitro},
  series = {Brain research : an international multidisciplinary journal devoted to fundamental research in the brain sciences},
  volume    = {1550},
  journal   = {Brain research : an international multidisciplinary journal devoted to fundamental research in the brain sciences},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0006-8993},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.004},
  pages     = {1 -- 8},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The prevention of an inflammation in the brain is one of the most important goals the body has to achieve. As pericytes are located on the abluminal side of the capillaries in the brain, their role in fighting against invading pathogens has been investigated in some points, mostly in their ability to behave like macrophages. Here we studied the potential of pericytes to react as immune cells under inflammatory conditions, especially regarding the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) molecules, CD68, as well as the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), and their ability in phagocytosis. Quantitative real time PCR and western blot analysis showed that pericytes are able to increase the expression of typical inflammatory marker proteins after the stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1 beta), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), or lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Depending on the different specific pro-inflammatory factors pericytes changed the expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha SMA), the most predominant pericyte marker. We conclude that the role of the pericytes within the immune system is regulated and fine-tuned by different cytokines strongly depending on the time when the cytokines are released and their concentration. The present results will help to understand the pericyte mediated defense mechanisms in the brain.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ZwaagHorstBlaženovićetal.2020,
  author    = {Zwaag, Jelle and Horst, Rob ter and Blaženović, Ivana and St{\"o}ßel, Daniel and Ratter, Jacqueline and Worseck, Josephine M. and Schauer, Nicolas and Stienstra, Rinke and Netea, Mihai G. and Jahn, Dieter and Pickkers, Peter and Kox, Matthijs},
  title     = {Involvement of lactate and pyruvate in the anti-inflammatory effects exerted by voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {4},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-51778},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-517784},
  pages     = {20},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We recently demonstrated that the sympathetic nervous system can be voluntarily activated following a training program consisting of cold exposure, breathing exercises, and meditation. This resulted in profound attenuation of the systemic inflammatory response elicited by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Herein, we assessed whether this training program affects the plasma metabolome and if these changes are linked to the immunomodulatory effects observed. A total of 224 metabolites were identified in plasma obtained from 24 healthy male volunteers at six timepoints, of which 98 were significantly altered following LPS administration. Effects of the training program were most prominent shortly after initiation of the acquired breathing exercises but prior to LPS administration, and point towards increased activation of the Cori cycle. Elevated concentrations of lactate and pyruvate in trained individuals correlated with enhanced levels of anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10. In vitro validation experiments revealed that co-incubation with lactate and pyruvate enhances IL-10 production and attenuates the release of pro-inflammatory IL-1 beta and IL-6 by LPS-stimulated leukocytes. Our results demonstrate that practicing the breathing exercises acquired during the training program results in increased activity of the Cori cycle. Furthermore, this work uncovers an important role of lactate and pyruvate in the anti-inflammatory phenotype observed in trained subjects.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZwaagHorstBlaženovićetal.2020,
  author    = {Zwaag, Jelle and Horst, Rob ter and Blaženović, Ivana and St{\"o}ßel, Daniel and Ratter, Jacqueline and Worseck, Josephine M. and Schauer, Nicolas and Stienstra, Rinke and Netea, Mihai G. and Jahn, Dieter and Pickkers, Peter and Kox, Matthijs},
  title     = {Involvement of lactate and pyruvate in the anti-inflammatory effects exerted by voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system},
  series = {Metabolites},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Metabolites},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2218-1989},
  doi       = {10.3390/metabo10040148},
  pages     = {1 -- 18},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We recently demonstrated that the sympathetic nervous system can be voluntarily activated following a training program consisting of cold exposure, breathing exercises, and meditation. This resulted in profound attenuation of the systemic inflammatory response elicited by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Herein, we assessed whether this training program affects the plasma metabolome and if these changes are linked to the immunomodulatory effects observed. A total of 224 metabolites were identified in plasma obtained from 24 healthy male volunteers at six timepoints, of which 98 were significantly altered following LPS administration. Effects of the training program were most prominent shortly after initiation of the acquired breathing exercises but prior to LPS administration, and point towards increased activation of the Cori cycle. Elevated concentrations of lactate and pyruvate in trained individuals correlated with enhanced levels of anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10. In vitro validation experiments revealed that co-incubation with lactate and pyruvate enhances IL-10 production and attenuates the release of pro-inflammatory IL-1 beta and IL-6 by LPS-stimulated leukocytes. Our results demonstrate that practicing the breathing exercises acquired during the training program results in increased activity of the Cori cycle. Furthermore, this work uncovers an important role of lactate and pyruvate in the anti-inflammatory phenotype observed in trained subjects.},
  language  = {en}
}