@misc{WeymarVenturaBortGenheimeretal.2017,
  author    = {Weymar, Mathias and Ventura-Bort, Carlos and Genheimer, Hannah and Wirkner, Janine and Wendt, Julia and Hamm, Alfons O.},
  title     = {THE P300 AND THE LC-NE SYSTEM: NEW INSIGHTS FROM TRANSCUTANEOUS VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION (TVNS)},
  series = {Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research},
  volume    = {54},
  journal   = {Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0048-5772},
  pages     = {S145 -- S145},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{VenturaBortWirknerGenheimeretal.2018,
  author    = {Ventura-Bort, Carlos and Wirkner, Janine and Genheimer, Hannah and Wendt, Julia and Hamm, Alfons O. and Weymar, Mathias},
  title     = {Effects of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) on the P300 and Alpha-Amylase Level},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {473},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-419259},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Recent research suggests that the P3b may be closely related to the activation of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system. To further study the potential association, we applied a novel technique, the non-invasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), which is speculated to increase noradrenaline levels. Using a within-subject cross-over design, 20 healthy participants received continuous tVNS and sham stimulation on two consecutive days (stimulation counterbalanced across participants) while performing a visual oddball task. During stimulation, oval non-targets (standard), normal-head (easy) and rotated-head (difficult) targets, as well as novel stimuli (scenes) were presented. As an indirect marker of noradrenergic activation we also collected salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) before and after stimulation. Results showed larger P3b amplitudes for target, relative to standard stimuli, irrespective of stimulation condition. Exploratory post hoc analyses, however, revealed that, in comparison to standard stimuli, easy (but not difficult) targets produced larger P3b (but not P3a) amplitudes during active tVNS, compared to sham stimulation. For sAA levels, although main analyses did not show differential effects of stimulation, direct testing revealed that tVNS (but not sham stimulation) increased sAA levels after stimulation. Additionally, larger differences between tVNS and sham stimulation in P3b magnitudes for easy targets were associated with larger increase in sAA levels after tVNS, but not after sham stimulation. Despite preliminary evidence for a modulatory influence of tVNS on the P3b, which may be partly mediated by activation of the noradrenergic system, additional research in this field is clearly warranted. Future studies need to clarify whether tVNS also facilitates other processes, such as learning and memory, and whether tVNS can be used as therapeutic tool.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VenturaBortWirknerGenheimeretal.2018,
  author    = {Ventura-Bort, Carlos and Wirkner, Janine and Genheimer, Hannah and Wendt, Julia and Hamm, Alfons O. and Weymar, Mathias},
  title     = {Effects of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) on the P300 and Alpha-Amylase Level},
  series = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1662-5161},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnhum.2018.00202},
  pages     = {1 -- 12},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Recent research suggests that the P3b may be closely related to the activation of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system. To further study the potential association, we applied a novel technique, the non-invasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), which is speculated to increase noradrenaline levels. Using a within-subject cross-over design, 20 healthy participants received continuous tVNS and sham stimulation on two consecutive days (stimulation counterbalanced across participants) while performing a visual oddball task. During stimulation, oval non-targets (standard), normal-head (easy) and rotated-head (difficult) targets, as well as novel stimuli (scenes) were presented. As an indirect marker of noradrenergic activation we also collected salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) before and after stimulation. Results showed larger P3b amplitudes for target, relative to standard stimuli, irrespective of stimulation condition. Exploratory post hoc analyses, however, revealed that, in