@article{KaechMatheHubertDennisetal.2018,
  author    = {K{\"a}ch, Heidi and Mathe-Hubert, Hugo and Dennis, Alice B. and Vorburger, Christoph},
  title     = {Rapid evolution of symbiont-mediated resistance compromises biological control of aphids by parasitoids},
  series = {Evolutionary applications},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Evolutionary applications},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1752-4571},
  doi       = {10.1111/eva.12532},
  pages     = {220 -- 230},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {There is growing interest in biological control as a sustainable and environmentally friendly way to control pest insects. Aphids are among the most detrimental agricultural pests worldwide, and parasitoid wasps are frequently employed for their control. The use of asexual parasitoids may improve the effectiveness of biological control because only females kill hosts and because asexual populations have a higher growth rate than sexuals. However, asexuals may have a reduced capacity to track evolutionary change in their host populations. We used a factorial experiment to compare the ability of sexual and asexual populations of the parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum to control caged populations of black bean aphids (Aphis fabae) of high and low clonal diversity. The aphids came from a natural population, and one-third of the aphid clones harbored Hamiltonella defensa, a heritable bacterial endosymbiont that increases resistance to parasitoids. We followed aphid and parasitoid population dynamics for 3months but found no evidence that the reproductive mode of parasitoids affected their effectiveness as biocontrol agents, independent of host clonal diversity. Parasitoids failed to control aphids in most cases, because their introduction resulted in strong selection for clones protected by H.defensa. The increasingly resistant aphid populations escaped control by parasitoids, and we even observed parasitoid extinctions in many cages. The rapid evolution of symbiont-conferred resistance in turn imposed selection on parasitoids. In cages where asexual parasitoids persisted until the end of the experiment, they became dominated by a single genotype able to overcome the protection provided by H.defensa. Thus, there was evidence for parasitoid counteradaptation, but it was generally too slow for parasitoids to regain control over aphid populations. It appears that when pest aphids possess defensive symbionts, the presence of parasitoid genotypes able to overcome symbiont-conferred resistance is more important for biocontrol success than their reproductive mode.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KaechMatheHubertDennisetal.2017,
  author    = {K{\"a}ch, Heidi and Math{\´e}-Hubert, Hugo and Dennis, Alice B. and Vorburger, Christoph},
  title     = {Rapid evolution of symbiont-­mediated resistance compromises biological control of aphids by parasitoids},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {620},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42354},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-423542},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {There is growing interest in biological control as a sustainable and environmentally friendly way to control pest insects. Aphids are among the most detrimental agricultural pests worldwide, and parasitoid wasps are frequently employed for their control. The use of asexual parasitoids may improve the effectiveness of biological control because only females kill hosts and because asexual populations have a higher growth rate than sexuals. However, asexuals may have a reduced capacity to track evolutionary change in their host populations. We used a factorial experiment to compare the ability of sexual and asexual populations of the parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum to control caged populations of black bean aphids (Aphis fabae) of high and low clonal diversity. The aphids came from a natural population, and one-­third of the aphid clones harbored Hamiltonella defensa, a heritable bacterial endosymbiont that increases resistance to parasitoids. We followed aphid and parasitoid population dynamics for 3 months but found no evidence that the reproductive mode of parasitoids affected their effectiveness as biocontrol agents, independent of host clonal diversity. Parasitoids failed to control aphids in most cases, because their introduction resulted in strong selection for clones protected by H. defensa. The increasingly resistant aphid populations escaped control by parasitoids, and we even observed parasitoid extinctions in many cages. The rapid evolution of symbiont-­conferred resistance in turn imposed selection on parasitoids. In cages where asexual parasitoids persisted until the end of the experiment, they became dominated by a single genotype able to overcome the protection provided by H. defensa. Thus, there was evidence for parasitoid counteradaptation, but it was generally too slow for parasitoids to regain control over aphid populations. It appears that when pest aphids possess defensive symbionts, the presence of parasitoid genotypes able to overcome symbiont-­conferred resistance is more important for biocontrol success than their reproductive mode.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ErrardUlrichsKuehneetal.2015,