comparison to standard stimuli, easy (but not difficult) targets produced larger P3b (but not P3a) amplitudes during active tVNS, compared to sham stimulation. For sAA levels, although main analyses did not show differential effects of stimulation, direct testing revealed that tVNS (but not sham stimulation) increased sAA levels after stimulation. Additionally, larger differences between tVNS and sham stimulation in P3b magnitudes for easy targets were associated with larger increase in sAA levels after tVNS, but not after sham stimulation. Despite preliminary evidence for a modulatory influence of tVNS on the P3b, which may be partly mediated by activation of the noradrenergic system, additional research in this field is clearly warranted. Future studies need to clarify whether tVNS also facilitates other processes, such as learning and memory, and whether tVNS can be used as therapeutic tool.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DomahsKnausOrzechowskaetal.2012,
  author    = {Domahs, Ulrike and Knaus, Johannes and Orzechowska, Paula and Wiese, Richard},
  title     = {Stress "deafness" in a language with fixed word stress an ERR study on Polish},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00439},
  pages     = {15},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The aim of the present contribution was to examine the factors influencing the prosodic processing in a language with predictable word stress. For Polish, a language with fixed penultimate stress but several well-defined exceptions, difficulties in the processing and representation of prosodic information have been reported (e.g., Peperkamp and Dupoux, 2002). The present study utilized event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the factors influencing prosodic processing in Polish. These factors are (i) the predictability of stress and (ii) the prosodic structure in terms of metrical feet. Polish native speakers were presented with correctly and incorrectly stressed Polish words and instructed to judge the correctness of the perceived stress patterns. For some stress violations, an early negativity was found which was interpreted as a reflection of an error-detection mechanism. In addition, exceptional stress patterns (=antepenultimate stress) and post-lexical (=initial) stress evoked a task-related positivity effect (P300) whose amplitude and latency is correlated with the degree of anomaly and deviation from an expectation. In contrast, violations involving the default (=penultimate stress) did not produce such an effect. This asymmetrical result is interpreted to reflect that Polish native speakers are less sensitive to the default pattern than to the exceptional or post-lexical patterns. Behavioral results are orthogonal to the electrophysiological results showing that Polish speakers had difficulties to reject any kind of stress violation. Thus, on a meta-linguistic level Polish speakers appeared to be stress-"deaf" for any kind of stress manipulation, whereas the neural reactions differentiate between the default and lexicalized patterns.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{AllefeldFrischSchlesewsky2005,
  author    = {Allefeld, Carsten and Frisch, Stefan and Schlesewsky, Matthias},
  title     = {Detection of early cognitive processing by event-related phase synchronization analysis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-20126},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {In order to investigate the temporal characteristics of cognitive processing, we apply multivariate phase synchronization analysis to event-related potentials. The experimental design combines a semantic incongruity in a sentence context with a physical mismatch (color change). In the ERP average, these result in an N400 component and a P300-like positivity, respectively. The synchronization analysis shows an effect of global desynchronization in the theta band around 288ms after stimulus presentation for the semantic incongruity, while the physical mismatch elicits an increase of global synchronization in the alpha band around 204ms. Both of these effects clearly precede those in the ERP average. Moreover, the delay between synchronization effect and ERP component correlates with the complexity of the cognitive processes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{May2004,
  author    = {May, Jana},