  author    = {Errard, Audrey and Ulrichs, Christian and Kuehne, Stefan and Mewis, Inga and Drungowski, Mario and Schreiner, Monika and Baldermann, Susanne},
  title     = {Single- versus multiple-pest infestation affects differently the Biochemistry of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum 'Ailsa Craig')},
  series = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry : a publication of the American Chemical Society},
  volume    = {63},
  journal   = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry : a publication of the American Chemical Society},
  number    = {46},
  publisher = {American Chemical Society},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0021-8561},
  doi       = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03884},
  pages     = {10103 -- 10111},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Tomato is susceptible to pest infestations by both spider mites and aphids. The effects of each individual pest on plants are known, whereas multiple-pest infestations have received little interest. We studied the effects of single-versus multiple-pest infestation by Tetranychus urticae and Myzus persicae on tomato biochemistry (Solanum lycopersicum) by combining a metabolomic approach and analyses of carotenoids using UHPLC-ToF-MS and volatiles using GC-MS. Plants responded differently to aphids and mites after 3 weeks of infestation, and a multiple infestation induced a specific metabolite composition in plants. In addition, we showed that volatiles emissions differed between the adaxial and abaxial leaf epidermes and identified compounds emitted particularly in response to a multiple infestation (cyclohexadecane, dodecane, aromadendrene, and beta-elemene). Finally, the carotenoid concentrations in leaves and stems were more affected by multiple than single infestations. Our study highlights and discusses the interplay of biotic stressors within the terpenoid metabolism.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schumacher2007,
  author    = {Schumacher, Kerstin},
  title     = {Effekte einer reduzierten Dosis von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf tritrophische Systeme im Ackerbau},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-15675},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Chemische Pflanzenschutzmittel (PSM) bek{\"a}mpfen nicht nur Schadorganismen, sondern haben aufgrund ihrer hohen Toxizit{\"a}t auch negative Auswirkungen auf Nicht-Ziel-Organismen. Die Fragestellung der Arbeit war es, ob mit reduzierten Anwendungen von PSM ihr Gef{\"a}hrdungspotenzial f{\"u}r Pr{\"a}datoren von Sch{\"a}dlingen verringert und dadurch das Potenzial der nat{\"u}rlichen Sch{\"a}dlingsregulation erh{\"o}ht wird. In dreij{\"a}hrigen Freilanduntersuchungen wurden die Effekte einer dauerhaft reduzierten Dosis von chemischen PSM auf die {\"o}kologische Situation im Ackerbau anhand von drei Fallbeispielen in einem konventionell bewirtschafteten Betrieb in der Magdeburger B{\"o}rde untersucht. Drei {\"u}ber 15 ha große Felder wurden dauerhaft in zwei Teilfl{\"a}chen geteilt, wobei eine Teilfl{\"a}che mit der vom Landwirt gew{\"u}nschten Dosis (100 \%-Variante) und die andere mit jeweils genau der halben Dosis (50 \%-Variante) behandelt wurde. Mittels dieser Halbfelder-Vergleiche wurden die {\"o}kologischen Situationen bez{\"u}glich des Auftretens von Blattl{\"a}usen und ihren Pr{\"a}datoren sowie Unkr{\"a}utern vor und nach der jeweiligen PSM-Behandlung aufgenommen und {\"o}konomische Parameter ermittelt. Erg{\"a}nzend wurden im Labor Modellgef{\"a}ßversuche mit abgestuften Dosierungen von Insektiziden und Herbiziden durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Insektizidbehandlung {\"u}bte einen großen Einfluss auf die Blattl{\"a}use und ihre Pr{\"a}datoren aus, w{\"a}hrend alle vorherigen Herbizid- und Fungizidbehandlungen zu keinen Unterschieden in der Abundanz der Blattl{\"a}use und ihrer Pr{\"a}datoren zwischen beiden Varianten hervorriefen. Die reduzierte Insektiziddosis f{\"u}hrte zu keiner guten Blattlauskontrolle, w{\"a}hrend die Abundanz der blattlausspezifischen Pr{\"a}datoren positiv beeinflusst wurde. Die Araneae reagierten auf die reduzierte Dosis mit einer teilweise erh{\"o}hten Aktivit{\"a}tsdichte und Artendiversit{\"a}t. Dagegen waren diesbez{\"u}glich keine eindeutigen Effekte auf die Carabidae festzustellen. Es traten keine strukturellen Ver{\"a}nderungen in Form einer erh{\"o}hten Unkrautdichte durch die reduzierte Herbiziddosis auf. Erste Hinweise auf m{\"o}gliche langfristige Auswirkungen einer dauerhaft reduzierten PSM-Anwendung konnten nur bei der Verunkrautung und der Aktivit{\"a}tsdichte der Araneae beobachtet werden. Blattl{\"a}use profitierten demnach mehr von der reduzierten Anwendung der PSM als ihre Pr{\"a}datoren, so dass zwar das Potenzial der nat{\"u}rlichen Blattlausregulation erh{\"o}ht, die Selbstregulation aber nicht verbessert wurde. Die geschonten Pr{\"a}datoren schafften es nicht, die vorhandene Restpopulation der Blattl{\"a}use zu reduzieren. Dagegen konnte in den Laborversuchen gezeigt werden, das schon bei deutlich reduzierten Insektiziddosen eine ausreichende Blattlausbek{\"a}mpfung m{\"o}glich ist und eine weitere Einsparung durch Ausnutzung der nat{\"u}rlichen Regulation durch Pr{\"a}datoren erreicht werden kann. Allerdings ist eine {\"U}bertragung der Ergebnisse von Laboruntersuchungen auf Freilandbedingungen schwierig. Es kann zu einer {\"U}bersch{\"a}tzung der Pr{\"a}datorleistung f{\"u}hren.},
  language  = {de}
}