  title     = {Bewertung individueller Voraussetzungen zur Bew{\"a}ltigung wechselnder Arbeitsanforderungen anhand psychologischer und neuropsychologischer Parameter},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-3965},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, mittels des Aufgabenwechselparadigmas, kognitive Prozesse nicht nur anhand von traditionellen Leistungsparametern, sondern zus{\"a}tzlich durch elektro-physiologische Parameter zu untersuchen. Parameter ereigniskorrelierter Hirnpotentiale (EKP) wurden ebenfalls zur Einsch{\"a}tzung von altersbedingten {\"A}nderungen bei der Ausf{\"u}hrung von Reaktionszeitaufgaben herangezogen. Nach Rubinstein et al. (2001) setzt sich die Reaktionszeit aus der Dauer seriell angeordneter Verarbeitungsstufen zusammen. Im Stufenmodell der exekutiven Kontrolle von Rubinstein et al. (2001) sind Prozesse der ausf{\"u}hrenden Kontrolle nur an Wechseltrials beteiligt und k{\"o}nnen getrennt von den Aufgabenprozessen ablaufen. Mittels der Informationen zu den Reaktionszeiten ist es jedoch nicht m{\"o}glich zu kl{\"a}ren, auf welche kognitiven Verarbeitungsprozesse Reaktionszeitunterschiede unter den jeweiligen experimentellen Bedingungen zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren sind. Zur Analyse der kognitiven Prozesse wurden in dieser Untersuchung die CNV und P300 herangezogen. Es wurden zwei Altersgruppen (20-30 J{\"a}hrige und 49-61 J{\"a}hrige) untersucht. Den Probanden wurden Ziffern pr{\"a}sentiert, die entweder nach dem numerischen Wert oder der Schriftgr{\"o}ße mit dem Hinweisreiz, der Zahl 5, verglichen werden sollten. Die Stimuli wurden nach dem Alternating-Runs-Paradigma dargeboten (Rogers und Monsell, 1995). Erwartungsgem{\"a}ß gab es Reaktionszeitunterschiede zwischen alt und jung mit l{\"a}ngeren Reaktionszeiten f{\"u}r die {\"a}lteren Probanden. Altersunterschiede in den Fehlerraten ließen sich nicht nachweisen. M{\"o}glicherweise erfolgte die Reaktionsauswahl bei den {\"A}lteren {\"u}berlegter aus als bei den J{\"u}ngeren. Dies spiegelte sich in l{\"a}ngeren aber fehlerfreien Reaktionen wider. Vermutlich bereiteten jedoch alle Probanden in dem Intervall zwischen Cue und Stimulus das jeweilige Aufgabenset komplett vor. Das k{\"o}nnte auch erkl{\"a}ren, warum es bei einem Aufgabenwechsel nicht zu einem Anstieg der Reaktionszeit und der Fehlerrate kam. Entgegen der Erwartung zeigten sich keine Wechselkosten. Teilweise wurden inverse Wechselkosten nachgewiesen. In Bezug auf die Wechselkosten konnte das Stufenmodell der exekutiven Kontrolle (Rubinstein et al., 2001) nicht best{\"a}tigt werden. Der explizite Hinweisreiz scheint allerdings Einfluss auf die Wechselkosten zu haben. Verschiedene Erkl{\"a}rungsans{\"a}tze werden diskutiert. Die Contingent Negative Variation ist wie erwartet vor einem Aufgabenwechsel gr{\"o}ßer als vor einer Aufgabenwiederholung. Durch den Hinweisreiz ist eine erh{\"o}hte Kapazit{\"a}t vorhanden. Entsprechend den Ergebnissen der CNV kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass {\"a}ltere Erwachsene st{\"a}rker von der Vorinformation zu profitieren scheinen als j{\"u}ngere Erwachsene. Die {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen beginnen im Gegensatz zu den j{\"u}ngeren Erwachsenen offenbar eher mit der Vorbereitung. Zeitdruck und Aufgabenwechsel l{\"o}sen eine st{\"a}rkere P300 aus. Demzufolge scheinen Zeitdruck und Aufgabenwechsel einen erh{\"o}hten Kapazit{\"a}tsbedarf zu erfordern. Im Sinne des Stufenmodells der exekutiven Kontrolle von Rubinstein et al. (2001) f{\"u}hrt die Zielverschiebung bei einem Aufgabenwechsel zu einer gr{\"o}ßeren P300. Die Resultate der hier dargestellten Untersuchungen verdeutlichen, dass {\"a}ltere Erwachsene einen h{\"o}heren zeitlichen Aufwand in den Stufen der einzelnen exekutiven Prozesse ben{\"o}tigen. Dies spricht f{\"u}r die Hypothese der selektiven Verlangsamung. {\"A}ltere kompensieren dies durch einen h{\"o}heren Aufwand in der Vorbereitung, was auf elektrokortikaler Ebene nachweisbar ist, sind aber nicht in der Lage, dies in den Reaktionszeiten umzusetzen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung unterst{\"u}tzen die vereinfachte Annahme von Rubinstein et al. (2001), nach dem die Teilprozesse der Reaktionszeit seriell verarbeitet werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Resultate lassen allerdings den Schluss zu, dass die Wechselkosten im Hinblick auf die Reaktionszeiten nicht der geeignete Parameter f{\"u}r die Messung der exekutiven Kontrolle sind. Die vorgeschlagene Modifikation des Modells von Rubinstein et al. (2001) in der Vorbereitung auf eine Aufgabe gilt es in weiteren Untersuchungen zu best{\"a}tigen und die M{\"o}glichkeit der Anwendung auf alle Aspekte der exekutiven Kontrollprozesse zu pr{\"u}fen.},
  subject      = {Aufgabenwechsel},
  language  = {de}
}